Contents OECD Regional Outlook 2016 - Regions20
OECD Regional Outlook 2016PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES
OECD Regional Outlook2016PRODUCTIVE REGIONSFOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. Theopinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the officialviews of OECD member countries.This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundariesand to the name of any territory, city or area.Please cite this publication as:OECD (2016), OECD Regional Outlook 2016: Productive Regions for Inclusive Societies, OECD 260245-enISBN 978-92-64-26137-2 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-26024-5 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-26029-0 (epub)The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The useof such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israelisettlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.Photo credits: Cover Jeffrey Fisher.Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. OECD 2016You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases andmultimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitableacknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights shouldbe submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall beaddressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC)at contact@cfcopies.com.
FOREWORDForewordThis third edition of the Regional Outlook continues to emphasise the untapped growth,productivity and well-being potential associated with cities and regions. The first edition of theRegional Outlook in 2011 identified at least two major trends requiring a better integration of thesubnational perspective in OECD policy agendas. One trend was the persistent low productivitygrowth in most OECD countries. To tap into broader sources of productivity gains, theRegional Outlook 2011 was advocating a more integrated strategy, consolidating economy-widestructural policies by complementing them with place-based policies. A second trend is the observeddisconnect between the quest for productivity on one side, and individual well-being on the other,that has generated the need to consider the three pillars of efficiency, equity and environmentalsustainability. Subsequently, the Regional Outlook 2014 reckoned that well-being is intrinsicallylocal and needs to be constructed by aligning policies from the top to the relevant scale: the placeswhere people live and work.Five years after the first edition of the Regional Outlook, productivity growth remains low.At the same time, inter-personal income inequalities are at their highest levels for decades. Moreover,demographic trends in OECD countries will make these questions even more salient. With an ageingpopulation and a higher dependency ratio, productivity advances will become more critical tomaintain material and non-material aspects of well-being in all OECD regions. Some regions mayface more acute demographic challenges due not only to longer lifespans, but also lower fertility andoutmigration. The only way to address these trends is to start planning for demographic impactstoday to create a sustainable tomorrow. Furthermore, concerns among younger generations of nothaving the same opportunities as their parents and distrust in governments’ capacities to addressthese challenges raise the tough question: what can policy do?This report contributes to the critical agendas of OECD countries to achieve more inclusivegrowth in urban and rural areas. The report sheds light on some of the place-based drivers ofproductivity growth. Productivity growth is important for well-being as it has a significant impacton income and jobs, as well as non-material dimensions, such as health. The place-based elementsof well-being can create virtuous or vicious cycles depending on where one lives, which hasrepercussions for access to services today as well as inter-generational mobility tomorrow.Stagnating productivity growth and its consequences for well-being contribute to social and politicalpolarisation. Regions and cities are the spaces where the dynamics between productivity andinclusion are felt. Conception of national policies therefore needs to consider the impact on differenttypes of places, and the firms and people located there. While the majority of OECD residents live incities, rural areas also can, and do, contribute in many ways to national prosperity.Within and beyond the OECD, localising the recently adopted global agendas is essentialto their success, which can be informed by regional, urban and rural development policyapproaches. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development sets 17 Sustainable Development Goalsand 169 targets for developed and developing countries alike. The Paris Agreement at COP21 taskscountries to design plans that keep global temperature increases below 2 degrees Celsius.OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 20163
FOREWORDFurthermore, Habitat III will help the world re-think urbanisation processes and the policies thatshape and react to them. Part III of this Outlook adds to these global discussions by highlighting thefundamental role of regions and cities, as well as the way national policies influence them, as spacesand actors that contribute to all of these agendas.The Regional Outlook is part of a broader work programme on regional development. Thiswork is developed under the auspices of the OECD Regional Development Policy Committee thataddresses regional, urban and rural development as well as territorial statistics and multi-levelgovernance practices.Mari KiviniemiOECD Deputy Secretary-General4OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAcknowledgementsThe OECD Regional Outlook 2016 was supervised by Joaquim Oliveira Martins andco-ordinated by Karen Maguire. The report was prepared by the Regional DevelopmentPolicy Division of the Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development, underthe direction of Rolf Alter. Contributions were provided as follows: Chapter 1:Alexander Lembcke, Karen Maguire and Joaquim Oliveira Martins, with statistical supportfrom Eric Gonnard; Chapter 2: Karen Maguire and Paul-Tristan Victor; Chapter 3:David Bartolini, Jose-Enrique Garcilazo, and Tamara Krawchenko, with statistical supportfrom Chiara Allegri; Chapter 4: Tamara Krawchenko. David Freshwater, Professor of RuralDevelopment, Public Policy, and Finance, Department of Agricultural Economics, Universityof Kentucky, provided extensive comments to the entire report and inputs to Chapters 3and 4. Country pages were prepared by Eric Gonnard, Alexander Lembcke, Karen Maguireand Paul-Tristan Victor. Georgia Hewitt, Gemma Nellies and Pilar Philip prepared thereport for publication.The OECD is grateful for contributions to the Policy Forum in Part III that were made byRolf Alter, Director, Public Governance and Territorial Directorate, OECD; Joan Clos,Executive Director, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) andSecretary-General of Habitat III; Josep Roig, Secretary-General, United Cities and LocalGovernments (UCLG); Peter C.G. Glas, Chairman, OECD Water Governance Initiative andChairman, Water Board De Dommel (Netherlands); Thomas J. Vilsack, U.S. Secretary ofAgriculture and Chair, White House Rural Council; Vito Cistulli, Senior Economist, SocialPolicies and Rural Institutions Division, Stina Heikkilä, Assistant Programme Co-ordinator,Strategic Programme 3: Reduce Rural Poverty, and Rob Vos, Director, AgriculturalDevelopment Economics Division – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO); and Christophe Nuttall, Executive Director, R20 Regions of Climate Action.The Secretariat also thanks delegates to the OECD Regional Development PolicyCommittee and its Working Parties, as well as participants in a dedicated workshop of theWorking Party on Rural Policy for valuable feedback on earlier versions of the report.OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 20165
