Olympic Summer Games Posters From Athens 1896 To London 2012

1y ago
9 Views
2 Downloads
8.22 MB
72 Pages
Last View : 1d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Vicente Bone
Transcription

Research and Reference ServiceOlympic Studies CentreOlympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 toLondon 2012Reference documentPresentation and visuals of the official posters for each edition of the OlympicSummer GamesDecember 2013 IOC

Reference documentTABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction: the Olympic posters . 3Athens 1896 . 5Paris 1900 . 6St. Louis 1904 . 7London 1908 . 8Stockholm 1912 . 9Antwerp 1920 . 11Paris 1924 . 12Amsterdam 1928 . 14Los Angeles 1932 . 15Berlin 1936 . 16London 1948 . 18Helsinki 1952 . 20Melbourne / Stockholm 1956 . 22Rome 1960. 24Tokyo 1964 . 25Mexico City 1968. 27Munich 1972 . 31Montreal 1976. 35Moscow 1980 . 39Los Angeles 1984 . 41Seoul 1988 . 46Barcelona 1992 . 50Atlanta 1996 . 54Sydney 2000 . 58Athens 2004 . 62Beijing 2008. 65London 2012 . 68Bibliography. 70Text and images IOCLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 2/72

Reference documentIntroduction: the Olympic postersThis reference document presents the official posters of the Olympic Summer Games, from their firstedition in Athens in 1896 to London in 2012.Official posters and Image of the GamesSince their debut in 1896, the modern Olympic Games have had a close relationship with image.Among the photographs of the sports competitions, official films and TV broadcasts, there are also theposters created by the organisers to promote the Olympic Games. Firstly they were the covers of theOfficial Report or programme of the Games or posters for a particular sport that fulfil this function.It was on the occasion of the 1912 Games in Stockholm that the idea of an artistic contest to producean official poster for the Games appeared for the first time. From then on, the host cities becameresponsible for promoting and advertising the Games.thUntil the middle of the 20 century, it was customary for the Organising Committees for the OlympicGames (OCOGs) to design only one or two Games promotional posters. This number then greatlyincreased in the 1960s. Indeed, from then on, the OCOGs generally produced several series ofposters to illustrate the various aspects of the Games. It thus became common to publish for exampleone series of posters related to the sports, another on the cultural events and another showing themascot.These posters, published by the various OCOGs, are referred to here as “official posters”. It hasbecome a tradition that, after each edition of the Games, the President of the International OlympicCommittee (IOC) chooses the Image of the Games from among the official posters. This is the posterused to illustrate the Games once they are over, hence the name.This document presents a picture of the Image of the Games for each edition, accompanied by a briefdescription of the work. The name of the artist, the printer and the design process are included whenavailable. In addition, some observations are made with regard to the creation context. When thereare other official posters, these are presented briefly.Reflection of an eraThe Olympic posters reflect the artistic, political and social context of their era. They play a doublerole: in addition to announcing the Games, they provide a foretaste of their image, of their look.thAt the start of the 20 century, the posters provided a privileged means of publicity. More than simpleartistic works, they provided the public with the necessary practical information on the OlympicGames. Indeed, radio was not used before the 1928 Summer Games in Amsterdam, while TVLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 3/72

Reference documentappeared for the first time at the 1936 Games in Berlin. The first Olympic posters were thereforeessential for the communication and promotion of the Games.thFrom the middle of the 20 century, both the design and the function of the posters evolved under theimpetus of two key turning points.Firstly, a cultural expansion clearly marked the design of the Olympic posters. Until the middle of theth20 century, the celebration of the Olympic Games had always been entrusted to cities in Europe andNorth America. As of the 1956 Games in Melbourne, and Sapporo 1972 for Winter, the Games wouldalso be held in Oceania, Asia and Central America, thereby introducing new artistic influences.Secondly, the computer age offered artists unusual techniques and practically unlimited creativepossibilities to propose designs that were otherwise unachievable. The arrival of this new technologymeant a real rupture in the textual content of the Olympic posters and their use as a means ofinformation. Certain information such as the dates and places of the Games, which once would havenecessarily been featured, is now easily accessible on the Internet. Consequently, the “modern”Olympic posters have contained minimal text and focused more on the emblems, images andsymbols. Today, the posters seek mainly to convey an ambiance and a style, and focus on the valuesand the ideals of the Games.Although the specific informative role of the posters has therefore decreased over the years, they stillremain an integral part of the marketing strategy implemented for each edition of the Games: “even inthis day and age when electronic communications predominate, when visual images are broadcastinstantaneously, the message contained in graphic art cannot be supplanted. Perhaps it is even all the1more essential” .Browsing the Olympic posters is therefore an invitation to retrace the history of the Games in apictorial journey through the ages and the continents.1L’Olympisme par l’affiche: 1896 – 1984, International Olympic Committee, dir. Monique Berlioux, preface by Mr Juan AntonioSamaranch, p.7.Last update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 4/72

