Development Framework For Offshore Wind Energy

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Development Framework forOffshore Wind Energy

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 versionDevelopment Framework forOffshore Wind EnergyAdopted by the Council of Ministers on 20 May 2020This translation is an unofficial document: it is only provided forconvenience, rights do not apply.The publication in Dutch ‘Ontwikkelkader windenergie op zee voorjaar 2020’ is available zer/sde/wet-en-regelgeving#wind-op-zee

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 versionPublication detailsDevelopment Framework for Offshore Wind EnergyMinistry of Economic Affairs and Climate PolicyDirectorate-General for Climate and EnergyPO Box 204012500 EK The HagueFinalFirst version adopted by the Council of Ministers on 1 July 2016Updated 15 June 2017 by the Minister of Economic Affairs: Stipulation of final date of completion of the part of the offshore grid for connection to thewind farms at Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Sites I and II. See Section 4.2; The Government's designation on 8 December 2016 of the area between the 10 and 12nautical mile zones in the Hollandse Kust (zuid and noord) Wind Farm Zones incorporatedin Figures 1 and 4, as well as in Section 2.2.Updated September 2018 by the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy: Stipulation of final date of completion of the part of the offshore grid for connection to thewind farms at Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Sites III and IV. See Section 4.2; Sections 1.4, 3.3, and 4.1 updated for now-completed tenders and the published OffshoreWind Energy Roadmap 2030; As they appeared to cause confusion, the terms “nominal capacity” and “installed capacity”in the text (particularly in Sections 3.5 and 3.6) have been replaced by “installed capacity”in accordance with the provisions and definitions of Wind Farm Site Decisions III and IV forHollandse Kust (zuid); Adapted text to allow for the possibility of tenders without subsidy; Lost links to documents on the internet fixed; Correct title of Minister/Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy included.Updated Autumn 2019, adopted by the Council of Ministers on 8 November 2019: Stipulation of final date of completion of the part of the offshore grid for connection to thewind farm at Hollandse Kust (noord) Wind Farm Site V. See Section 4.2;Adjustment for the Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap 2030:o Reference to specification of 49 TWh offshore wind energy in 2030 in the Coalitionand Climate Agreements;o Addition of Hollandse Kust (west), North of the Frysian Islands, and IJmuiden VerWind Farm Zones;o Addition of direct current concept for IJmuiden Ver;o Addition of guaranteed transmission capacity of 2 GW for direct current concept forIJmuiden Ver;Removal of provisions on stepping-stone function and addition of "WindConnector" (Section3.3);Changes in provisions to bring them in line with Metering Code (Section 3.10);Addition of provisions on environmental sensitive installation (Section 3.11);Clarification of provisions on delivery and delivery date (Chapter 4);Update and clarification of provisions on service life (Chapter 5).Updated Spring 2020, adopted by the Council of Ministers on 20 May 2020: Anticipated commissioning dates of wind farms in Table 1 adapted to the most up-to-datetimetable (section 2.2); In respect of direct current platforms in IJmuiden Ver, provisions have been addedregarding:o Access to and accessibility of (section 3.4);o Availability and guaranteed transmission capacity (section 3.5);o Maximum power input (section 3.6);o Connections (section 3.7);o Electrical properties and safety devices (section 3.8);

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 version Inclusion of the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy’s decision regarding effortsto make the direct current platforms in IJmuiden Ver suitable for a ‘WindConnector’(section 3.9, previously section 3.4)Inclusion of the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy’s decision regarding effortsto make the alternating current platform in Hollandse Kust (noord) suitable for theelectrification of oil and gas platforms (new section 3.10);Addition of completion procedure and dates for the direct current connections in IJmuidenVer (text and tables 4 and 6 in section 4.2);Delivery date of the offshore grid for Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Sites I and IIadapted as a result of the agreement on changing the completion date between the permitholder of those sites and TenneT (Table 3 in section 4.2);Amendment of provisions on the service life of the offshore grid (chapter 5).

