The First 200 - Missouri

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I MoDOTREFTE715.M8A21JUL 20 19671966SRyMISSOURI HIGHWAYSThe First 200 YearsMoDOT TRANSPORTATION L1BRARYI'

J.PROPERTYOFBUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADSLIBRARYt;}Boo No. -----------PR-770 a (WO)(Rev. 2-60)16-31629-4GPO

TE7JSI!Yl A:21/,. ·;) '-' -- - ''-' IY0 RECEIVEDJUL 20 1967LIBRARY;q&,/pBrown Shoe CompanyThe First 200 YearsMISSOURI ST:4:TE HIGHWAY COMMISSION'"t IPage 1'10-1

Where credit is dueMANY ORGANIZATIONS and individuals contributed greatly in researching material for this look at Missouri'sh i g h w a y beginnings. We especiallythank:The State Historical Society of Missouri. Its staff and resources pointed theway to much information and its filesyielded many illustrations of the era.All illustrations credited to "MissouriHistorical Society" should be credited tothe State Historical Society of Missouri.The Missouri State Museum. Staffmembers' wiling digging in dusty cabinets and files added enthusiasm and information, laced with obvious enjoyment· nlu. · · · - ·. . . . - 'tfli.' """---Page 2 :.of their work.The Missouri State Library. The briskefficiency and smiling service of thereference and circulation departmentlasted-and lasted and lasted-throughrepeated requests for books, pamphletsand magazines ad infinitum.W. C. "Cliff" Davis. The discerningeye of this former chief of the HighwayDepartment's soils and geology sectionis the closest development yet to computerized proofreading.These organizations and individualsdeserve much credit for whatever valuelies herein-but without the responsibility for any digressions from historicalfact.

contentsThe First Layer page 5"Histories" can make men wise, if put to workThe First Highway Makers page 7A ready-made system awaited the white manThe Three-Notch Road page 9Lead made it the first honest-to-goodness roadThe King's Highway page 11Or El Camino Real, it was called. Or Rue RoyaleThe Trail of the Osages page 15An old trading route served the settlers wellThe Way to Boone's Lick --------------------------- page 17Settlers swarmed over it into - and through - MissouriOn the Move page 20By land, water- and air- early settlers pushed onBy the Side of the Road page 22An important historical trio grows up togetherThe Divisions Report page 27What was doing on Missouri highways in 1966Dancin' on a Plank Road page 33Even young folks were caught up in the crazeThe 'finest expression' page 38Bridges tamed the rivers and conquered frontiersThey brought the need for roads page 43And for road laws as the settlers settled downPage 3

BUTTERFIELD'S Overland Mail coach leaves T ipton for the2,800-mile trip to San Francisco , carrying letters at twentycents an ounce and passengers for 100 each- in gold, please.Page 4

The first layer" Histories." wrote Sir Francis Bacon, "make men wise."This, of course, is true only if men pay attention to these"histories" and learn from them. Fortunately for Missourians,this pragmatic view of history has been applied to buildingthe state's highway system.Each lesson learned from one experience has been applied,in most instances, to the state's next stage of highway development. It has been a building on of layers, with each layerimproving and strengthened by the one before it.For this telling, we have peeled back Missouri's highwayhistory in three arbitrary layers. This first layer, then, is the"base course." We call it "The First 200 Years."It covers roughly the period from the early 1700's whenwhite men started pushing into Missouri's back country, to1900 when that newfangled contraption, the automobile,clattered loudly into the scene.This is a thick layer - especially in time. It also is an important one because from here emerged the dim, sometimesmeandering forms which were the ancestors of Missouri'shighways.This first layer also is rich in the romance and adventureof frontier life, a hard life leavened by the spirit of peoplewho were insistently pushing back their horizons. And roadswere one of their pushing-back tools.The second "layer" will cover almost the first half of theTwentieth Century, from the fading strains of the Gay Ninetiesto the end of World War II.The third one will pick up the threads of history after thewar, as Missourians and peopleallovertheworld turned fromthe clearcut urgencies of battle to the perplexing problems ofpeace, including the massive task of updating the nation'shighways. This layer will carry the Missouri story throughanother r9adbuilding era to the present.When these layers are laid on each other in successiveannual reports, we hope, if not to have made men wise, atleast to have informed Missourians about the modern highwaysystem they have wrought.And we hope that it makes them proud of their accomplishments and aware of the need for their continued supportfor its future progress.Page 5

