Vegetable Garden Insect Pests - Utah State University
UTAH PESTS NewsUtah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory and USU ExtensionVol. IV, Summer 2010Vegetable Garden Insect PestsWhat’s InsideTicks and AssociatedDiseases Occuring inUtahCAPS UpdateInvasive Vinegar FlyThreatens Western FruitCropsIncreasing Pollinatorson the FarmCommon and problematic insect pestsvegetable growers encounter during thelate spring and early summer include fleabeetles, spinach leafminer, and cabbageworms.FLEA BEETLESFlea beetles (Fig. 1) are small, black andbrown beetles that jump quickly whendisturbed. Adults spend the winter inprotected places in the garden under soilclods and plant debris, and begin feedingon seedlings in the spring causing stuntingand seedling death (Fig. 2). They damageBrussels sprouts, corn, beans, and othervegetables. Management tactics includegood seedbed preparation to accelerateseedling growth, high seeding rates andremoval of affected plants, floating rowcovers to exclude adults, and insecticides [carbaryl (Sevin), spinosad (Success,Entrust), azadirachtin (Aza-Direct, NeemOil), bifenthrin (Aloft, Hi-Yield Bug BlasterII), permethrin (Hi-Yield 38 Plus, GreenLight Conquest), pyrethrin (FertilomeTriple Action Plus, Maxide Insect Killer,Worry Free Home Pest Control), anddiatomaceous earth].News from the “LoganBee Lab”News, Publications,Websites, CalendarNews HighlightsNew Utah PestsFact SheetsThe following can befound on our website:Codling Moth MatingDisruptionwww.utahpests.usu.eduplants by chewing small holes or pits inthe cotyledons and leaves. Commonplants attacked include potato, tomato,eggplant, radish, cabbage, broccoli,Fig. 1 (left). The western flea beetle is shiny black, andjumps when disturbed.Fig. 2 (top). Flea beetles are particularly destructive toseedlings, but can also feed on mature plants.continued on next page
Vegetable Insect Pests, continued from previous pageUTAH PESTSStaffDiane Ryan DavisArthropod Diagnosticianryan.davis@usu.edu435-797-2435Marion MurrayIPM Project LeaderEditor, Utah Pests Newsmarion.murray@usu.edu435-797-0776Cory VorelUSU CAPS Coordinatorcory.vorel@usu.edu801-388-5433Utah Plant PestDiagnostic LabBNR Room 203Utah State University5305 Old Main HillLogan, UT 84322UTAH PESTS Newsis published quarterly.To subscribe, click here.All images UTAH PESTS and USUExtension unless otherwise creditedutahpests.usu.eduwww.utahpests.usu.eduits body. The cabbage looperadult is a brown moth and thecaterpillar is light green withwhite stripes down its body(Fig. 5). Its “looping” crawlcauses its back to arch as itpulls its hind end forward likean inchworm. The caterpillars chew ragged holes in theleaves and contaminate theharvested product with theirfrass (excrement) and bodies. To protect plants fromegg-laying, cover them withfloating row cover, or use astiff spray of water from theFig. 3. Spinach leafminer is a fly whose maggots tunnelhose to remove caterpillars.within the leaves of spinach, beets, Swiss chard, and otherInsecticides that have lowgreens.toxicity to humans and are effective against young caterpillars include Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel,Tan and brown blotches on the leaves ofThuricide), spinosad (Success, Entrust),spinach, Swiss chard, beets and other leafyand insecticidal soap (Safer’s).greens indicate infestation with spinachleafminer (Fig. 3). The adult is a truefly, or Dipteran, that emerges from soilin the spring and lays white egg masseson the undersides of leafy greens. Theyoung maggot burrows within the leavesforming “leafmines”. There are severalgenerations per year. Early spring and fallplantings may escape infestation. Coveryoung plants with floating row cover(Reemay), and pick and destroy infestedleaves to reduce the leafminer population.Frequent cultivation around plants candestroy overwintering pupae in the soil.Insecticides can protect leaves, but bemindful of the required interval betweenapplication and harvest (read the label).Effective insecticides include spinosad,azadirachtin, permethrin, and pyrethrin.SPINACH LEAFMINERCabbage WormsThere are two common caterpillars thatattack cabbage and its relatives (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, kale, etc.) in Utah – theimported cabbageworm and the cabbagelooper. The imported cabbagewormadult is a pretty white butterfly that canbe seen flitting through the garden as itsearches for host plants to lay eggs. Theimmature stage, or caterpillar, is limegreen with short fuzzy hairs onFig. 4. Cabbageworm larvae are sluggish inmovement, and have velvety hairs.Fig. 5. Cabbage loopers move like aninchworm, and are hairless.-Diane Alston, EntomologistUtah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 2
