NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION - Academy Model Un
NORTHATLANTICTREATYORGANIZATIONTOPIC BULLETINMICHAEL CAI, CHAIRLAURA ZHANG, VICE CHAIRPAGE 1 NATO BULLETIN
Contents:Letters from the Chairs . . 3Topic A: Ukraine in the EU . . . 4Introduction . . 4Topic History . . . 5Current Situation and Possible Solutions . . . . 6Questions to Consider . . . 8References . . . 8Topic B: Militarization of the Arctic . . . 10Introduction . 10Topic History . . 10Current Situation and Possible Solutions . . . . 7Questions to Consider . . . 13References . . . . 13Topic C: Transparency . . . 14Introduction . 14Topic History . . 14Current Situation and Possible Solutions . . . . 15Questions to Consider . 16References . . . . 16PAGE 2 NATO BULLETIN
Bergen Academies MUN- THE EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE -SECRETARIATMICHAEL DUGANSECRETARY GENERALAKSHARA DHADDACHARGE D’ AFFAIRSCHRISTINA XUEDIRECTOR OF EXTERNALRELATIONSANGELA YOUDIRECTOR OF EXTERNALRELATIONSELIZABETH HIGHDIRECTOR OF INTERNALRELATIONSRUTH PARKDIRECTOR OF INTERNALRELATIONSMEGHAN PRESSIMONEDIRECTOR OF OPERATIONSKEEMIN LEEDIRECTOR OF COMMITTEESPETER PARKDIRECTOR OF CRISISVICTORIA STAADADIRECTOR OF CRISISDAVID SONGDIRECTOR OF JOINT CRISISGERARD VALENCIADIRECTOR OF JOINT CRISISANDREA BUCCINOFACULTY ADVISORMARK KRAMERDear Delegates,My name is Michael Cai and I will be serving as your chair for theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization committee at AUN XVIII. I amcurrently a senior in the Academy for the Advancement in Science andTechnology at the Bergen County Academies, and have participated inModel UN since my freshman year. My first conference was at AMUN XVin the North Atlantic Treaty Organization committee, and I have sinceattended numerous college and high school conferences such as PMUNC,YMUN, and WAMUNC. Outside of Model UN, I have an interest inbiology and engineering, and am also an avid runner as part of BCA’scross country and track team.Sincerely,Michael Cai, Chair, NATOmiccai@bergen.orgDear Delegates,My name is Laura and I will be one of your chairs. I hope you areall extremely excited to discuss pressing world issues, debate solutions toproblems, and brainstorm new ideas in this year’s NATO committee. Thisyear our topics cover a wide range of current events and will require all ofyou to make your case. I expect to see excellent oratory skills, teamwork,leadership, and above all; diplomacy. As UN delegates and NATOmembers, your role is to work together to create an efficient plan for thetopics we have presented you with.Now, for a little bit about myself. I’m the Director of Events for theBCA Model UN Team and have been to over ten conferences sincefreshman year. I’m a sprinter on the track team here and Allyson Felix ismy queen. I can pretty much get into any type of music as long as it’s notcountry. I happen to have a strange passion for 1940’s typewriters,peacock mantis shrimp, and hooded seals so feel free to ask me aboutthose. I also find corny jokes really funny even though I try my best not tolaugh at them. Overall, I expect some great ideas, some crazy drama, andsome epic MUN puns.Best of Luck,Laura Zhang, Vice Chair, NATOlauzha@bergen.orgFACULTY ADVISORPAGE 3 NATO BULLETIN
Introduction:There has been largecontroversy over whether Ukrainedeserves EU membership. Recentissues with Crimea and Russia havepolarized the people of Ukraine.Some citizens believe EUmembership is the answer whileothers have sided with Russia.Delegates must determine asolution and remobilize thedeadlocked Ukraine.For some time now, the NATOalliance countries haveconsidered extendingmembership to Ukraine.Ukraine has maintained activeparticipation in NATO activitywithin the region and has evenapplied for NATOmembership. Because of theneed to preserve political nonalignment and peace among itscitizens, Ukraine retractedtheir membership application.In 2013, controversy arosewhen the Ukrainian president,Viktor Yanukovych, suspendedan alliance with the EuropeanUnion because he favored anagreement with Russia. Thepeople in favor of thePAGE 4 NATO BULLETINagreement with the EuropeanUnion were calledEuromaidans and started alarge uprising after thesuspension. Euromaidanprotesters forced Yanukovychto flee the capital city of Kiev.The events that followedconsisted of a new president aswell as the annexation ofCrimea. Ukraine was polarized,with the eastern side leaningtowards an alliance withRussia, and the western sidestill striving for the EU.Russia’s invasion into Crimeasparked outrage and amidstthe chaos, a war eruptedbetween the postrevolutionaryUkrainian government and theproRussian insurgents.Ukraine’s public opinion ofNATO has changed drasticallyover the past few years.Originally in 2008, nearly themajority of the Ukrainianpopulation viewed NATO as athreat. However, due topolitical unrest and recentintrusions from Russia intoCrimea, the Ukrainians havechanged their views and now
