Women's Health USA

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Women’sHealthUSA2010September 2010U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesHealth Resources and Services Administration

Please note that Women’s Health USA 2010 is not copyrighted.Readers are free to duplicate and use all or part of the information contained in this publication;however, the photographs are copyrighted and permission may be required to reproduce them.Suggested Citation:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Health Resources and Services Administration. Women’s Health USA 2010.Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010.This publication is available online at http://mchb.hrsa.gov/ and http://hrsa.gov/womenshealth/Single copies of this publication are also available at no charge from theHRSA Information CenterP.O. Box 2910Merrifield, VA 221161-888-ASK-HRSA or ask@hrsa.gov

WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010CONTENTS3PREFACE AND READER’S GUIDE4Leading Causes of Death29INTRODUCTION6Arthritis30Population Characteristics54POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS9Asthma31Labor Force Participation55U.S. Population10Cancer32Poverty and Household Composition56U.S. Female Population11Diabetes34Activity Limitations57Household Composition12Overweight and Obesity35Osteoporosis58Women and Poverty13Digestive Disorders36Injury and Abuse59Food Security14Gynecological and Reproductive Disorders37HEALTH SERVICES UTILIZATION60Women and Federal Nutrition Programs15Heart Disease and Stroke38Usual Source of Care61High Blood Pressure39Health Insurance62Educational Degrees andWomen and AgingHealth Profession Schools16HIV/AIDS40Medicare and Medicaid63Women in the Labor Force17Sexually Transmitted Infections41Preventive Care64Women Veterans18Injury42Vaccination65Rural and Urban Women19Violence43Health Care Expenditures66HEALTH STATUS20Mental Illness44HIV Testing68Oral Health45Home Health and Hospice Care69Health BehaviorsPhysical Activity21Severe Headaches and Migraines46Mental Health Care Utilization70Nutrition22Urologic Disorders47Organ Transplantation71Sleep Disorders23Vision and Hearing Loss48Quality of Women’s Health Care72Alcohol Use24Satisfaction with Health Care73Cigarette Smoking25Live Births49HRSA Programs Related to Women’s Health74Illicit Drug Use26Breastfeeding50INDICATORS IN PREVIOUS EDITIONS75Smoking During Pregnancy51ENDNOTES76Health IndicatorsMaternal HealthSelf-Reported Health Status27Maternal Morbidity and Risk Factors in Pregnancy52DATA SOURCES78Life Expectancy28Maternal Mortality53CONTRIBUTORS80

4Preface and Reader’s GuideThe U.S. Department of Health andHuman Services, Health Resources andServices Administration (HRSA) supportshealthy women building healthy communities.HRSA is charged with ensuring access to quality health care through a network of community-based health centers, maternal and childhealth programs, and community HIV/AIDSprograms throughout the States and U.S. jurisdictions. In addition, HRSA’s mission includessupporting individuals pursuing careers inmedicine, nursing, and many other health disciplines. HRSA fulfills these responsibilities, inpart, by collecting and analyzing timely, topicalinformation that identifies health priorities andtrends that can be addressed through programinterventions and capacity building.HRSA is pleased to present Women’s HealthUSA 2010, the ninth edition of the Women’sHealth USA data book. To reflect the everchanging, increasingly diverse population andits characteristics, Women’s Health USA selectively highlights emerging issues and trendsin women’s health. Data and information onvision and hearing loss, home health and hospice care, sleep disorders, and women veteransare a few of the new topics included in this edition. There is also a new section on womenand aging, with data on population character-WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010

WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010istics and labor force participation among olderwomen, as well as age-specific information onactivity limitations, osteoporosis, injury, andabuse.Racial and ethnic, sex, and socioeconomicdisparities are highlighted throughout the document where possible. Where race and ethnicity data are reported, every effort was made toensure that groups are mutually exclusive. Insome instances, it was not possible to providedata for all races due to the design of the originaldata source or the size of the sample population;therefore, estimates with a relative standard error of 30 percent or greater were considered unreliable and were not reported.The data book was developed by HRSA toprovide readers with an easy-to-use collectionof current and historical data on some of themost pressing health challenges facing women,their families, and their communities. Women’sHealth USA 2010 is a concise reference for policymakers and program managers at the Federal,State, and local levels to identify and clarify issues affecting the health of women. In thesepages, readers will find a profile of women’shealth from various data sources. The data bookbrings together the latest available informationfrom various agencies within the Federal government, including the U.S. Department ofHealth and Human Services, U.S. DepartmentPREFACEof Agriculture, U.S. Department of Labor, andU.S. Department of Justice. Non-Federal datasources were used when no Federal source wasavailable. Every attempt has been made touse data collected during the past 5 years. Itis important to note that the data included aregenerally not age-adjusted to the 2000 population standard of the United States. This affectsthe comparability of data from year to year, andthe interpretation of differences across variousgroups, especially those of different races andethnicities. Without age-adjustment, it is difficult to know how much of the difference in incidence rates between groups can be attributedto differences in the groups’ age distributions.Women’s Health USA 2010 is available onlinethrough the HRSA Maternal and Child HealthBureau (MCHB), Office of Women’s HealthWeb site at http://hrsa.gov/womenshealth orthe MCHB Office of Data and Program Development’s Web site at www.mchb.hrsa.gov/data.Some of the topics covered in Women’s HealthUSA 2009 were not included in this year’s edition because new data were not available orpreference was given to an emerging issue inwomen’s health. For coverage of these issues,please refer to Women’s Health USA 2009, alsoavailable online. The National Women’s HealthInformation Center, located online at www.womenshealth.gov, has detailed women’s and5minority health data and maps. These data areavailable through Quick Health Data Onlineat www.healthstatus2010.com/owh. Data areavailable at the State and county levels, by age,race and ethnicity, and sex.The text and graphs in Women’s Health USA2010 are not copyrighted; the photographs arethe property of istockphoto.com and may notbe duplicated. With that exception, readers arefree to duplicate and use any of the information contained in this publication. Please provide feedback on this publication to the HRSAInformation Center which offers single copiesof the data book at no charge:HRSA Information CenterP.O. Box 2910Merrifield, VA 22116Phone: 703-442-9051Toll-free: 1-888-ASK-HRSATTY: 1-877-4TY-HRSAFax: 703-821-2098Email: ask@hrsa.govOnline: www.ask.hrsa.gov

6IntroductionIn 2008, females comprised 50.7 percent ofthe 304 million people residing in the UnitedStates. In most age groups, women accountedfor approximately half of the population, withthe exception of people aged 65 years and older;within this age group, women represented 58percent of the population. The growing diversity of the U.S. population is reflected in the racial and ethnic distribution of women across agegroups. Black and Hispanic women accountedfor 9.0 and 6.8 percent of the female populationaged 65 years and older, respectively, but theyrepresented 14.1 and 22.4 percent of femalesunder 15 years of age. Non-Hispanic Whitesaccounted for 79.9 percent of women aged 65years and older, but only 55.2 percent of thoseunder 15 years of age. Hispanic women nowcomprise a greater proportion of the femalepopulation than in 2000, when they made up17.5 percent of the population under age 15and 4.9 percent of those 65 years and older.America’s growing diversity underscores theimportance of examining and addressing racial and ethnic disparities in health status andthe use of health care services. In 2008, 63.4percent of non-Hispanic White women reported themselves to be in excellent or very goodhealth, compared to only 48.1 percent of Hispanic women and 48.4 percent of non-HispanicWOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010Black women. Minority women are disproportionately affected by a number of diseases andhealth conditions, including HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, diabetes, and asthma. For instance, in 2008, rates of new HIVcases were highest among Black and Hispanicfemales (56.0 and 13.3 per 100,000 females,respectively). In 2008, 36.0 percent of nonHispanic White women had ever been tested forHIV, compared to 57.0 percent of non-Hispanic Black and 50.6 percent of Hispanic women.

WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010Hypertension, or high blood pressure, wasalso more prevalent among non-Hispanic Blackwomen than women of other races. In 2005–2008, 21.3 percent of non-Hispanic Blackwomen were found to have high blood pressure,compared to 16.3 percent of non-HispanicWhite, 10.6 percent of Mexican American, and12.4 percent of other Hispanic women.Diabetes is a chronic condition and a leading cause of death and disability in the UnitedStates, and is especially prevalent among minority and older adults. Among women withdiabetes, however, non-Hispanic Black womenwere most likely to have been diagnosed withthe condition by a health professional (63.7 percent), compared to only 49.1 percent of nonHispanic White women.In addition to race and ethnicity, income andeducation are important factors that contributeto women’s health and access to health care. Regardless of family structure, women are morelikely than men to live in poverty. Poverty rateswere highest among women who were heads oftheir households with no spouse present (25.7percent). Poverty rates were also high amongnon-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic AmericanIndian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic women(23.2, 22.7, and 22.3 percent, respectively).Women in these racial and ethnic groups werealso more likely to be heads of households thanINTRODUCTIONtheir non-Hispanic White and non-HispanicAsian/Pacific Islander counterparts.Mental health is another important aspectof women’s overall health. A range of mentalhealth problems, including depression, anxiety,phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder, disproportionately affect women. In 2008, nonHispanic American Indian/Alaska Native andnon-Hispanic women of multiple races weremore likely than women of other races andethnicities to report ever having had depression(40.0 percent each), followed by non-HispanicWhite women (36.5 percent). Women in theseracial and ethnic groups were also more likelythan other women to report ever having hadgeneralized anxiety.Some conditions and health risks are moreclosely linked to family income than to race andethnicity, including asthma. Rates of asthmadecline as income increases, and women withhigher incomes are more likely to effectivelymanage their asthma. Nearly 14 percent ofwomen with household incomes of less than100 percent of poverty had asthma in 2008,compared to 8.4 percent of women with incomes of 200-399 percent of poverty and 7.2percent of women with higher incomes.Severe headaches and migraines were alsomore common among women with lowerhousehold incomes and were more likely to af-7fect women than men. In 2008, 24.9 percentof women with household incomes below 100percent of poverty had experienced severe headaches or migraines in the previous 3 months,compared to 16.7 percent of women with incomes of 200 percent or more of poverty.Receipt of oral health care and oral healthstatus among women also varies dramatically with household income. In 2005–2008,women with incomes of 300 percent or moreof poverty were more likely to have had a dental restoration (89.9 percent) and significantlyless likely to have untreated dental decay (10.3percent) than their lower-income counterparts.Fewer than 69 percent of women with incomesbelow 100 percent of poverty had had a toothrestored, while 30.3 percent were found to haveuntreated dental decay.Among older adults, physical disabilitiesare more prevalent among women than men.Disability can be defined as impairment of theability to perform common activities like walking up stairs, sitting or standing for 2 hours ormore, grasping small objects, or carrying itemslike groceries. Therefore, the terms “activity limitations” and “disabilities” are used interchangeably throughout this book. Overall, 68.4 percent of women and 54.4 percent of men aged65 years and older reported having an activitylimitation in 2008.

8INTRODUCTIONHowever, men bear a disproportionate burden of some health conditions, such as HIV/AIDS, high blood pressure, and coronary heartdisease. In 2008, for instance, the rate of newly reported HIV cases among adolescent andadult males was more than 3 times the rateamong females (35.9 versus 11.5 per 100,000,respectively). Despite the greater risk, a smallerproportion of men had ever been tested for HIVthan women (37.6 versus 40.9 percent, respectively).Certain health risks, such as cigarette use andillicit drug use, occur more commonly amongmen than women. In 2008, 23.1 percent ofmen smoked cigarettes, compared to 18.3 percent of women. Similarly, 29.1 percent of menconsumed 4 or more drinks per week in the pastyear, compared to only 13.3 percent of women.In addition, men were more likely than womento lack health insurance.Many diseases and health conditions, including some of those mentioned above, can beavoided or minimized through good nutrition,regular physical activity, and preventive healthcare. In 2008, 76.3 percent of women aged 40and older reported having had a mammogramin the previous 2 years. In 2005–2008, 72.5percent of women aged 20 and older reportedhaving had a cholesterol screening in the previous 5 years. More than 68 percent of womenWOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010aged 65 years and older also reported receivingflu vaccine; however, this percentage rangedfrom 60.2 percent of women with incomes below 100 percent of poverty to 70.5 percent ofwomen with incomes of 200 percent or moreof poverty.There are many ways women (and men) canpromote health and help prevent disease and disability. Regular physical activity is one of these.In 2008, 14.9 percent of women participated inat least 2.5 hours of moderate intensity physical activity per week or 1.25 hours of vigorousintensity activity per week, in addition to muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more daysper week. Non-Hispanic White women andwomen with higher incomes were most likely tomeet this level of physical activity.Healthy eating habits can contribute tomaintaining long-term health and preventingdisease. In 2005‒2008, however, only 24.5percent of women met or exceeded the recommended Adequate Intake of calcium, which iscritical in reducing the risk of osteoporosis andpreventing bone loss.While some behaviors have a positive effecton health, a number of others, such as smoking, illicit drug use, and excessive alcohol usecan have a negative effect. In 2008, 58.2 percent of women reported any alcohol use in thepast year, but relatively few women (8.3 per-cent) reported moderate drinking (more thanthree and up to seven drinks per week) and evenfewer (5.0 percent) reported heavy drinking(more than seven drinks per week). In the sameyear, 11.5 percent of women used illicit drugs,including marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens,inhalants, and prescription-type drugs for nonmedical purposes.Cigarette, alcohol, and illicit drug use is particularly harmful during pregnancy. The use oftobacco during pregnancy has declined steadily since 1989. Based on data from 22 Statesand reporting areas, 10.4 percent of pregnantwomen reported smoking during pregnancy in2007. This rate was highest among non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native women(24.4 percent) and lowest among non-HispanicAsian/Pacific Islander women (1.5 percent).Women’s Health USA 2010 can be an important tool for emphasizing the importance ofpreventive care, counseling, and education, andfor illustrating disparities in the health status ofwomen from all age groups and racial and ethnic backgrounds. Health problems can only beremedied if they are recognized. This data bookprovides information on a range of indicatorsthat can help us track the health behaviors, riskfactors, and health care utilization practices ofwomen and men throughout the United States.

WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 20109PopulationCharacteristicsPopulation characteristics describe the diverse social, demographic, and economic features of the Nation’s population. There weremore than 154 million females in the UnitedStates in 2008, representing slightly more thanhalf of the population.Examining data by demographic factors suchas sex, age, and race and ethnicity can serve anumber of purposes for policymakers and program planners. For instance, these comparisonscan be used to tailor the development and evaluation of policies and programs to better servethe needs of women at higher risk for certainconditions.This section presents data on populationcharacteristics that may affect women’s physical,social, and mental health. Some of these characteristics include the age and racial and ethnicdistribution of the population, household composition, education, income, labor force participation, and participation in Federal programs.The characteristics of women veterans andrural and urban women are also reviewed andanalyzed.

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICSU.S. POPULATIONIn 2008, the U.S. population was more than304 million, with females comprising 50.7percent of that total. Females younger than 35years of age accounted for 45.6 percent of thefemale population, those aged 35–64 years accounted for 39.7 percent, and females aged 65years and older accounted for 14.5 percent.The distribution of the population by sex wasfairly even across younger age groups; however,women accounted for a greater percentage ofthe older population than men. Of those aged65 years and older, 57.7 percent were women.U.S. Female Population,* by Age, 2008Source I.1: U.S. Census Bureau, American CommunitySurvey65 Years andOlder 14.5%WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010U.S. Population,* by Age and Sex, 2008Source I.1: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community eNumber in Thousands1035,00031,29029,81630,00025,000Under 15Years 19.3%22,05320,87119,78820,00020,53121,318 21,42622,54622,39021,89017,46755-64 Years11.3%15-24 Years13.5%45-54 Years14.6%16,25116,42215,00010,00025-34 Years12.8%5,00035-44 Years13.8%Total*Includes only non-institutionalized population not living in group housing(e.g. dormitories, institutions). Percentages do not add to 100 due to rounding.Under 15 Years15-24 Years25-34 Years35-44 Years45-54 Years55-64 Years*Includes only non-institutionalized population not living in group housing (e.g. dormitories, institutions).65 Yearsand Older

WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 201011U.S. Female Population,* by Age and Race/Ethnicity, 2008Source I.1: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey90Non-Hispanic WhiteBlack**Hispanic8079.9Asian/Pacific Islander**American Indian/Alaska Native**74.97067.060.360.06055.2Percent of FemalesU.S. FEMALE POPULATIONThe growing diversity of the U.S. populationis reflected in the racial and ethnic distribution of women across age groups. The youngerfemale population (under 15 years) is significantly more diverse than the older female population. In 2008, 55.2 percent of females under15 years of age were non-Hispanic White, while22.4 percent of that group were Hispanic. Incontrast, among women aged 65 years andolder, 79.9 percent were non-Hispanic Whiteand only 6.8 percent were Hispanic. The distribution of the Black population was moreconsistent across age groups, ranging from 14.1percent of females under 15 years of age to 9.0percent of women aged 65 years and older.The racial distribution of females has shifteddramatically since 2000, when non-HispanicWhites accounted for 60.2 percent of femalesunder 15 years of age and 83.3 percent of thoseaged 65 years and older. Hispanic females accounted for 17.5 percent of those under 15years and 4.9 percent of those aged 65 and older(data not shown).1Evidence indicates that the prevalence ofhealth conditions varies among women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. With theincreasing diversity of the U.S. population,these health disparities make culturally-appropriate, community-driven programs critical toimproving the health of the U.S. population.2POPULATION 113.010.98.4104.24.30.9Under 15 Years1.015-24 Years9.06.85.85.30.925-34 Years4.30.835-54 Years3.40.755-64 Years0.565 Years and Older*Includes only non-institutionalized population not living in group housing (e.g. dormitories, institutions). Percentages do not equal 100 becausedata are not shown for persons of other races or more than one race. **May include Hispanics.

12POPULATION CHARACTERISTICSWOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010Household CompositionIn 2008, 49.1 percent of women aged 18years and older were married and living with aspouse; this includes married couples living withother people, such as parents. Nearly 12 percentof women over age 18 were the heads of theirhouseholds, meaning that they have childrenor other family members, but no spouse, livingwith them in a housing unit that they own orrent. Housing units may include houses, apartments, groups of rooms, or a single room that isintended to be used as separate living quarters.Women who are heads of households includesingle mothers, single women with a parent orother close relative living in their home, andwomen with other household compositions.More than 17 percent of women lived with parents or other relatives, 15.0 percent lived aloneand 6.9 percent lived with non-relatives.Women in families with no spouse presentare more likely than women in married couplefamilies to have incomes below poverty (see“Women and Poverty” on the next page). In2008, non-Hispanic Black women were mostWomen Aged 18 and Older,* by HouseholdComposition, 2008Source I.2: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Surveylikely to be single heads of households withfamily members present (28.1 percent), whilenon-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander and nonHispanic White women were least likely (7.9and 9.0 percent, respectively). Nearly 14 percentof non-Hispanic women of multiple races and17.0 percent each of Hispanic and non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native women weresingle heads of households that included otherfamily members.Women Aged 18 and Older Who Are Heads of Households withFamily Members,* by Race/Ethnicity, 2008Source I.3: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey30Living with Parentsor Other Relatives17.2%28.1Living withNon-Relatives6.9%Married,Spouse Present49.1%Living Alone15.0%Percent of Women252017.017.0151013.89.07.95Head of Household,No Spouse Present11.8%*Includes only non-institutionalized population not living in group Non-HispanicNon-Hispanic Non-HispanicAsian/Pacific American Indian/ Multiple RacesAlaska NativeIslander*Includes only non-institutionalized population not living in group housing; includes those who are heads ofhouseholds and have children or other family members, but no spouse, living in a house that they own or rent.

WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010POPULATION CHARACTERISTICSWomen Aged 18 and Older Living Below the Poverty Level,*by Race/Ethnicity and Age, 2008Source I.4: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population SurveyTotal18-44 Years3026.2Percent of Women2523.923.22018.045-64 Years24.765 Years and Older22.322.0109.49.5Source I.4: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey3025.72522.720.715.312.0 12.711.3Adults in Families* Living Below the Poverty Level,**by Household Type and Sex, 200828.016.815some college and 4.2 percent of those with aBachelor’s degree or higher (data not shown).In 2008, women in families—a group of atleast two people related by birth, marriage, oradoption and residing together—experiencedhigher rates of poverty than men in families(10.1 versus 6.9 percent, respectively). Men infamilies with no spouse present were considerably less likely to have household incomes belowthe poverty level than women in families withno spouse present (11.9 versus 25.7 percent,respectively).Poverty status varies with age. Among womenof each race and ethnicity, those aged 45–64years were less likely to experience poverty thanthose aged 18–44 and 65 years and older. Forinstance, 18.0 percent of non-Hispanic Blackwomen aged 45–64 were living in poverty in2008, compared to 26.2 percent of non-Hispanic Black women aged 18–44 and 23.9 percent ofthose aged 65 years and older.Poverty status also varies with educationalattainment. Among women aged 25 years andolder, 30.4 percent of those without a highschool diploma were living in poverty, comparedto 13.1 percent of those with a high school diploma or equivalent, 9.8 percent of those with12.810.47.0Percent of AdultsWOMEN AND POVERTYIn 2008, nearly 40 million people in theUnited States lived with incomes below thepoverty level.3 More than 15 million of thosewere women aged 18 and older, accounting for13.0 percent of the adult female population. Incomparison, 9.6 percent of adult men lived inpoverty (data not shown). With regard to raceand ethnicity, non-Hispanic White women wereleast likely to experience poverty (9.4 percent),followed by non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islanders (12.0 percent). In contrast, more than 22percent of Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, andnon-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Nativewomen lived in ificIslanderNon-HispanicAmerican Indian/Alaska Native*Poverty level, defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, was 22,025 for a family of four in 2008.13Adults in Families,Total5.55.5Adults in Families,Married CoupleAdults in Families,No Spouse Present*Families are groups of at least two people related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together.**Poverty level, defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, was 22,025 for a family of four in 2008.