entomology news and informationTicks and Associated Diseases Occurring in UtahG. Alpert, Harvard University, bugwood.orgM. Pound, USDA ARS, bugwood.orgMoisture from spring rainsand snowmelt createsenvironmental conditionsconducive for tick activity inmany Utah mountain ranges.Traveling into the canyonsthis time of year could resultin a tick encounter. TheRocky Mountain wood tick(Dermacentor andersoni) (Fig.1) and American dog tick (D.variabilis) (Fig. 2) are the mostfrequently encountered ticksfound feeding on people inUtah.The tick life cycle consists offour stages: egg, larvae (onlysix legs), nymph, and adult.Dermacentor ticks require threeunique hosts throughout their life.Ticks find new hosts by a processcalled questing, whereby theyclimb to the top of vegetation andextend their legs when they sensea host approaching (Fig. 4). If thehost contacts them, they latch onand search for a suitable feedingS. Ellis, USDA APHIS PPQ, bugwood.orgMost tick submissions to theUPPDL occur in May and June,but due to extended moisturethis year, high tick activity mayoccur into mid-summer. Ticks,in the order Acari, are closelyrelated to other arachnidssuch as spiders, mites, andharvestmen. Ticks have eightlegs and no wings. They appearto have one body segment(Figs. 1, 2), which containsthe head, abdomen, legs andlarge mouthparts that projectforward from the head. Onekey feature of the mouthpartsthat makes ticks so difficultto remove is the barbedhypostome (Fig. 3).Fig. 1 (top). Rocky Mountain wood tick (female, left, male, right).Fig. 2 (middle). American dog tick (female, left, male, right).Fig. 3 (bottom). Tick mouthparts (hypostome) showing thebarbs which make ticks difficult to remove. Ticks also emit“cement” around the hypostome during feeding that helps themstay in place.site. After each feeding, thetick will fall from its host to theground where it will molt andwait for another host to passby. Generally, these consist ofa small animal or rodent forthe larva stage, a medium-sizedanimal for the nymph stage, anda large animal, such as cattle,dogs, or humans, for the adultstage. Feeding ticks greatlyincrease in size during thefeeding process (Fig. 5). Adultsmate and feed on the final host.The female falls to the ground,digests her blood meal, and canlay over 4,000 eggs (Fig. 6).Three-host ticks normallytake 2-3 years to completedevelopment, completingone molt or more per yeardepending on conditions andquesting success. Since ticksare mostly passive in their hostfinding, they may or may notreadily find new hosts. Tickscan survive extended periodswithout feeding. Larvae cansurvive for a few months,nymphs for over half a year, andadults can survive for over 2years without a blood meal. Ifa host is not located beforemid-summer, ticks will retreatto the leaf litter until thefollowing spring when favorableconditions prevail.While there are about 12species of Dermacentorticks in North America, twoclosely related species ofticks are responsible formost human bites in Utah,the Rocky Mountain woodtick and American dog tick.Unfortunately, ticks have thecontinued on next pagewww.utahpests.usu.eduUtah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 3
entomology news and information, continuedTicks, continued from previous pageJ. Occi, bug pics, bugwood.orgability to vector viral and bacterial pathogens which maycause serious human and animal diseases. In fact, ticks aresecond only to mosquitoes in transmitting disease to humans.Being closely related, the Rocky Mountain wood tick andAmerican dog tick transmit many of the same diseases (Table1). Ticks contract diseases from hosts, and then can carrythem through successive molts or transmit them to offspring.Immediately consult a doctor if you have been fed on by atick. Early detection of a pathogen could lead to a quickrecovery, and a reduction/elimination of chronic healthproblems. Tick paralysis (TP) is a condition caused by thefeeding of some ticks. Saliva injected into the human bodyduring feeding causes paralysis which starts at the feet andmoves up the body. In severe cases, TP can cause respiratoryfailure and death. Mortality from TP occurs most frequentlyin children under 7; adults are rarely paralyzed by ticks.Fortunately, the paralysis is fully reversible by removing thetick. Always complete a thorough “tick-check” after leavingtick habitat. Dermacentor ticks may take at least 2 hours tofind a suitable feeding site and even longer to get mouthpartsinto skin to feed. Transmission of disease usually occurs 12hours after feeding has begun.W. Cranshaw, Colorado State University, bugwood.orgProper tick removal is simple, but requires the use of forcepsor tweezers. There are many suggested methods for tickremoval, but to greatly reduce your chance of contracting atick-borne disease, there is only one proper removal method,as outlined by Intermountain Health Care:Fig. 4 (top). An American dog tick questing on a blade of grass.Fig. 5 (middle). Rocky mountain wood tick showing multiplestages of engorgement.Fig. 6 (bottom). Female winter fern tick (Dermacentoralbipictus) laying eggs.www.utahpests.usu.eduFor larger hard ticks: Use tweezers and grasp the tick as close to the skin aspossible, targeting the mouthparts. If tweezers are notavailable, use a loop of thread around the mouthparts ora needle between the mouthparts. Carefully pull the tick straight upward without twistingor crushing it. Use steady pressure until it releases.Crushing or squeezing a tick can cause it to regurgitatestomach contents into your blood stream, which cantransmit tick-borne diseases.For smaller hard ticks: Scrape the tick with a knife blade or credit card edge,being careful not to cut yourself. Place tick in a sealed container and have it identified.General treatment: If the head accidentally breaks off and remains in yourskin, clean the area around the bite and use a sterileneedle to carefully lift or scrape the head from the skin.continued on next pageUtah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 4