Reference documentAthens 1896ArtistUnknownPrinterK. Grundmann, AthensLithograph with lithotintDescriptionThe image shows the goddess Athena, holding in her hand an olive crown givento the winners. At the top of the image is the wording 776 BC - 1896 - the dates ofthe first ancient Olympic Games and the first modern Olympic Games in 1896.The goddess stands before a view of the Acropolis and the Panathenaic Stadium.This Stadium was initially built in Ancient Greece to host the Panathenaic Games,in homage to the goddess Athena. It was restored for the first modern OlympicGames in 1896. In the shape of a horseshoe and built entirely in white marble, it isthe emblem of the re-establishment of the Olympic Games. In 2004, it hosted theOlympic archery competitions.Context ofcreationNo official poster was created for the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens. The coverof the Official Report later became the Image of the Games for this first edition ofthe modern Olympic Games.Find out more about Athens 1896 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 5/72

Reference documentParis 1900ArtistJean de PaléologuePrinterChardin, ParisLithograph in colourDescriptionThe poster shows a female fencer dressed in black even though women did nottake part in Olympic fencing competitions until 1924. She holds the foil, epee andsabre weapons of fencing and the Olympic nature of the competition is notmentioned on the poster. In the context of the history of sport, showing a femaleathlete was unusual at the time.Context ofcreationThe 1900 Games were held during the Universal Exhibition in Paris. In realitythere were various international sports competitions, including some that wererecognised as Olympic.No official poster was produced specifically for these Games. However, for thefirst time, posters were created by the Organisers for some sporting contests.Examples include posters promoting athletics, rowing, gymnastics and fencing. Itis the poster promoting fencing that is now used as the Image of the Games for1900.Find out more about Paris 1900 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 6/72

Reference documentSt. Louis 1904ArtistSt. JohnPrinterReproduction of theprogramme coverDescriptionIt was the cover of the daily programme of the Universal Exhibition that becamethe Image of the Games for the 1904 Games.With its curved lines, the image has an Art Nouveau style, offering an overall viewof the city of St. Louis.Context ofcreationThe 1904 Games were held within the framework of the Louisiana PurchaseExhibition. The Olympic events were included as part of this Universal Exhibitionand were spread out over several months.Find out more about St. Louis 1904 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 7/72

Reference documentLondon 1908ArtistA.S. CopePrinterHudson and Kearns Ltd,LondonHalf-tone in colourDescriptionThe poster shows the Stadium at Shepherd’s Bush. Behind the high jumper are,in the centre, the swimming pool and the cinder running track.Context ofcreationThe OCOG did not produce a poster to promote this edition of the Games. It is thecover of the official programme that would later be used as the Image of theGames for London 1908.Find out more about London 1908 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 8/72

Reference documentStockholm 1912ArtistOlle HjortzbergPrinterA.Börtzells Trycheri A.B.,StockholmLithograph in colourDescriptionThe poster shows athletes twirling their country’s flag, with that of Sweden in theforeground. They are walking towards the common objective of the OlympicGames.Although its artistic quality was not disputed, the poster was the subject ofnumerous criticisms when it was published. The nudity of the figures causedshock, despite the addition of ribbons on the original design. For this reason, theposter was banned in China.Also, Swedish diplomacy was worried about the order of the flags featured on theposter. As these were arranged according to artistic criteria and not diplomatic,there was a fear of offending other nations’ sensibilities. This concern wasjustified, as some countries seemed reluctant to display the poster.Context ofcreationFor the first time, an official poster was specially created with the aim of promotingan edition of the Olympic Games.An artistic contest was organised to create the official poster. After havingconsulted renowned Swedish artists, the Organising Committee chose OlleHjortzberg’s project.Distribution88,500 copies were distributed in 16 different languages. Mini posters in threecolours were also produced, and 30,900 copies were distributed in five differentlanguages. The posters were sent to 636 cities in 30 countries.Find out more about Stockholm 1912 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 9/72

Reference documentStockholm 1912: More official postersThe Swedish Olympic Committee alsoproduced a poster for swimming, and one forequestrian events (presented here).Last update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 10/72