14POPULATION CHARACTERISTICSWOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010Food SecurityFood security is defined as having access at alltimes to enough nutritionally adequate and safefoods to lead a healthy, active lifestyle.4 Foodsecurity status is assessed through a series of survey questions such as whether people worriedthat food would run out before there would bemoney to buy more; whether an individual orhis/her family cut the size of meals or skippedmeals because there was not enough money forfood; and whether an individual or his/her family had ever gone a whole day without eatingbecause there was not enough food.In 2008, an estimated 49.1 million people lived in households that were classified asfood-insecure.1 Households or persons experiencing food insecurity may be categorized asexperiencing “low food security” or “very lowfood security”. Low food security generally indicates multiple food access issues, while verylow food security indicates reduced food intakeand disrupted eating patterns due to inadequateresources for food. Periods of low or very lowfood security may be occasional or episodic,placing the members of a household at greaternutritional risk due to insufficient access to nutritionally adequate and safe foods.Overall, 15.4 percent of women experiencedhousehold food insecurity in 2008; this varies,however, by race and ethnicity. Non-HispanicAsian/Pacific Islander and non-Hispanic Whitewomen were least likely to be food insecure(10.3 and 11.1 percent, respectively), comparedto more than one-quarter of Hispanic, non-Women Aged 18 and Older Experiencing Household FoodInsecurity, by Race/Ethnicity, 2008Source I.5: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Food Security SupplementTotal5.8Low Food Security9.7Non-Hispanic White4.56.6Food 27.510.313.412.4510Source I.6: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service15.4Non-Hispanic BlackNon-Hispanic Asian/Pacific IslanderNon-Hispanic AmericanIndian/Alaska NativeFood Security Status Among Adults Aged 18 and Older,by Household Composition and Sex, 2008Percent of AdultsVery LowFood Security1520Percent of Women253030*Food insecure includes very low and low food security. Percentages may not add to totals due to ic Black, and non-Hispanic AmericanIndian/Alaska Native women. Non-HispanicAmerican Indian/Alaska Native and non-Hispanic Black women were also more likely tohave very low food security (13.4 and 10.2 percent, respectively).Food security status also varies by householdcomposition. While adult men and womenliving alone had similar rates of food insecurity in 2008, female-headed households withno spouse present were more likely than maleheaded households with no spouse present toexperience food insecurity (37.2 versus 27.6percent, respectively). Among adults with nospouse present, females were also more likelythan males to experience very low food security(13.3 versus 7.2 percent, respectively).14.914.07.27.27.76.8Adults Living Alone20.513.37.2Adults in Families,No Spouse Present14.3Food Insecure10.2Low Food Security4.1Very LowFood SecurityAdults in Families,Married Couple***Food insecure includes very low and low food security. Percentages may not add to totals due to rounding.**Data were reported for persons in married couples overall and not by sex.

WOMEN’S HEALTH USA 2010POPULATION CHARACTERISTICSWOMEN AND FEDERALNUTRITION PROGRAMSFederal programs ca

USA 2010, the ninth edition of the Women's Health USA data book. To reflect the ever-changing, increasingly diverse population and its characteristics, Women's Health USA selec-tively highlights emerging issues and trends in women's health. Data and information on vision and hearing loss, home health and hos-

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