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The First Highway MakersMissouri's first "highways" were its manyrivers. But the first venturespme whitemen, pushing back from these waterways, soon found they needed overland routes.A ready-made systemwasthereforthem. Thisconsisted of the ancient Indian trails, wornsmooth by the red man's moccasined feet andhis horses, and the natural paths, stampedthrough forests and across the prairies by thehooves of buffalo and deer herds and otheranimals.The white man's settlement of Missouri didnot get up steam until the early 1700's. But in1542, when DeSoto recorded the first settingdown of the white man's foot in this land, manyof the Indian trails were there.After marching along Crowley's Ridge in theSt. Francis basin, DeSoto and his goldhuntingNINE INDIAN trails penetrated into almostevery area of early Missouri. They included thetrail from the Osage villages to the MissouriRiver, the hunting trail from the villages to theVerdigris and Red Rivers and its return trail toSt. Louis, hunting trails from the villages tothe White River region and the return trail toBoonville, the Shawnee or old "Indian Trail",.the St. Louis-Natchitoches Trail, the Sacs' andFoxes' trail to the villages of the Osagesand the Vincennes-Natchitoches Trail.fellow Spaniards crossed a wandering bend ofthe old Mississippi river channel from what isnow Scott county. From there DeSoto sent twoof his men, Hernando DeSilvera and PedroMoreno, and some helpers forty leagues northto LaSaline for salt. With this penetration of theMissouri wilderness to present Ste. Genevievecounty, DeSoto left his name on one of the state'searliest known trails, a trail that has left its markon the present highway system.The DeSoto trail, however, was only one ofmany that the Indians made in Missouri. Andwhen the white men arrived in the region to stay,these Indian trails were the only inland travelroutes in Upper Louisiana west of the Mississippi.Most of the tribes in the region came fromSioux-speaking stock. These included the Otoes,the Iowas, the Osages, Missouris, Quapaws,Kansas and others. Their chief rivals were theSauk, Fox and Illinois tribes up in the northeast part of the state. These tribes belonged tothe Algonquin family, the largest NorthAmerican Indian group.These two large groups were chronic feuders,and splinter groups also often shifted allegiancesand alliances.Although some of these tribes were fair toCONTINUEDPage 7

MAKERSMeandering paths.-:;;;;; ----,and trails laid theframework for highwaysmiddling farmers, they were no stay-at-hometypes. The Osages, for instance, most impressedthe white men. They lived mostly from huntingbut they also raised small crops of corn, beansand pumpkins. But that was mostly squaw work.or the men there were the three-times-ayear hunts. In February or March the menwould leave the lodges to start their spring hunts,first for bear and then for beaver. After comingback just about long enough to unpack theirbags, they headed back for the summer hunt,which usually lasted from May until August.Back to the lodges they came in time to helpgather what crops there were - and to head forthe hunt again in September. These fall huntsusually kept them away until late Decemberwhen they straggled back home to hole up forthe winter.The Indians in Missouri used their system oftrails for other purposes besides hunting. Theywere social animals so they liked their socialintercourse. They had their tribal visits, somewhat like the white man's relativesmovinginfora prolonged- perhaps uninvited- stay.Their desire for social intercourse had other,more negative aspects, too. It broke out in manyways, from petty, thieving raids onneighboringtribes to all-out, whoop-it-up war. Again, theymade trails to take care of these traveling requirements, sort of a red man's forerunner of anational defense highway system.If they ran out of horses - and neighboringtribes could not supply them by one means oranother - the tribes trailed down into the wildhorse country. Both the Great and the LittleOsages, for instance, rounded up their horsessouth of Missouri west of the Verdigris andArkansas rivers down in Oklahoma territory. ·These Osages could travel, too. They weretall, averaging six feet or more. Audubon praisedFPage 8them as "well formed, athletic and robust men ofnoble aspect." And their runners turned in remarkable track times on their trails. In fact, itwas not uncommon for the Osages to walk sixtymiles a day.With all of these Indian goings and comingsMissouri was no quiet place in the early 1700's,notwithstanding the common picture of a virginwilderness unstirred by the stealthy steps ofsavages. These "stealthy savages" were stealthyonly when it suited their purpose. Otherwise theytraveled the "highways" and they laid these out,too, to suit their purposes.hese redmen were practical people. In loTcating their trails they took a realistic viewof the whole business. They took into accountthe topography of the country, usually cuttingtheir trails along the general line of a watershed or a stream valley.Most of the tribes, despite their goings andcomings, lived in fairly permanent villages. Forthem, then, the hunting and trading trails werethe most important, so these were usually welldefined. They sometimes even specialized theseroutes into a primitive version of divided highways. One trail led from the village to the remotehunting grounds; another one headed to thetribe's trading post. Sometimes the two trailsran together; sometimes they were completelyseparated.But the white man's coming signalled thebeginning of the end of the trail for the Indiansin Missouri. Slowly but inexorably, the whitesettlers pushed the Indians west and south outof the territory.Caught in a crossfire of land-hungry American pioneers and English, French andSpanish dreams of empire, the Indians foughtand fell back, harassed the white men, signedtreaties, acquired a white man-nourished tastefor liquor and vainly tried to stop the westwardcadence of American history.Of them the Osages stood out, for their generalsobriety and retention of their pre-white manway of life despite more than a century of association with white traders and visitors."You are surrounded by slaves," old ChiefHas-ha-ke-da-tungar, or Big Soldier, once tolda white friend. "Everything about you is inchains and you are in chains yourselves. I fearif I should change my pursuit for yours, I, too,should become a slave."By 1836, after about a century and a quarterof use and abuse, the Indians ceded their finalclaims to Missouri land. But they left behindthem a rich, colorful chapter in Missouri history.And a system of trails whose dim outlines stillmark Missouri's highways.