Reference documentAntwerp 1920ArtistWalter Von der Ven andMartha Van KuyckPrinterStockmans and CieVan Dieren and CieLithographDescriptionIn Belle Epoque style, the poster shows a discus thrower in the foreground, aallusionto the ancient Olympic Games. Behind him are various swirling flags,attached to each other. In the background we can see the symbolic monuments ofAntwerp: Notre Dame Tower, the Grote Markt, the Town Hall, and at the top rightthe coat of arms of the city.Context ofcreationIn 1914, while Antwerp was still a candidate, the Provisional Committee of theGames of the VII Olympiad produced a document entitled Aurons-nous la VIIeOlympiade à Anvers en 1920? (Will we have the Games of the VII Olympiad inAntwerp in 1920?). The aim was to convince the IOC that Antwerp could host theOlympic Games. Once Antwerp was elected, the Games Organisers decided thatthe design featured on the cover of this document would become the officialposter.Distribution90,000 copies of the poster were produced in 17 languages, including a bilingualFrench / Flemish series, uniquely destined for Belgium.40,000 small posters of 30 x 20cm size were also distributed, inspired by thedesign of the official poster, but offering a view of the port in the backgroundinstead of the original city panorama.Find out more about Antwerp 1920 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 11/72

Reference documentParis 1924ArtistJean DroitPrinterMachard et Cie, ParisLithographDescriptionThe poster shows a group of athletes making the Olympic salute. In front of themare palm leaves, a symbol of victory, and the city of Paris coat of arms. TheFrench flag floats in the background.Context ofcreationA contest was set up by the Organising Committee to produce the official poster.One hundred and fifty projects by artists were received, of which two were keptand used to promote the Games: that of artist Jean Droit (above) and that of theartist named Orsi. Jean Droit’s poster later went on to become the Image of theGames for Paris 1924.DistributionSome 10,000 copies of each of the posters by Droit and Orsi were printed, overhalf of which were destined to be sent abroad.Find out more about Paris 1924 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 12/72

Reference documentParis 1924: More official postersIn 1924, the poster by Orsi, was considered asthe second official poster of the Games.Last update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 13/72

Reference documentAmsterdam 1928ArtistEmil HuberPrinterUnknownDescriptionThe image shows a runner brandishing a laurel branch, a symbol of victory. Thewording Olympische Spiele 1928 – Amsterdam appears on a blue background.The flag of the Netherlands floats in the foreground, shielding the athlete’s nudity.Find out more about Amsterdam 1928 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 14/72

Reference documentLos Angeles 1932ArtistJulio KilenyiPrinterUnion Litho Co. IncLithographDescriptionThe poster shows the Ancient Greek custom of proclaiming a sacred truce toallow the athletes, artists and their families to travel in safety to take part in orattend the Olympic Games. Tradition dictated that messengers (spondophores)travel from city to city to announce the date of the competitions and demand anend to conflict before, during and after the Games.The poster is a clay model that was photographed then painted to create a 3Deffect. It was the first time for the summer posters that the Olympic rings appearedon the Image of the Games.The artist, Julio Kilenyi, also created the commemorative medal of the 1932Olympic Games in Los Angeles.DistributionThe OCOG collaborated with some 6,000 foreign newspapers and magazines toensure the poster was published in them. A poster campaign was alsoimplemented at the national and local level a few months before the opening ofthe Games.Find out more about Los Angeles 1932 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 15/72

Reference documentBerlin 1936ArtistWerner WürbelPrinterLithograph in colourDescriptionThe poster shows the four-horse-drawn chariot on the Brandenburg Gate, asymbolic monument of the city of Berlin. In the background is the figure of acrowned winner. In the foreground the place and date of the Games arementioned. The Olympic rings feature at the top of the poster.Context ofcreationThe OCOG organised an artistic contest that brought together 49 German artists,who submitted a total of 59 poster projects. None of these projects correspondedto the three instructions given by the OCOG’s Publicity Commission: to indicatethe importance of the Games, attract attention to the city of Berlin, and promotethe Olympic Games in an effective and understandable way abroad.To have an official poster of the Games, the OCOG subsequently held a secondcontest with other artists, and in the end it was Werner Würbel’s project that waskept.Distribution243,000 copies of the poster were distributed in 19 languages in 34 countries.Find out more about Berlin 1936 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 16/72

Reference documentBerlin 1936: More official postersTwo other posters were published by the Gamesorganisers. One promoted the sailing competitions inKiel (presented here), and the other the Olympic torchrelay, which took place for the first time for the Gamesof the XIth Olympiad.Last update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 17/72