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 versionTable of contents1 Why a Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy?—7 1.1 Rationale behind the Development Framework—7 1.2 Objective of the Development Framework—7 1.3 Cross-checking with the Development Framework—8 1.4 Scope and updating of the Development Framework—8 1.5 Content of the Development Framework—8 1.6 Creation of this Development Framework—92 Sequence for development of the wind farms—11 2.1 Clustered realisation in designated Wind Farm Zones —11 2.2 Sequence for development of Wind Farm Zones—123 Method of connecting the wind farms—13 3.1 Background—13 3.2 Concept for the offshore electricity grid—13 3.3 Locations and method of connection—15 3.4 Platform locations and accessibility—16 3.5 Availability and minimum guaranteed transmission capacity—18 3.6 Maximum power input from wind farms —20 3.7 Wind turbine and export cable connections—21 3.8 Electrical properties and safety devices—22 3.9 Potential "WindConnector" with the UK —24 3.10 Electrification of oil and gas platforms —25 3.11 Metering electricity yield—25 3.12 Shared services and environmental sensitive design—264 Time frame—27 4.1 Wind farm commissioning timeline—27 4.2. Offshore grid completion date—275 Service life and offshore grid depreciation—31 5.1 ACM decision on depreciation period for the offshore grid—31 5.2 Minimum service life of the offshore electricity grid—31 5.3 Potentially required additional service life —32

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 version1. Why a Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy?1.1 Rationale behind the Development FrameworkTo achieve the contribution of offshore wind energy to reducing CO2 emissions by 2030, as agreedin the Coalition Agreement1 and the Climate Agreement,2 the combined offshore wind farms willhave to produce 49 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity in that year. This will require a totaloperational capacity of approximately 11 gigawatt (GW), equal to 11,000 megawatt (MW), in 2030.A structured approach, with a control function for the Government, will be necessary to make this areality. Part of that approach is the construction of an offshore grid. To do this, it is advisable towork according to a plan that includes the investments for the offshore grid, comparable with theplans the transmission system operators draw up for onshore grids. The complicating factor,,however, is the transmission system operator for the offshore grid and market parties cannot, inprinciple, independently evaluate the basic principles upon which their investment plan should befounded. After all, where and when the wind farms can be constructed in the coming years andtheir size depends on Government policy.Control by the Government is exercised through: An Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap3; Wind Farm Site Decisions and permits issued under the Offshore Wind Energy Act; If necessary, subsidies under the Stimulation of Sustainable Energy Production Decision;and A Development Framework for the development of offshore wind energy, and that of theoffshore grid in particular. Section 16e of the Electricity Act 1998 (Elektriciteitswet 1998)stipulates that the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy defines the DevelopmentFramework.1.2 Objective of the Development FrameworkThe objective of the Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy is to create an outlineframework for the design, construction, availability, and service life of the offshore grid. Itcombines with the Roadmap, Wind Farm Site Decisions, and permits, referred to above, to provideclarity in advance to offshore wind farm developers regarding the schedule and preconditions forthe development of offshore wind energy in the Netherlands.This clarity in advance is extremely important because, unlike the onshore high-voltage grid, theoffshore grid is constructed specifically for offshore wind farms. As a result, choices made in termsof the design of the offshore grid generally have direct implications for the design and profitabilityof the connected wind farms. It is essential for offshore wind farm developers to be aware of thesechoices before they bid for a site in a Wind Farm Zone.The Development Framework broadly outlines the functional requirements and the technicalconcept for the offshore grid that the wind farms are connected to. The basic principles andintended objectives here are to always minimise the total costs for offshore wind energy, i.e. thecombined costs of the wind farms and the offshore grid.The Development Framework also delineates the task of the transmission system operator for theoffshore grid, TenneT.4 Based on Section 16e of the Electricity Act 1998, TenneT is obliged to drawup a document every two years that shows the investments needed for the offshore grid toimplement this Development Framework. This is to ensure TenneT completes the connection of thewind farms in good time.Partly on the basis of this Development Framework and prior to the construction phase of theoffshore wind farms, TenneT is to conclude a Realisation Agreement and a Connection andConfidence in the future; Coalition Agreement 2017 – 2021; VVD, CDA, D66 and ChristenUnie, 10 October2017.2Climate Agreement, 28 June 2019, Parliamentary Paper 32813, No H, blg-890294.3The Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap consists of two parts: one part until the end of 2023 (based on the 2013Energy Agreement; see Parliamentary Paper 33 561, No A/11) and another part for the years 2024 to 2030(based on the Coalition Agreement and the (draft) Climate Agreement; see Parliamentary Paper 33561, No 42and Parliamentary Paper 33561, No 48).4On 5 September 2016, the then-Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy designated TenneT as theoffshore grid operator.1