see NATO as a source ofprotection. Many Ukrainiansfear Russia and believe thatCrimea was taken by force.Ukraine renewed itsmembership application in2014 and it is currentlypending approval. Ukraine isable to provide many benefitsto NATO but its history ofpolitical unrest as well astensions with Russia may bedetrimental to theorganization.Topic History:Crimea has served as thecenter of dispute within theUkrainianRussian conflict. In 1783,Crimea became a part of theRussian Empire when CrimeanKhanate was annexed. In the yearsthat followed, Crimea circulated inand out of Russian/Soviet Unioncontrol. In 1954, Crimea was nolonger under Russian SFSR controland had been transferred toUkrainian SSR under orders givenby the Presidium of the SupremeSoviet of the Soviet Union. Around1991, an independent governmentwas restored within Crimea andthis lasted for a few years under thePAGE 5 NATO BULLETINSoviet Union until the dissolutionof the Soviet Union and theindependence of Ukraine. Thenewly independent Ukraine allowedCrimea to maintain theirautonomous status. At the time, theSupreme Council of Crimeaaffirmed Crimea’s sovereignty toUkraine. In 1995, Ukraine limitedthe autonomy of Crimea. Thiswould serve as the basis for futureissues.In 2008 and 2009, issueserupted between the UkrainianForeign Minister and russianforces. In 2008 the UkrainianForeign Minister, VolodymyrOhryzko accused Russia of illegalRussian passport distributionwithin Crimea. In 2009, antiUkrainian actions erupted withinCrimea from the local Russianresidents. Crimea is populated by amajority of ethnic Russians. Thereexists a small minority of ethnicUkrainians and Crimean Tatars(muslims). Furthermore, Crimea ishome to the largest population ofRussians within Ukraine.In 2010, Victor Yanukovychwon the Ukrainian presidentialelection with a majority of votescoming from Crimea and easternUkraine. He was heavily favoreddue to his proRussian ideals. A fewyears later in late November 2013,the Euromaidan protest movementwas born when Yanukovych
suspended the signing of theUkraine European UnionAssociation Agreement. Thisagreement was meant to serve as abridge between the EU andUkraine. It established political andeconomic connections in anattempt to foster stronger relations.The Crimean AutonomousParliament strongly supportedYanukovych’s decision andcondemned the Euromaidanprotests. The Crimean governmentinstead urged people to “strengthenfriendly ties with Russian regions.”In late February of 2014, theEuromaidan protests succeeded incausing Yanukovych and hisministers to flee the capital.Consecutively, the Party of Regionsand other factions voted to removeYanukovych from office upon thebasis of his incompetency. ArseniyYatsenyuk became the newpresident of the temporarycaretaker government until newelections were held. However, thiswas only the beginning of an alloutinternal struggle. ProRussiancitizens mainly in Crimea began toprotest as well. A series of revoltserupted in Crimea and on February27, a group of special Russianforces took over the building of theSupreme Council of Crimea.On March 14, a referendumwas illegally held in Crimea todetermine the public opinion. ThePAGE 6 NATO BULLETINresults of the referendum were anoverwhelming 95% of citizens whowere in favor of Russianannexation. On March 18, theTreaty on Accession of the Republicof Crimea to Russia was signed byrepresentatives of Crimea and theRussian Federation. 6 days later,the Ukrainian government ordereda complete withdrawal of armedforces from Crimea. In July of 2015,the Russian prime ministerdeclared that Crimea had been fullyintegrated into Russia. Ukraine ofcourse did not just back off. Fromthe moment the agreement wassigned, the Ukrainian governmentbegan to cut off Crimea. Buses andservices to Crimea were removedand many Russian products wereboycotted.Current Situationand PossibleSolutions:Currently, Ukraine is apriority country in the EuropeanNeighborhood Policy. This policymaintains that the EU works withnearby countries to establishpolitical association and the closest