Reference documentLondon 1948ArtistWalter HerzPrinterMcCorquodaleLondon&CoLtd,Lithograph in eight coloursDescriptionThe poster presents an image of the marble statue of the Townley Discobulus(original displayed at the British Museum), with the Olympic rings, superimposedover a view of the Palace of Westminster in London. The classic and modernsymbols of the Olympic Games are combined with one of the most symbolicmonuments of the host city: the Clock Tower and Big Ben.Context ofcreationDue to a lack of time, no contest was organised to design the official poster of theGames. The OCOG chose from the projects that were spontaneously submitted toit.Distribution100,000 copies of the poster were printed in three different formats. Theirdistribution in the UK and abroad was made possible thanks to the collaboration oftravel agencies assuring the links between London and the rest of the world.Find out more about London 1948 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 18/72

Reference documentLondon 1948: More official postersOne poster published by the OCOG promoted the Olympicart exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum.Last update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 19/72

Reference documentHelsinki 1952ArtistIlmari SysimetsäPrinterOY. Tilgmann ABOffsetDescriptionThe poster shows a bronze statue of Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi, a famousathlete who won a total of twelve Olympic medals, including nine gold, at threeeditions of the Summer Games (1920, 1924 and 1928).The statue was realised by the Finnish sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen, known for hisstatues of eminent Finnish citizens. It was commissioned by the Finnishgovernment following the feat achieved by Nurmi at the 1924 Games, where hewon five of his Olympic gold medals.The figure of the runner is superimposed over a part of the Earth, which showsFinland outlined in red. The original version of the poster, which dates from 1940,was modified slightly to reflect the context of 1952: the dates were changed andthe borders of the country were adapted to reflect those of the time.Context ofcreationThe Organisers already had a poster project that had been produced for the 1940Olympic Games that were cancelled owing to the Second World War. However,they decided to organise a contest to produce a new poster for the 1952 Games.In 1950, 277 projects were sent to them, but none succeeded in equalling the onecreated 10 years earlier by Ilmari Sysimetsä. It was therefore decided that hiswould be the official poster of the Games.DistributionThe poster was published in two formats and 20 different languages. In Finland, itwas displayed in train stations, post offices and sports clubs.Find out more about Helsinki 1952 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 20/72

Reference documentHelsinki 1952: More official postersA welcome poster, produced in 25 differentlanguages was also displayed in the bedroomsof the Olympic Village. Its shows a photographof the countryside, below the Finnish flag andthe Olympic flag.Last update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 21/72

Reference documentMelbourne / Stockholm 1956ArtistRichard BeckPrinterContainers Limited,MelbourneLithograph in colourDescriptionThe poster totally moved away from the figurative style of previous Olympicposters, which markedly used symbols. With a pure design, it presents a threepage invitation that opens up towards the reader, standing out on a bright bluebackground. The Olympic rings features on the first page, and a colourreproduction of the coat of arms of Melbourne on the last page.It was the first summer Image of the Games not to feature a human figure.Context ofceationThe OCOG asked five artists to submit their poster projects. It was the one byBeck that became the Image of the Games.Distribution70,000 copies of the poster were printed and sent to shipping companies andairlines, National Olympic Committees, banks, tourism agencies, sports clubs andpost offices.Find out more about Melbourne / Stockholm 1956 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 22/72

Reference documentMelbourne / Stockholm 1956: More official postersArtistJohn SjösvärdPrinterEsselte, StockholmOffsetDescriptionThe bottom half of the poster shows the wording XVI Olympiadens Ryttartävlingar1956 Stockholm 10-17 Juni on a black background. The upper half, set against amarble background, illustrates a statue of a rider on his horse. It was inspired byone of the Parthenon sculptures and symbolised the link between the ancient andmodern Games.Context ofcreationDue to the Australian veterinary rules on equine quarantine, the equestrian eventscould not take place in the Games’ host city. They thus took place in Stockholm,Sweden. It was on this occasion that the Organising Committee of the EquestrianGames of the XVI Olympiad published the poster.Distribution40,000 copies distributed with text in English, French, German and Swedish.Find out more about Melbourne / Stockholm 1956 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 23/72