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 versionTransmission Agreement5 with the permit holders for the offshore wind farms, which furtherelaborate the technical details.1.3 Cross-checking with the Development FrameworkThe third paragraph of Section 20d of the Electricity Act 1998 stipulates that the costs ofinvestments made by TenneT for the offshore grid to implement the Development Framework willbe included in the permitted incomes. This guarantees there will be no after-the-fact discussion ofthe extent to which investments made were useful and necessary. This shall not prevent theNetherlands Authority for Consumers & Markets (hereinafter referred to as the ACM) frommonitoring that TenneT only recovers the rational costs for these investments.1.4 Scope and updating of the Development FrameworkThe Development Framework relates to the objective for offshore wind energy up to 2030 in theCoalition Agreement and the Climate Agreement. The stipulations in the Development Frameworkapply to the Wind Farm Zones in the Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap; see Figure 1. The technicalfunctional specifications and the technical concept for the offshore grid apply to its entire servicelife. Where applicable, the Development Framework lays down specific stipulations for theindividual Wind Farm Zones and the parts of the offshore grid relevant to them. For instance,Section 4.2 of this Development Framework sets the delivery date for the different parts of theoffshore grid that belong to the different Wind Farm Zones and the different sites in them.The Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy will update the Development Framework shouldthe situation require it. The basic principle here is that the functional specifications and thetechnical concept for the offshore grid do not change (in essence), so the standardisation (seeSection 3.2) and cost savings that go hand in hand with this are ensured. This also gives the windfarm developers the certainty that they will not have to modify their design subsequently.1.5 Content of the Development FrameworkParts of this Development Framework have already been laid down or are still being elaborated insubsequent policy-making, such as the National Water Plan,6 the Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap,and the Wind Farm Site Decisions. The following parts have already been laid down: The sequence for the development of the wind farms. This sequence shows the zones to bedeveloped first and those that will follow subsequently. The sequence is as laid down in theOffshore Wind Energy Roadmap; The way in which the wind farms are connected to the onshore grid via the offshore grid.TenneT connects the wind farms, and constructs and manages an offshore grid needed forthis, with an eye to a planned implementation and the realisation of cost savings. The basicprinciple for the offshore grid is also laid down in the Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap.These decisions have, in fact, already taken a broad outline account of the integral consideration ofthe costs of the wind farms, spatial aspects, and consequences for the transmission systemoperator of the offshore grid, as stated in the Electricity Act 1998 in relation to the DevelopmentFramework. This Development Framework contains the further elaboration of these broad outlinesas well as a number of new elements. These elements are: The delivery date for the various parts of the offshore grid; see Section 4.2 et seq. It isimportant that the connection for the wind farms is ready in time to prevent yield lossesand damage to the wind farms. Overrunning the delivery dates set out in this DevelopmentFramework could be reason for TenneT to compensate the wind farm permit holder, inaccordance with the provisions in Section 16f of the Electricity Act 1998; Further elaboration of the technical preconditions and functional specifications for theoffshore grid. The Development Framework specifies the technical choices with which theoffshore grid must comply. These preconditions and functional specifications contribute toestablishing the technical design of the wind farms and thereby provide clarity andcertainty for both TenneT and the permit holders for the offshore wind farms. In doing so,this Development Framework specifies the technical preconditions and functionalspecifications that are determinative for the design and the costs of the offshore grid. Thedetailed completion of the preconditions and specifications, as well as the creation oftechnical-operational agreements, will be done by TenneT, in close cooperation with theinterested parties from the wind sector. Eventually, the technical details and technicaloperational agreements will be included in the Connection and Realisation Agreement that56The content of these agreements is known prior to the opening of the relevant subsidy tender.National Water Plan 2016–2021, Parliamentary Paper 31 710, No 45.