TABLE OF CONTENTSTable of contentsReader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Part IThe place-based dimension of productivity and inclusionChapter 1. Regional productivity gaps and their consequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The role for regions and place-based policies in boosting aggregateproductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .From productivity to inclusion and well-being in regions and cities . . . . . . . . . . . .Public action to promote catching up and inclusion: structural reforms, publicinvestment (including through place-based policies) and governance reforms . . .Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2760Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7576Annex 1.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81Chapter 2. Regional development: Policies to promote catching up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912526697492Priorities for regional, urban and rural development policies: Cross-countrytrends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Governance strategies to promote catching-up dynamics and inclusion . . . . . . . . 108Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Annex 2.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Part IISpecial focus: Rural areas – Places of opportunityChapter 3. Understanding rural economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rural areas as places of opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trends, opportunities and challenges for rural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 20161391401411587
TABLE OF CONTENTSConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Annex 3.A1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Annex 3.A2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Annex 3.A3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Chapter 4. Rural Policy 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180The Rural Policy 3.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Objectives: Increasing well-being in rural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Policy focus: Competitive advantages for low-density economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Tools: Policy complementarities and integrated investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Key actors and stakeholders: Rural-urban partnerships and multi-levelgovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Policy approach: Community capacity building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Part IIIRegions and cities implementing global agendas: A policy forumChapter 5. Investing in “voice” to implement global agendas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225by Rolf AlterIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Are regions and cities indeed the places where policies and people meet? . . . . . .Do regions and cities have the right tools and capacities to localise SDGsand other targets?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .How can national and subnational governments work better together,using a more structured engagement with people in the process? . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226227230233236Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Chapter 6. A New Urban Agenda for the 21st century: The role of urbanisationin sustainable development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239by Joan ClosIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trends and challenges for sustainable urbanisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The role of quality urbanisation in achieving sustainable development . . . . . . . . .A New Urban Agenda for the 21st century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240241243246248Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2498OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTSChapter 7. Financing subnational and local governments: The missing linkin development finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251by Josep RoigIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A global imbalance between local government revenues and responsibilitiesis at the core of the deficit in infrastructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Financing the city by the city: Acknowledging the role of local governmentsto promote development policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Meet the deficit in infrastructures and finance basic services through enablingaccess to external resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Towards fiscally capable local governments and effective local and regionalfinancial institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Empower local authorities to play a key role in the transition towardssustainable territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252253254255256257Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Chapter 8. Cities and regions – Connected by water in mutual dependency. . . . . . . . . 259by Peter C.G. GlasIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Three decades of evolution in water management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .On water governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .On regions and cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260260262263Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Chapter 9. United States rural policy: Increasing opportunities and improvingthe quality of life of rural communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267by Thomas J. VilsackIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .US place-based strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Initiatives in rural regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268269271278Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Chapter 10. Global dimensions of malnutrition: Territorial perspectives on foodsecurity and nutrition policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281by Vito Cistulli, Stina Heikkilä and Rob VosIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spatial inequalities in food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Agriculture and rural transformations and territorial development . . . . . . . . . . . .Territorial approaches in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282283285289291Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 20169