TheThree-notchRoadIt played a pivotal partin opening the southeast regionwest of the Mississippi Riverhe red man engineered it. The white manand his strings of pack horses made it thefirst honest-to-goodness road in Missouri.And lead paved it."Paved" is used here figuratively, of course,because the road wasn't paved in the modernsense ( or any other sense, for that matter) . Theroad was hardly a road, either, but it played apivotal part in the opening of the southeastregion west of the Mississippi.Before 1763 France claimed this wholeLouisiana territory on both sides of the Mississippi river. They had established settlementson the east bank at Kaskaskia, St. Phillips,Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Fort Chartres.But they had not moved west across the riverdespite the repeated reports since 1700 of richmineral deposits in the region.TH a rpe r' s Weekl yIN THE EARLY 1700's ploddin g pack trainsloaded with lead or 1niners' supplies nwdethe Indian tmi l t he first road deve lopedby w hite m en in th e Missouri territor y.CONTINUEDPage 9

Capitol painting by BerninghausTHREE-NOTCHTHE LEAD MINES , opened by th e F1' enc h.continued to p1'oduce under Spanish nile .By 1795 more than 300,000 pounds of leadwere shipped in a year j?-om St e. Genepieve.Miners, lead and suppliesquickly n1ade it a roadBut the Company of the West, after 1718,sent Phillip Renault from France to work themines. Armed with three grants of land fromofficials at Fort Chartres, Renault crossed theriver and put his men to work. One of the grantscovered two leagues of ground at Mine LaMotte.By 1725 Renault had built a furnace andwas gouging out fifteen hundred pounds of leada day.The company ran afoul of financial rocksand by 1731 the grants reverted to the FrenchCrown and Renault headed for the Illinoiscountry before returning to France in 17 44.A well-beaten Indian trail led from Mine LaMotte to the Mississippi's west bank across fromFort Chartres. In the mines' early days the leadwas hauled to the river and boated across. ButSte. Genevieve, thirty miles northeastofMine LaMotte, sprouted on the west bank near the rivercrossing and by 1735 it was a permanent settlePage 10ment. With the heavy traffic in lead, miners andtheir provisions moving over the trail, it quicklybecame a trace and a road. Three Notch Road,it was called, because the route was marked bythree notches in trees along the way.hese mines helped supply the French withTlead throughout their regime which endedin 1762 when France ceded the territory by asecret treaty to Spain, although the Spaniardsdid not take possession until 1770.In the last quarter of the century, St. Louisstarted to outstrip Ste. Genevieve as the focalpoint on the Mississippi. But until then thisfirst settlement in Missouri continued to be thewarehouse for lead and the storehouse forminers' supplies.And the pack trains continued to plod overthe old Indian trail from the mines to the riverand back again until the pendulum of historyswung upriver, leaving little trace of this firstroad in Missouri.