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 version TenneT and the permit holders for the wind farms will enter into and in the technical codes(the conditions based on Section 31 of the Electricity Act 1998);The anticipated technical service lives that must be assumed for the wind farms and theoffshore grid.1.6 Creation of this Development FrameworkConsidering the importance of the Development Framework and the wider interests it involves, theDevelopment Framework has been prepared in consultation with TenneT, the wind sector(Netherlands Wind Energy Association, NWEA), the ACM, and the Ministry of Finance. There wasalso an internet consultation prior to the first publication in 2016.

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 version2 Sequence for development of the wind farms2.1 Clustered realisation in designated Wind Farm ZonesDuring the evaluation of the previous issue round of offshore wind energy, the conclusion wasdrawn that cost benefits would ensue if the realisation of offshore wind energy was clustered andcontrolled by central government.7 This was recognised when the agreements were made in theEnergy Agreement,8 which are continued in the Climate Agreement. In concrete terms, this meansthe realisation will occur in clusters per Wind Farm Zone as designated in the National Water Plan.Sites will then be established for each Wind Farm Zone. The permits and any subsidy will be issuedusing a tendering procedure, in accordance with the Offshore Wind Energy Act.Figure 1 Wind Farm Zones to which the Development Framework relates.78Final report of the Offshore Wind Energy Task Force, May 2010. See pdf.Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth, 6 September 2013 (Parliamentary Paper 30 196, No 202, blg-248998).

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 versionThe Wind Farm Zones in which wind farms9 can be constructed using the lowest costs have beenestablished on the basis of calculations by Energy Research Centre for the Netherlands (ECN).These are the Wind Farm Zones closest to the coast; see Figure 1. The relatively short connectionsfrom the wind farms to the national high-voltage grid in particular, and the advantage that theycan be installed using relatively cheap alternating current technology, ensure the costs per kilowatthour for wind farms close to the coast are lower than for wind farms further from the coast. Asspecified in the Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap, the realisation of offshore wind energy starts withthe development of the Borssele (approximately 1.4 GW), Hollandse Kust (zuid) (approximately 1.4GW) and Hollandse Kust (noord) (approximately 700 MW) Wind Farm Zones.2.2 Sequence for development of Wind Farm ZonesThe sequence for development of the Wind Farm Zones in the Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap issummarised in Table 1 below. The Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy has stated that,based on this Roadmap, the target of 49 TWh by 2030, set out in section 1.1, is expected10 to beachieved. If, during the implementation of the Roadmap, it should become apparent the realisationof the target would require an additional wind farm, then the Minister will be able to make such anaddition to the Roadmap and additionally request that TenneT establish the necessary gridconnection by adding that wind farm to Table 1 below.Table 1 Sequence for development of offshore wind energyCapacity (GW)Wind Farm Zone, Site(s)Tender for sites0.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.71.01.01.01.09Borssele Wind Farm Zone,Sites I and IIBorssele Wind Farm Zone,Sites III, IV, and VHollandse Kust (zuid),Sites I and IIHollandse Kust (zuid),Sites III and IVHollandse Kust (noord),Site VHollandse Kust (west),Site VIHollandse Kust (west),Site VIINorth of the FrysianIslands,Site IIJmuiden Ver Wind FarmZone,Site IIJmuiden Ver,Site IIIJmuiden Ver Wind FarmZone,Site IIIIJmuiden Ver,Site IVParliamentary Paper 33 561, No 12.Implemented 2016Anticipated wind farmcommissioning date2020Implemented 20162020Implemented 20172022First quarter 20192023First quarter 20202024Second quarter 20212025 to 20262025 to 2026Fourth quarter 20222027Fourth quarter 202320282028Fourth quarter 202420292029