entomology news and information, continuedTicks, continued from previous pageTable 1. Bacterial, viral, and toxic-based diseases vectored by American dog tick (ADT) and Rocky Mountain wood tick(RMWT).DiseaseCauseVectorTypeSymptomsRocky Mountainspotted feverRickettsiarickettsiRMWT;ADTbacteriasudden onset chills and fever, headache, blood-shoteyes; leakage of blood from capillaries over the ever, headache, chills, weakness, malaise, DTbacteriachills, fever, prostration, ulceration at bite location, andtender, swollen lymph nodesColorado tickfeverOrbivirusRMWT;ADTvirussudden onset, intermittent fever, headache, muscularpain, ccurs 7–10 days after bite; fever headache, partialparalysis, confusion, nausea, comaTick paralysissaliva toxinRMWT;ADTneurotoxinparalysis spreading from feet to upper regions of body;may cause death Wash the wound and your hands with soap and waterafter removing the tick. Apply an over-the-counterantibiotic ointment to help reduce the chance of catchinga tick-borne, or secondary infection.Consider these tips to avoid coming in contact with ticks. Avoid grassy and bushy areas along edges of woodlandsand fields, from March to mid-July.is trying to determine the status of Lyme disease here.Regardless, always practice sound tick avoidance and thoroughtick checks to avoid contracting tick-borne diseases of anykind. Remember, different ticks carry different diseases, sobe sure to collect any tick that has bitten you, and have itidentified by the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab.-Ryan Davis, Arthropod Diagnostician Apply tick repellent to clothing before entering tickhabitat. Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts. Tuck shirts intopants and pants into socks. Wear light-colored clothes to make it easier to detectand remove ticks. Conduct tick checks everywhere on your body, includingarmpits, waistline, belly button, scalp and crotch areas.Based on data collected 20 years ago, Lyme disease-carryingticks are not believed to exist in Utah. However, Utah ishome to the black legged tick (Ixodes pacificus), which isa carrier and vector of the disease in other states. Thistick is much smaller than the Dermacentor ticks commonlyencountered in Utah. Given recent increasing reports ofLyme disease in Utah, the Center for Disease Control (CDC)www.utahpests.usu.eduReferences:Cranshaw, W.S., and F.B. Peairs. 2010. Colorado Ticks and Tick-BorneDiseases. l.Larisa,V. 1997. Ticks Commonly Encountered in California. Departmentof Entomology, University of California, Davis. icks.html.Schmitt, B.D., and D.A. Thompson. 1994-2010. Tick Bite – Children: SelfCare Decisions LLC. Pages/TickBite-Children.aspx.Yunker, C.E., et al. 1986. Dermacentor ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) ofthe New World: A Scanning Electron Microscope Atlas. Proceedings ofthe Entomological Society of Washington. 88(4), pp. 609-627.Utah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 5
entomology news and information, continuedCAPS UpdateAs the name suggests, the European grapevine moth (Lobesiabotrana) is a troublesome pest of grapes throughout Europe,Asia, and Northern Africa, but it also attacks a variety of otherfruits. Despite the fact that introduction of this pest wasconsidered unlikely in the U.S., it was first detected in NapaValley, California in October 2009, and has since been found infive California counties, resulting in quarantines.In Utah, potential hosts include grape, blackberry, cherry,and peach. In response to the threat posed by this invasivespecies, the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) hasbegun monitoring cherry and peach orchards in NorthernUtah. Please be on the lookout, and if you believe you’veMarc Epstein, CDFAThese moths usually have three generations per year. The larvae feed on flowers, buds, and mature fruit. Damage to fruitmay also lead to secondary fungal infections. Hosts includeplants from 27 different families, but only a few species withineach family are at risk.Figure 1. Adult European grapevine moth.found a European grapevine moth, contact Cory Vorel, USUCAPS Coordinator (cory.vorel@usu.edu).