possible economic integration. EUis working to reform the unstablestate of Ukraine through a supportpackage of 11 billion euros.Germany, France, Austria, Belgiumand the Netherlands remain firmlyagainst EU membership forUkraine and have repeatedlyblocked any attempts. Dutch votersin particular are against thismembership with a recent pollshowing over 76% of dutch votingno to the question “Should the EUextend membership to Ukraine?”The EU’s other 27 members havealready ratified the AssociationAgreement.Furthermore, a recentimplication may further delayUkraine’s admission into the EU:Brexit. With the EU’s priorityfocused on Britain, Ukraine willhave to be put on hold. The entireEuropean Commission may have todevote the next few years to Britainleaving fewer officials to stay incontact with Ukraine. Additionally,Britain is one of the strong proUkraine members and theirabsence may tip the scale towardsproRussian Italy and Germany. Theloss of economic connections toBritain will not only harm the EU,but Ukraine as well.PAGE 7 NATO BULLETINThe EU could consider nonmembership with connections bycontinuing its current relationshipwith Ukraine. They will continuepositive economic and politicalconnections. Ukraine will betreated as a member only will nothave an official EU membership.Pros are that there will be noextreme opposition. Membership isunofficial so as to maintainminimal rebellion. However, consare that Ukraine will remainpolarized. Unofficial membershipputs the EU and Russia at astalemate so the existing protestswill not subside.MembershipThe EU will extendmembership to Ukraine. It isuncertain whether or not Ukrainewill accept but if Ukraine does, theEU and all its members mustdirectly deal with Russia. The EUwill have to come up with a solutionto the Russian troops withinCrimea. Many countries within theEU and NATO already have a badrelationship with Russia.Furthermore, they will have to faceopposition in proRussian regions ofUkraine. The advantages will bethat proEU regions of Ukraine will
receive protection from EUmembership.The EU may also considernon interference. Some countrieshave taken the choice to step back.NATO will have to find externalindirect ways to ease the situation.For the most part however, Ukrainewill continue towards the civil warwhich may erupt and battle it out todecide on Russian alliance or EUmembership. Some delegates mayargue that this method will causemany deaths and chaos in Ukraine.Others may argue that NATOinterference could worsen thesituation.Questions toConsider:1. Should Crimea be recognized asan independent region alignedwith Russia?2. Should NATO take directmilitary action againstRussian troops withinCrimea?3. What actions should NATOencourage the EU to takeat this time?PAGE 8 NATO BULLETIN4. What are long term and shortterm solutions to theproblem?5.Should NATO’s responsibilityto aid Ukraine takepriority over a country’sunwillingnessto be involved withRussia? (To clarify: ManyNATO countries havenegativerelationship with Russiaand may prefer to sit out.)6.If Ukraine is opposed todirect interference shouldnational sovereignty orinternationalsecurity come first?(National sovereignty:respect for an individualcountry’s borders, rightsand laws; Internationalsecurity: the protectionand safety of multiplecountries)References:1. http://www.eeas.europa.eu/ukraine/2. http://www.eeas.europa.eu/enp/index en.htm3. rship/
4. ssociationagreementwhatnow/27659450. html5. nderbrexitsblowtoukraineseuhopes4 18641.htmlPAGE 9 NATO BULLETIN
Introduction:Some countries such asRussia have been looking toestablish military forces within thearctic. Delegates will debate the useof the arctic and how to deal withcountries pursuing militarization.Furthermore, the arctic countrieswill battle it out and make theircase for why they deserve their ownterritory in the Arctic.The world consumption of oil was33 million barrels in the year 2013.These dwindling sources of energyhave made clear that it isimperative for countries to beginseeking new areas to access moreresources. The Arctic has presenteditself as the optimal location withits large amounts of oil and naturalgas. Of the 19 geological basinsmaking up the Arctic region, onlyhalf have been scoured for oil andgas. The amount of oil the Arcticcan provide represents 13% of theundiscovered oil in the world. TheArctic not only can give humansaccess to more resources, but it isalso an important shipping route, ahome to various wild fishpopulations and a source ofPAGE 10 NATO BULLETINprecious metals. Various countrieshave recognized the potential in theArctic and one of them, Russia, isalready taking steps. In June 2007Russian geologists discovered thatthe Amerasia territory in the Arcticwas linked to Russian Federationterritory. This discovery allowedRussia to further latch onto theregion. Recent advances in Russianattempts to establish a militaryforce within the region havebecome threatening to othercountries. Therefore, it is vital thatThe North Atlantic TreatyOrganization, an internationalgovernment alliance formed in1949, address the issue ofmilitarization and economicdevelopment of the Arctic.Topic History:Under international law, nocountry owns the North Pole or theArctic Ocean that surrounds it. Thefive Arctic countries; Canada,Denmark, Norway, Russia, and theUnited States, have exploration andresource rights to areas within 200nautical miles of their coasts. TheArctic provides a means ofindependence for Greenland with itenergy and mineral resources. In