Reference documentRome 1960ArtistArmando TestaPrinterI:G:A:P:OffsetDescriptionThis poster is a modern adaptation of the Belvedere capital, which was originallyfound at the Baths of Caracalla in Ancient Rome. In addition to the pools, thebaths housed spaces to practise sport. The capital shows a scene of acclamationof a victorious athlete, crowning himself with the right hand and holding the palmof victory in his left hand, according to Roman custom.The she-wolf, the symbol of Rome, feeds the twins Romulus and Remus, thelegendary founders of the city. The image was inspired by the famous bronzestatue exhibited at the Palace of the Conservators in Rome.Context ofcreationThree contests were necessary to obtain the official poster that would correspondto the criteria imposed by the Italian National Olympic Committee: to represent anallegory encompassing the idea of Olympic sport in Rome, the Olympic rings andthe words Games of the XVII Olympiad – Rome – MCMLX.A first contest gathered 249 projects but none succeeded in convincing the jury.The OCOG therefore organised a second competition involving twelve Italianartists. However, the Italian National Olympic Committee was still not convincedby the result of the competition and suggested appointing a highly renownedItalian artist to propose a new project.It was finally Armando Testa who realised a poster for which the Italian NationalOlympic Committee established exactly want it wanted to be displayed on it. Itwas approved and became the official poster for Rome 1960.Distribution290,000 copies (including 120,499 destined for abroad) in 11 languages. Thedistribution of the poster in Italy was realised in two stages: first, 60,000 copieswere displayed in April 1960. Then the remaining copies were displayed on theroute of the Torch Relay and in the cities that hosted the eliminating rounds of theFootball Tournament: Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Pescara, L’Aquila and Naples.Find out more about Rome 1960 on olympic.orgLast update: December 2013Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre / studies centre@olympic.orgp 24/72

Reference documentTokyo 1964ArtistYusaku KamekuraPrinterToppan Printing Co. Ltd.,TokyoTwo-colour offsetDescriptionThe poster shows the emblem of the 1964 Games in Tokyo, which reinterprets theidea of the Rising Sun of the Japanese national flag, a simple and dynamicsymbol.The technique used was a multi-coloured photo engraving, an achievement of theJapanese graphics industry. The poster was the subject of much praise, for boththe quality of its printing and its design, and won the Milan Poster Design Award.Context ofcreationFour official posters were published successively for the 1964 Games. They wereall created by Kamekura. The first was called The Rising Sun and the Olympicemblem, and it was this one

Olympic Summer Games Posters from Athens 1896 to London 2012 Research and Reference Service / Olympic Studies Centre p / studies_centre@olympic.org 9/72 Reference document Stockholm 1912 . Find out more about . Stockholm 1912. on olympic.org . Artist Olle Hjortzberg Printer A.Börtzells Trycheri A.B.,

Related Documents:

Olympic Winter Games medals Olympic Winter Games posters Olympic Summer Games posters Olympic Summer Games mascots Olympic Winter Games mascots The sports pictograms of the Olympic Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Winter Games The IOC, the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games The Olympic programme evolution Torches and torch .

Olympic Summer Games posters Olympic Summer Games mascots Olympic Winter Games mascots The IOC, the Olympic Movement and the Olympic Games The Olympic programme evolution The Olympic stadiums of the Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Winter Games .

Olympic Games and other Olympic Games marks, mascots, pictograms and posters, the wordmarks "Olympic", "Olympic Games" and "Olympiad", the Olympic motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" and any English or other language translations of the same, and other Olympic-related terminology.

Observe how posters for the London Olympic Games in 1948 and 2012 changed, and understand that a poster's design is closely tied to its time period 1) Both posters announce the event (i.e. the Olympic Games) and feature the Olympic rings. They both specify the host city and the year. 2) Observations:

debut of women's boxing at the London 2012 Olympic Games to be a great success. The International Federation believes that the Olympic programme will benefit from including women's boxing in future Olympic Games. Lastly, the boxing competitions at the London Olympic Games received great support and participation from the public, television,

Olympic Games records on the back, to young people around the United States. In 1934, Johnny Weissmuller, swimming gold medalist in 1924 and 1928 (and later an actor), became the first . serving trays and posters. Berlin 1936 The Berlin 1936 Olympic Games marked the debut of the modern Olympic Torch Relay, with the Olympic Flame being .

Olympic Summer Games-specific content . Olympic Winter Games-specific content . Paralympic Games-specific content . numbers and statistics . previous Games examples. Evolving content Each edition of the Olympic Games brings innovation, responding to the context of the host cit

The standards are neither curriculum nor instructional practices. While the Arizona English Language Arts Standards may be used as the basis for curriculum, they are not a curriculum. Therefore, identifying the sequence of instruction at each grade - what will be taught and for how long- requires concerted effort and attention at the local level. Curricular tools, including textbooks, are .