TABLE OF CONTENTSChapter 11. Response to the Paris Climate Accord: Scaling up green projectsfrom a bottom-up perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295by Christophe NuttallThe Paris Accord and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals:What will change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Challenges and opportunities of the green economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R20’s track record and vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R20 Action Plan 2016-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Phase I (2011-15): Demonstration projects and project development model. . . . . .Phase II (2016-20): Scaling up phase – Training and accelerated finance . . . . . . . . .Summary of R20 Action Plan for 2016-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scaling up in practice: The Planet Pledge Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296296296298298298299301Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Part IVCountry notes(online .1.4.1.4.2.4.3.10Stylised models of urban and rural economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Categorisation of OECD regions by within-country catching-up dynamics . . .Policies to promote innovation outside of leading regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special economic zones: OECD country examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Examples of OECD country regional reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Regional development strategies and recent changes: OECD countryoverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Urban development strategies and recent changes: OECD country overview. . .Rural development strategies and recent changes: OECD country overview . .Challenges by type of rural region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trends in GDP, productivity and population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rural remote regions present a higher variation in productivity growthrates than other types of regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Difference in characteristics between fast and slow growing rural regions,2004-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Determinants of productivity growth in rural regions, post-crisis period,2008-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Test of mean difference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sample size, difference between old and new SNA series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary statistics, 1993 SNA series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rural definitions in select OECD countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rural Policy 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Innovations in renewable energy products, practices and policies in casestudy regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Policy complementarities for different types of rural regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182192200OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS4.4.4.5.5.1.9.1.10.1.Factors impacting the cost of rural services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Factors that promote and hinder rural-urban partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Key 2015-16 global declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Snapshot of USDA-RD investments in manufacturing, FY 2009-15 . . . . . . . . . .Spatial inequalities in terms of poverty and food security in selecteddeveloping countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1. CCFLA members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Figures1.1. Labour productivity growth trending downward even before the crisis . . . . . .1.2. Productivity gaps between frontier firms and other firms are widening . . . . .1.3. Country convergence has been accompanied by divergence of regionswithin countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4. As metro areas across countries converged, metro areas within countriesdiverged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5. Income inequality increased in most OECD countries, but the crisis haltedthe trend in some countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6. Productivity growth of frontier regions in a country outpaces that of mostother regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7. Patterns of catching up and divergence differ across countries . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.8. The top 50 OECD regions for productivity growth tend to be in countrieswith a strong frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9. The frontier does not necessarily stimulate catching-up dynamicsin all regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.10. Frontier regions tend to be urban, but catching-up regions tend to be ruralor intermediate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.11. The tradable sector plays a critical role in regional productivity trends . . . . . .1.12. Tradable services and resource extraction contribute to catching up . . . . . . . .1.13. Manufacturing also observed to promote catching up, but at a smallerregional scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.14. Other growth-related factors do not differ between catching-upand diverging regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.15. Regions with high levels of productivity are also regions that are bettergoverned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.16. Catching-up regions for productivity also experienced modestimprovements in governance quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.17. Regions in both fast and slow growing countries can catch up (or fall behind)their frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.18. Frontier regions in the Netherlands experience both high and low ratesof productivity growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.19. Hamburg and Hesse attract employment, but struggle to utilise itproductively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.20. One in four OECD residents lives in a region that is falling behindthe frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.21. Innovation-related activities and productivity trends: United States . . . . . . . .1.22. Interregional gaps in innovation-related performance show mixed results,often narrowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OECD REGIONAL OUTLOOK 2016: PRODUCTIVE REGIONS FOR INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES OECD 515253555556575911
TABLE OF CONTENTS1.23. Regional concentration of innovation-related resources within countriesgenerally declining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.24. The degree of interregional variation depends on the well-be
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This Overview is based on the June 2015 OECD Economic Outlook and is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of OECD member countries. The country notes for Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico are reproduced from the OECD Economic Outlook.
OECD recommends more expansionary policy than projected Many countries are exploiting fiscal space, but some (esp in Europe) could do more Source: OECD November 2016 Economic Outlook database; and OECD November 2016 Economic Outlook Special Chapter, "Using fiscal levers to 31 escape the low growth trap".
OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2012-2021 OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2012-2021 The eighteenth edition of the Agricultural Outlook, and the eighth prepared jointly with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), provides projections to 2021 for the major agricultural commodities and biofuels as well as fish and seafood.
OECD and non-OECD net electricity generation Trillion kilowatt-hours World electricity use by sector Quadrillion Btu Net electricity generation in non-OECD countries increases twice as fast as in the OECD with building use being a major contributor to growth in the EIA Reference Case 0 5 10 15 20 25 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 non-OECD OECD 0 .
1) Minimum wall thickness shall not less than 87.5% of nominal wall thickness in accordance with ASTM D2996. 2) Use these values for calculating longitudinal thrust. 3) No-shave pipe. Typical pipe performance Nominal Pipe Size Internal Pressure Rating1 Collapse Pressure Rating2 Designation in mm Psig MPa psig MPa Per ASTM D2996