1991, the Arctic Countries adoptedan Arctic Environmental ProtectionStrategy. In 1996, foreign ministersof the arctic states agreed in theOttawa Declaration, to form theArctic Council with a mandate toundertake a broad programme toinclude all dimensions ofsustainable development.According to the United NationsEnvironment Programme, “TheArctic Council is a high levelintergovernmental forum thatprovides a mechanism to addressthe common concerns andchallenges faced by the Arcticgovernments and the people of theArctic addressing all three of themain pillars of sustainabledevelopment; the environmental,social and economic.” The UNConvention on the Law of the Seawhich aims to resolve suchterritorial claims. Signatorieshave ten years to submit a scientificcase for extending their continentalshelf beyond the 200 nauticalmiles.In 2013, Russia announcedtheir plans to establish a majornorthern naval base and organizedseveral naval expeditions to theArctic. Reportedly, some of theseships contained constructionmaterials to build a Sovietera navalbase that was shut down in 1993.This sparked the debate overwhether the Arctic should be usedPAGE 11 NATO BULLETINfor militarization. In the past years,Arctic countries have become moreassertive in their claims over theArctic land as it contains valuableresources. Aside from Russia whichhas a well established underwatersystem in the area, Canada has alsostarted creating small butpermanent military bases in themore remote regions of the Arctic.Current Situationand PossibleSolutions:At the Lisbon Summit of theNATO military bloc, a new StrategicConcept was developed and itoutlined the role of NATO inregards to the Arctic. NATO’s role isto protect energy securitythroughout the world and this nowencompasses the Arctic.There are various disputes overwhat land should be up for grabs.Furthermore, some countriesbelieve certain passages should beinternational seaways and shouldnot be controlled over by a singlecountry. For example, Hans Islandis an issue between Canada and
Denmark since it lies within aninternational strait.As stated above, uponratification of the United NationsConvention on the Law of the Sea, acountry has a 10year period tomake claims to an extendedcontinental shelf. If this claim isvalidated, the country is grantedexclusive rights to the area’sresources. Norway, Canada, Russia,and Denmark have launchedprojects to investigate Arcticseabeds and gather data to maketheir claims. The US has signed butnot ratified this law yet.Many countries have alreadybegun to establish military bases inthe Arctic therefore, it would be toocomplicated to force thesecountries to remove theirestablishments. Also, since Russia’sactions in the Arctic pose a largethreat to others, allowing countriesto maintain their own militarybases gives them protection andsafety. Militarization will allowcountries to guard their rightfulborders. The disadvantageshowever are that the Arcticcountries will gain a largemonopoly on the Arctic trade andresources. Other countries will onlyhave access to minimalPAGE 12 NATO BULLETINinternational straits and their lackof land to establish military basesputs them at a severe disadvantage.Countries may argue thatmilitarization will turn the Arcticinto a warzone where countriesviolently battle over resources and alarge percent of the world isexcluded from the resources theArctic holds.In contrast, by removingmilitarization, the Arctic willbecome a peacezone and countriescan launch educational expeditionsand information gathering projects.The Arctic serves as a large basin ofnew wildlife and resources.Scientists can collect a wide varietyof data that can be highly beneficialto multiple countries. Withoutmilitarization, these projects can besafely conducted and all countrieswill have a fair opportunity toharvest their share of the Arctic.Countries in support of this optionhowever must come up with anefficient way to convince Arcticcountries to remove their militarybases. Failure to do so could resultin an extremely prolonged period ofthe Arctic being shut off toeveryone until military bases areremoved.