TheKing'sHighwayThis ancient trailof many languageslinked Spanishposts together formilitary safety andcommerce and tradeDESOTO and his goldhunting Spaniardsleft his na1ne on an old Indian trailthat became an important overland linkbetween early Mississippi settlements.Bureau of Public RoadsIn 1770 when the Spaniards took over control of Upper Louisiana on the Mississippi's west side, the country was stillsparsely settled, mostly a haven for fur trappersand traders with few people looking for "settlin'down" land.St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve were the onlypermanent settlements- and they hardly rankedas metropolitan areas.Even twenty-nine years later when CharlesDehault Delassus, Spanish lieutenant-governorof Upper Louisiana, ordered the first census,CONTINUEDPage 11

KING'S HIGHWAY'No stump shall exceedtwelve inches in height'Missouri's total population was only 6,028. Ste.Genevieve in 1799, with a population of 945,outstripped St. Louis by 24 inhabitants. St.Charles ranked third with 87 5 and New Madridwas fourth with a population of 782.At first, the Spaniards showed little desire topromote settlement but they soon changed theiroutlook, wanting settlers to check the Englishcoming in from Canada. They lured settlers( like the prestigious Boones) with liberal inducements such as tax-free land, including minerallands. And they encouraged miners to settle thecountry and work the mines.These policies worked. By 1804 more thanhalf of the population of the territory lived southof the St. Louis district. New Madrid, founded byColonel George Morgan, became a permanentsettlement about 1785 and a Spanish post in17 89. And in 1793 Louis Lorimer's settlement atCape Girardeau was made an independentSpanish post.These isolated posts, however, could notguarantee military safety nor facilitate commerceand trade in the country. Something was neededto tie these posts together and to link outlyingsettlements with them.By 1776 the Spanish commandant at St.Louis wanted a land connection between thetrading posts of St. Louis and Ste. Genevieve.To encourage "regular intercourse" between thesetwo posts, he wanted a ferry over the Meramecriver. Jean Baptiste Gamache, in return for agrant of land, started the ferry near the mouthof the Meramec about seventeen miles south ofSt. Louis. It remained in operation for the restof the century.hen, at the other end of the string of SpanWish posts, a trace was in the making. Soonafter New Madrid was established a trace wasMi ssouri Stqte Mu seumWHITE MEN made a trail a trace with travelon foot or horseback and a road when theystarted rolling their wheels over it.Page12marked out leading north toward St. Louis. Itgenerally followed the old Indian trail whichDeSoto had traveled 200 years earlier. And itmust not have been much improved overDeSoto's time because when Moses Austintraveled from St. Louis to Ste. Genevieve in 1797to check out mining prospects he crossed theMississippi river and journeyed down the eastside.But the swelling tide of settlement was makingroads an inevitable problem of the government.In 1806, only three years after the United Statesbought the Louisiana Territory from Napoleonfor 15 million, the first territorial road law waspassed. This law provided for the establishmentof district roads, with each district empoweredto have roads surveyed, marked out, made andrepaired by order of the district's court of quarter sessions.Two years later, on June 30, 1808, TerritorialGovernor Meriwether Lewis signed a law providing for the first specific road in the territory.This road, or "roads," as the law read, was tobe laid out "from the town of St. Louis to thetown of Ste. Genevieve, from thence to the townof Cape Girardeau, and thence to the town ofNew Madrid."

n November. 1808 another act providedIfor the opening of the roads as one ro adfrom St. Louis to New Madrid. The Road wasto pass through four districts and each districtwas to pay for its part.Commissioners appointed by the governorlaid out the route along the general line of theold Spanish trace, which had mainly followedthe ancient Indian trail through the area. Platand field notes made in 1808 for the CapeGirardeau district stated, "This road followsthe Shawanae (sic) trail the whole distancewithout any deviation from Cape Girardeau tothe Indian town."In January, 1814 the General Assembly ofMissouri Territory passed another law declaringall county roads ''laid out by order of courtcommode horsemen or carriages, shall be cutaway and no stump shall exceed twelve inchesin height."So the old Indian trail grew up, pushed bythe white man's military and economic needs.In Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis, where theFrench influence was strong, the road was called"La Rue Royale." In New Madrid. it was "ElCamino Real." In English these became "TheRoyal Road." "The King's Trace," or"The King'sHighway."Despite its grandiose names, the road was achallenge to all who traveled it. Marked bystumps and mudholes, it was often impassableto wagons and carriages and was hardly lessarduous than a trip upstream by flatboat. Although called a road. it was actually a wideVALLE House, builtin 1772, sat by the sideof the old King's Highwayin Ste. GenevieveIt was built by DonFranc esco Valle II, thefourth Civil andMilitary Commandantof Ste. Genevievefrom 1796 to 1804.Division of Commerceand Industrial Developmentand according to law" to be public roads. Andjurisdiction was switched from the district'scourt of quarter sessions to the county's courtof common pleas.One section of this law describes the standards for the roads:"All public roads laid out as now in use, orwhich shall hereafter be laid out, shall becleared of all trees and brush at least twentyfeet wide, and such limbs of trees as may in-pathway cleared - to some degree - ofbrush andtimber. Sometimes travelers made the mudholespassable by filling them with rocks or logs.More often a new path was chopped out of thewoods, or the trip was cancelled until the holesdried up.But the path-road filled the white settlers'needs - for that moment in Missouri history. Itwould change more - as the needs of the peoplewho traveled it changed.Page 13