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 version3 Method of connecting the wind farms3.1 BackgroundThe Energy Agreement stipulates that, where this is more efficient than a direct, individual("radial") connection of wind farms to the onshore grid, there should be an offshore grid to connectoffshore wind farms with onshore grid, for which TenneT will be charged with responsibility.As the Minister of Economic Affairs stated in his letter of 18 June 2014,10 a study by RoyalHaskoningDHV, commissioned by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, revealed theconstruction of an offshore grid, managed by TenneT, has advantages over individual radialconnections. The advantages are in the areas of availability (security of supply), planningcoordination, financing burdens, standardisation, and the associated cost reductions fromadvantage of scale for purchasing, maintenance, knowledge development, and learning effects.This model also simplifies compensating grid fluctuations, flow management, and balancing supplyand demand, whilst integral grid operation also leads to knowledge pooling and a clear distributionof tasks and responsibilities in the electricity system. This also means TenneT can take advantageof the knowledge and experience gained through its German offshore activities.In the aforementioned letter, the Government takes the directional decision to legally appointTenneT as the transmission system operator for the offshore grid. The Electricity Act 1998 containsthe legal basis for the appointment of TenneT and elaborates on a number of issues. In anticipationof the appointment, TenneT was temporarily charged with the legal duty of carrying outpreparatory activities for the offshore grid based on the Electricity Act 1998.As a result of the above, TenneT is responsible for identifying the costs of realising the offshoregrid and bearing responsibility for the connections between the wind farms and the offshore grid.11This has led to the conclusion that substantial savings are possible by making TenneT responsiblefor all offshore infrastructure. DNV GL subsequently validated the technical concept and costsubstantiation on behalf of TenneT.12 Its report was reviewed by ECN on behalf of the then-Ministryof Economic Affairs and Climate Policy.13 Similarly to DNV GL, ECN concluded that coordinatedconnection of offshore wind farms by TenneT would lead to lower public costs than individualconnections. The Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy’s letters to the House ofRepresentatives14 on the costs of the offshore electricity grid confirmed that conclusion.In September 2016, the former Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy designated TenneTas the offshore grid operator.3.2 Concept for the offshore electricity gridThe basic principle behind the offshore wind energy assignment is to realise the wind farms in themost cost-effective manner. This is done by starting with a TenneT concept for the offshore gridthat is standardised as far as possible15. This concept uses platforms. In the case of alternatingcurrent platforms, approximately 700 MW of wind energy capacity can be connected to eachplatform. Where direct current platforms are used, the connected capacity is approximately 2 GW.The wind turbines in the wind farms are connected to the platform; see Figure 2.Parliamentary Paper 31 510 No. 49Vision for Electricity Grid Design and Roll-out Strategy, Future-proof Electricity Grid Optimisation, TenneT, 21 July 2014.Review of Electricity Grid Design and Roll-out Strategy for TenneT Offshore Wind Farms, public version, DNV GL, 14 May2014.13Public version of validation of DNV GL document "Review of Electricity Grid Design and Roll-out Strategy for TenneT OffshoreWind Farms", ECN-N--14-020, 11 August 2014.14Parliamentary Paper 33 561, Nos 15, 19, 21 and 25.101112

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 versionFigure 2 Schematic depiction of the grid, alternating current (above) and direct current (below)The offshore grid comprises separate parts that connect the Wind Farm Zones to the onshorenational high-voltage grid. These parts will be constructed in phases, so each of them will becompleted in time to transmit the electricity generated by wind farms connected to that part.This connection method reduces the number of platforms required compared with the situation inwhich each wind farm is connected to the national high-voltage grid by an individual platform andan individual connection. In addition to cost savings, this will also minimise pressure on theenvironment by limiting the traversing of the landscape as a result of the standardisation andbundling of connections. In addition, there will be benefits with regard to availability and it will beeasier to meet the timetable in the Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap.This offshore grid consists of the platforms, offshore and onshore cables, and part of (theexpansion of) an onshore substation. In cases where direct current is used, an onshore converterstation will also form part of the offshore grid. What are known as the inter-array cables, whichconnect the wind turbines to TenneT’s platform, are not part of the offshore grid, but rather arepart of the wind farm.3.3 Locations and method of connectionThe cables from the Wind Farm Zones are connected to the onshore high-voltage grid at differentlocations. Table 2 below provides an overview. The connection sites and cable routes, which arestill to be further explored, for the Hollandse Kust (west) Site VII, North of the Frysian islands, andIJmuiden Ver Wind Farm Zones were selected after a broad survey process (Survey of the Landfallof Offshore Grids (Verkenning Aanlanding Netten Op Zee, or VANOZ15)), with early involvement bypublic authorities, companies, and civil society organisations. The selection was based on theSee Parliamentary Paper 33561, No 48, blg-879079 and anding-netten-op-zee-2030.15