Questions toConsider:1.Should countries be allowedto make their own claims oncertain areas of the Arctic orshould all countries(including nonArcticcountries) be allowed toaccess the Arctic?2. How should NATO respondto the threat Russia poseswith it’s advanced militarybase that already exists in theArctic?3. Who should determine whichcountry deserves what regionand how will this bedetermined?4. Many startup companies wishto conduct research in theArctic. Should they beallowed to and if yes, whichcompanies will receivepriority?References:1. zationofthearctic/PAGE 13 NATO BULLETIN2. arizationoftheArctic3. ayreview/whoownsthearctic.html? r 0
Introduction: Information necessary foraccountabilityTransparency is commonlydefined as a government ororganization’s obligation to shareinformation with its citizens ormembers. Transparency at itsfoundation is something necessaryfor the success of a government’s ororganization’s goals and security.However, transparency alsoincludes limitations towards covertoperations, which could even beconsidered illegal if not supervised,making these ‘covert operations’less covert. The global trendtowards transparency even innondemocratic nations poses athreat to the current rigidness totransparency found in NATO.According to Jan Libich’s model oftransparency, a transparentorganization should publish:Topic History: Its aims and raison d’etre (whatthe organization wants toachieve) Data and analyses that arenecessary for makinginformed decisions. Information about the decisionmaking process and thedecisions themselves Financial dataPAGE 14 NATO BULLETINMost recently, NATO has alsobeen following the trend towardstransparency, publishing andreleasing a large amount ofdocuments and classification ofinformation including: ‘ NATOSecurity Policy’ (June 2002), ‘ TheManagement of NonClassifiedNATO Information’ (July 2002), ‘NATO Strategic CommunicationPolicy’ (September 2009), ‘ Policyon the Public Disclosure of NATOInformation’ (November 2008),etc. However, most documents andinformation that is released inNATO’s communication policy aredisclosed and made availablewhen it “has permanent value andis at least 30 years old; has beendeclassified by competentauthorities in accordance with theNATO Security Policy and has beenexamined by competent authoritiesin the member nations andapproved for public disclosure”meaning that all NATO informationrequires at least 30 years to bemade publically.Moreover, NATO’scommunication and transparencymodel do not follow the above
mentioned criteria stated by Libich,despite slight progress towardsreleasing information towards itsaims, finance, and accountabilityreports. Almost none of the reportspublished by NATO concernpresent activities and does not evendisclose its common budget nordocuments needed foraccountability (NATO doeshowever publish its civilian andmilitary budget totals.) NATO isperhaps one of the most rigidorganizations, which is especiallyshocking given its democraticmember states.Current Situationand PossibleSolutions:Recently, variousorganizations have urged NATO torelease more information on thefunding and various uses of fundingspecifically the Netherlands Courtof Audit (NCA) which advises theInternational Board of Auditors forNATO (IBAN). Furthermore, manyNGO’s have appeared to alarm forthe problem of NATO’s insufficienttransparency, most notably ‘NATOPAGE 15 NATO BULLETINWatch’. According to TsvetelinaYordanova, a good model fortransparency should discloseinformation about the following: The constitutive acts of theorganization; its memberstates or other subjects ofthe international law; The strategic documents of theorganization, revealing itsaims and intentions; Information about the plans toreform the organization; The structure and the personnelof the organization; The procedures for thenomination of themanagement of theorganization and themechanism of the conflictof interest policy; Analyses, statistics, reports,papers and otherinformation, created by theorganization, which isvaluable in the decisionmaking process; Drafts of important documentslike treaties, decisions, etc. Decision making process – openofficial meetings of themain bodies (throughopen doors, online