//,. .////--Missouri State MuseumPage 14/./By 1820 seiileTs weTe pushing into the woodedhills of southwesten1 MissouTi , assuTing thewhite man's use of that end of the Osages'ancient trail fTom the V eTdigTis to St. Louis.

'fbis impressive tribe developed most main trailsin South Missouri but one was ''mainer'' than allThe Trail of the Osageshe sober, impressive Osages controlledmost of Missouri south of the Missouririver so they developed most of the maintrails in the region. And because they wouldrather travel a few miles farther to use a beatenpath, they made fewer trails but better defmedones.The first French explorers in Missouri territory found the Osages living near the mouth ofthe Osage river. But sometime before 1718 onegroup moved upriver to near the Osage riverheadwaters. These were the Great Osages, orPa-he'tsi, the "campers on the mountains." Therest of the tribe, along with their cousins, movedwestward up the Missouri river and set up avillage in the Missouri river bottoms in what isnow Saline county. These were the Little Osage,or U-tsehta, "campers in the lowlands."Two Great Osage villages lay on Osage headwaters in present Bates and Vernon counties.From here the Osages walked or rode out alongthree well-worn trails. One headed northwest toward the Missouri river; its destination apparently switched with the westward tide of whitesettlement - and its chance for trading. As theBoonslick country opened up, the trail's northern terminus probably was Franklin. Lewis andClark on their way west mentioned that theOsages crossed the river at Arrow Rock.One hunting trail led from the Great OsageVillages southeast toward hunting grounds onWhite river. Here they camped, surrounded bysprings, in the vicinity of present Springfield.From there branch trails led off down the Whiteriver feeder streams. In 1818 Henry SchoolcraftTin his famous journal referred to the Osage traildown Swan creek as a "horsepath beaten by theOsages in their hunting expeditions along theWhite River."From these White river hunts the Osagesretraced their trail to the Ozark plateau wherethe trails branched toward a market. In earlydays this market was St. Louis so they used theVerdigris-St. Louis trail. Later the market probably was Franklin or Boonville.nother trail - also for hunting - led southwest, mostly in present Kansas and Oklahoma, to hunting grounds on the Verdigris, theArkansas, the Red and the Canadian rivers.Their return trail was the longest and bestknown of the Osage trails. From their huntinggrounds, the Osages headed northeast for St.Louis to trade with the white man. The routeroughly followed the highlands between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, crossing the Gasconade river on its headwaters near presentWaynesville in Pulaski county.One historian reported the trail was "scarcelyobstructed by hills," which leaves little doubt asto its general location because no other routesthrough this country could match that description.All of the Osages probably used this trail inearly trading at St. Louis. Later the ArkansasOsages made good use of it in their trade agreement with the Chouteau family of St. Louis. Butit remained primarily an Indian trail until theearly nineteenth century because the white settlershad not pushed extensively into the area southACONTINUEDPage 15