Definitive Development Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2020 versionexamined impact on technology, costs, environment, surroundings, and durability. This resulted ina geographically distributed connection pattern, with connection points preferably located close tothe industrial clusters on the coast and avoiding as far as possible the need for investments in theonshore high-voltage network.The VANOZ survey also resulted in a decision to opt for conventional electrical connections. Nonelectrical alternatives, involving the generated electricity being converted to hydrogen offshorebefore being transported ashore by means of a pipeline, for instance, proved to be unrealisticwithin the time frame provided by the Roadmap (2030). This and similar concepts are still in tooearly a stage of development to provide sufficient scale or to guarantee a sufficiently competitivecost level.16Table 2 Locations for connection to the onshore high-voltage gridWind Farm Zone, Site(s)Onshore connection siteBorssele, Sites I and IIBorsseleBorssele, Sites III, IV, and VBorsseleHollandse Kust (zuid), Sites I and IIMaasvlakteHollandse Kust (zuid), Sites III and IVMaasvlakteHollandse Kust (noord), Site VBeverwijkHollandse Kust (west), Site VIBeverwijkHollandse Kust (west), Site VIIBeverwijk, route yet to be determinedNorth of the Frysian Islands, Site IYet to be determined: Eemshaven, Burgum orVierverlatenIJmuiden Ver, Sites I and IIYet to be determined: Borssele orGeertruidenbergIJmuiden Ver, Sites III and IVYet to be determined: Maasvlakte orSimonshavenThe necessary routes for the cables of the offshore grid are determined with due observance ofphysical and legal feasibilities, cost-efficiency, and consequences for the environment, as part ofthe State Coordination Scheme (Rijkscoördinatieregeling, RCR). To this end, separateenvironmental impact assessments will be drawn up for the network connections (platforms,cables, and the onshore transformer and/or converter stations). The connection sites and cableroutes will be determined by the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy in a preferredoption, based on a comprehensive impact assessment which, in addition to describing theenvironmental impact, also examines the impact of the alternatives in terms of cost, technology,surroundings, and durability. The Minister will also take the responses of stakeholders17 to phase 1of the environmental impact assessments and to the comprehensive impact assessment intoaccount when deciding on a preferred option. Advice will also be sought from the independentNetherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment as well as the regional authorities(provinces, municipalities, and water authorities).This Development Framework stipulates that the construction method for the onshore sections ofthe offshore grid is to be in accordance with the cabling method,18 provided this is technicallyfeasible. In the case of the onshore sections, any additional costs for underground construction arejustified on the basis of the following considerations: Public support. The tentative onshore substations are partly in heavily populated areas, asa result of which the onshore sections of the offshore grid could have a major impact onthe environment; Feasibility of the plan for realising the Roadmap and consequently the agreements onoffshore wind energy in the Energy Agreement, the Coalition Agreement, and the ClimateAgreement. Previous projects for high-voltage connections have revealed the lead time forthe integration procedures are significantly shorter because there is much less publicresistance; Occupation of less space and more flexibility in the construction. An underground cablesection requires less safety space than an above ground section; No objection with regard to security of supply. Cabling is safe because the offshore grid isnot a direct part of the national high-voltage grid (transmission) and is not crucial to powersupply on a national or European level. However, account should be taken of the possible161718Also see Parliamentary Paper 33561, No 48.Anyone can respond to the compreh

An Offshore Wind Energy Roadmap3; Wind Farm Site Decisions and permits issued under the Offshore Wind Energy Act; If necessary, subsidies under the Stimulation of Sustainable Energy Production Decision; and A Development Framework for the development of offshore wind energy, and that of the offshore grid in particular.

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