broadcasting, publicminutes, records or other)Voting records of member states;The decisions made either partlyor fullyThe budget of the organization (inprogram format), includingthe amount of theannual installments of themember countriesExistence of a transparencyfriendly procedure foraccess to documents.It is up to the delegates todecide which pieces ofinformation if any shouldbe provided to the publicbearing in mind thepossible drawbacks of amore transparent NATO.Questions toConsider:1. What are the drawbacks andbenefits of making NATOa more transparentorganization?2. The UN is generally moretransparent that NATO,does their role in theworld differ for that ofNATO causing this?PAGE 16 NATO BULLETIN3. Which if any pieces ofinformation listed aboveshould be included in apossible reform oftransparency, keeping inmind the possibledrawbacks.References:1. www.transparency.usi.ch/files/media/yordanova the transparency security dilemma in national and international context.pdf2. http://www.nato.int/nato static/assets/pdf/pdf archives/20120327 CM 2008 0116 INVPublicDisclosure.pdf3. www.nato.intnato static fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf archives/AC 324D 2014 0010.pdf4. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics 111582.htm5. http://www.rekenkamer.nl/english/NATO Transparency/NATO Transparency and public Acc ountability:200486. http://natowatch.org/node/1718
North Atlantic Treaty Organization committee at AUN XVIII. I am currently a senior in the Academy for the Advancement in Science and Technology at the Bergen County Academies, and have participated in Model UN since my freshman year. My first conference was at AMUN XV in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization committee, and I have since
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance consisting of 28 European and North American countries. It was established with the signing of the Treaty of Washington on April 4th 1949. The Washington Treaty was signed by its twelve founding members as tensions grew between East and West.
For example, North Atlantic Treaty Organization's North Atlantic Treaty is triggered in response to an attack on Europe or North America. In the case of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, the treaty zone is "the territory under the administration of the Nation of Japan." However, the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty has areas called "zones of .
"(3) the term 'NATO' means the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; "(4) the term 'NATO/CFE country' means a member country of NATO that is a party to the CFE Treaty and is listed in paragraph 1(A) of article II of the CFE Treaty within the group of States Parties that signed or acceded to the Treaty of Brus sels of 1948 or the Treaty of .
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Vancouver Model United Nations The 17th Annual Session January 19 - 21, 2018 Dear Delegates, My name is Allan Lee and I am honoured to serve as your director of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). As a grade 11 student at St. George' s, I am very excited to participate in
74 BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Dalam bab ini penulis akan menjelaskan beberapa pembahasan, Pertama penulis akan menjelaskan profil North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). dalam bab ini akan dijelaskan sejarah terbentuknya NATO, alasan negara-negara Eropa untuk membentuk aliansi, struktur NATO dan cara kerja struktur dalam NATO.
NATO04 North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Brussels Belgium; Operations - Situational Awareness Integration Team (SITCEN) 01.03.2023 - 31.08.2023 x NATO05; North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels; Belgium Arms Control, Disarmament and Weapons of Mass Destruction 01.03.2023 - 31.08.2023 x; NATO06 North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Brussels .
sels Treaty Organization. It was also the first step in the process leading to the signature of the North At-lantic Treaty in 1949 and the creation of the North Atlantic Alliance. The Brussels Treaty is the found-ing document of the present day Western European Union (WEU). Negotiations culminated in the signature of the Trea-
Korean language is an agglutinative language and is sometimes recognized tricky to learn by the people who speak a European language as their primary language. But depending on how systematical the education method is, it can be efficiently learned with the aid of its scientific letter system Hangeul. This book aims to provide the comprehensive rules and factors of the Korean language in a .