OSAGESThe Southwest country was 'gittin' onhe other end of the old trail was goingthrough the same evolution as settlers penetrated into southwest Missouri along the WhiteRiver. Legal complications, however, slowed thedevelopment of the area.The U.S. Government had granted reservations in the area to the Delawares in 1818 andto the Kickapoos in 1819. They started movingin for permanent occupancy in about 1822 and, of course, found themselves in a hassle withthe white settlers.The government finally upheld the Indians'rights and the white settlers moved out, some tothe already established settlements on theMeramec and Gasconade headwaters. But for theKickapoos and Delawares the victory was only adelaying action. In 1832 they ceded their claimsto the United States and many of the early whitesettlers returned to make their homes there.These settlers, like others elsewhere inMissouri, came from everywhere. As the frontieradvanced they moved with it, like old SquireEzekiel Hagan. He had moved from Virginia towestern Carolina and then to Tennessee, andwhen land hunters came in with good newsfrom Arkansas and Missouri, he planned to"git on."TDivi sion of Commerce and Indu strial De velopmentTHE MERAMEC Iron Works ,established in 1826, usedthe Osage Trail for h.anlingin snpplies and freightingthe smelted iron ant.of the Missouri river and west ofthe Mississippi.In the early 1800's, however, they startedpushing up the valleys of the Meramec, theGasconade and the Osage rivers, lured by therumors of rich minerals, furs, the valley landand timber along the Missouri, the Gasconadeand Osage rivers. Discovery of iron ore alongthe Meramec near present St. James anchoredthe white man's use of the center of this oldIndian trail.About 1828 Thomas James, along with Samuel Massey and more than one hundred laborers,started erecting the Meramec Iron Works. By1837 wagonloads of iron were rolling to manyparts of the state, with much of it freighted overland to St. Louis. And supplies for the minescame back the same way.Six years before that, in 1831, two postofficeswere operating in the area- oneatPiney, aboutten miles southwest of present Rolla, and one atMeramec. So the white man's needs were solidifying his use of the old Indian trail and making ita road.Page 16his southwest region was "gittin' on," too.Greene county was organized in 1833 andby 1835 a land office was opened in Springfield,on its way to becoming themostimportanttownin the region. A state road was authorized fromSt. Louis to Springfield, with the authorizationcoming in sections. The first legislation wasapproved February 6, 1837. By then immigrants into the region were flocking over it andits niche in the history of Missouri highways past, present and future - was carved clearly.Early settlers had called it the "Osage trail"or the "Indian trail." Later it was called the"Kickapoo trail." But the white man's stampwas marked indelibly on it when it becameknown as the "old Springfield road or the "St.Louis-Springfield road."Progressing through various names andnumbers, it became the fabled U.S. Route 66 ofstory and song. And today, in thelateststage ofits evolution as Interstate Route 44, it serves thewhite man's needs as it once did the Indian.T

BY WAGON, on footand on horseback,the seitlers stremnedwestward into-andthmugh- Missourialong the Boones'route to the saltlicks country.·,,.T- ·:.r:·::· :·: -,; rF:t:t:·'f , ) ·:-· --::;. ··- o;,.: l.,.r - :- . F 'l\\ -""7') ,. . . .Missouri Historica l SocietyThe Way to Boone's LickCONTINUEDPage 17

WAY'fhe influx of settlers soon1nade a road out of the oldtrace leading to the \VestWhen Daniel Boone moved his family intoMissouri from Kentucky he set in motion aseries of events which were to stamp Missouri forever with the Boone name and whichwere to open up the first early road not based onan Indian trail.The Boone family, during the Spanish regime,settled in the Femme Osage region about twentymiles west of St. Charles. Then in 1806 DanielMorgan Boone and a brother traveled west topresent Howard county to make salt. No Boonesnear St. Charles bound for the Boonslick country. One writer said he had counted a hundredwagons a day passing through St. Charles attimes.Asa Morgan, in an advertisement in theOctober 26, 1816 Missouri Gazette, reportedfromHoward County ( commonly calledBoons-Lick Settlement):"Missouri and Illinois present an interestingspectacle at this time. A stranger to witness thescene would imagine that Virginia, Kentucky,Tennessee and the Carolinas had made an agreement to introduce us as soon as possible to thebosom of the American family. Every ferry onthe river is daily occupied in passing families,carriages, wagons, negroes, carts, etc. - respectable people, apparently able to purchase largetracts of land. Come on, we have millions ofacres to occupy, provisions are cheap and inabundance."There was'plenty of roon1'in the Boons LickCountry--and theyheaded for itsettled at the salt licks but their reports kickedoff a stream of immigration and the regionbecame known as the Boonslick country. Fiveyears later, in 1811, Henry Marie Brackenridgeon his voyage up the Missouri river foundseventy-five families along the river's north bankwithin a radius of four or five miles.Indian troubles during the war with GreatBritain ( 1812-1814) stemmed part of the tide ofimmigration into the Boonslick country until1815. Then peace trea

Missouri wilderness to present Ste. Genevieve county, DeSoto left his name on one of the state's earliest known trails, a trail that has left its mark on the present highway system. The DeSoto trail, however, was only one of many that the Indians made in Missouri. And when the white men arrived in the region to stay,

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