-Cory Vorel, USU CAPS CoordinatorOregon State University is recommending that sweet cherrygrowers reduce SWD populations in the early season withinsecticides. Utah fruit producers applying insecticides forother insect pests, such as cherry fruit fly, raspberry horntail,or peach twig borer, should consider using insecticides withactivity against SWD in case the insect is present. Cherryfruits become susceptible to SWD beginning at light strawcolor; slightly less mature than when they become susceptibleto cherry fruit fly. Insecticides with documented efficacy toSWD include acetamiprid (Assail), spinetoram (Delegate),spinosad (Entrust, Success), imidacloprid (Provado), carbaryl(Sevin), malathion (Malathion), azinphosmethyl (Guthion), andmost synthetic pyrethroids. Avoid overuse of pyrethroids,www.utahpests.usu.eduEd ShowTrap captures of the invasive vinegar fly, spotted wingdrosophila (SWD, shown at right) (Drosophila suzukii), are onthe increase in California and Oregon in 2010. This insectcaused substantial fruit crop losses in these two states in2009, and there is concern that infestations are spreadingthis year. Dr. Cory Vorel, USU Cooperative Agricultural PestSurvey Coordinator, has placed monitoring traps (shownlower right) in 10 orchards in northern Utah, encompassingkey fruit production areas of Box Elder, Davis, Weber, andUtah counties. No SWD have been caught in Utah to date.Traps contain either apple cider vinegar or a yeast-sugarwater solution. All tree and small fruits, and vegetable fruits,such as tomato and pepper, are hosts for SWD. SWD is ofparticular concern as a fruit pest because the female insertseggs into fruit as they ripen on the plant.UC RiversideInvasive Vinegar Fly Threatens Western Fruit Cropsmalathion, and carbaryl asthey can flare spider mites.Rotate chemical types andbe mindful of re-entryintervals (REIs), pre-harvestintervals (PHIs), and maximum residue limits (MRLs)when selecting productsto use.-Diane Alston,EntomologistUtah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 6
entomology news and information, continuedIncreasing the Number of Pollinators on the FarmBumble bees also nest in theground, often in old rodentburrows or under small,protected piles of leaf debrisor grass.Growers are well aware of thecontribution of bees and otherpollinators on the farm. But howcan you increase the number ofpollinators on your farm? Manygrowers do not have time to manage honey bees, and renting hiveshas become increasingly expensive.However, it is possible to attractwild bees, including feral honeybees and native bees, without toomuch difficulty.Jack DykingaThe second step is independent of the first step.Management practices canbe adjusted to protectbees even if you have notsurveyed for them on yourproperty; however, knowledge of bees’ whereaboutsA three-step approach is recomwill result in more efficientmended for increasing pollinatorand productive managepopulations on your land. First,ment adjustments. Oneevaluate the bees and bee habitatthing that every grower canthat already exist on your farm.do is to minimize the riskSecond, adjust your farm managethat pesticides pose to bees.ment practices to protect bees andScouting for pests and onlytheir habitat. Third, provide newspraying when pest populabee habitat. Increasing pollinations are high will decreasetor populations should be easy tothe chance of killing bees, aswork into your time and financialwill choosing “softer” pesticonstraints, and also easy to adaptcides. The pesticide label is ato your unique situation.useful source of informationabout risks to bees, but it isA simple, yet important, first stepimportant to note that mostis to become aware of the pollinapesticides are tested for toxtors and habitat that are isisabeethaticity to honey bees. As morepresent on your farm. As you goyou might encounter on a Utah farm.research is being done, it isabout your day’s work, be alert toapparent that not all beeswhat bees you see and where youare affected in the same waysee them. Remember, not all beesas honey bees, and the effects of pesticides on most bees arelook like honey bees. Some bees are quite tiny, and othersnot known. Spraying when bees are not active (either verycan be quite large. Many bees are black and yellow, but someearly or very late in the day) can help minimize risk. Anotherare bright green or iridescent bluish-black (Fig. 1). When yougood practice is to establish buffer zones, areas around thespot bees, observe them. Do they seem attracted to a parouter edge of the crop that will remain unsprayed.ticular plant? Often the flowers that bees find most attractiveare the simple, wide-spread native wildflowers, rather thanIn addition to pesticide considerations, there are otherthe fancy, highly-bred flowers that people find pleasing.adjustments that can make management practices more beefriendly. Allowing crops to flower before tilling can provideIn addition to noting where bees are foraging, pay attentionadditional forage and extend the reproductive season forto where they are nesting. Wood-nesting solitary bees cansome bees. When you do till, remember that many bees nestbe found in beetle tunnels in old trees or in soft-centeredin the ground, about 8-18 inches deep (depending on species),twigs, such as raspberry canes. Ground-nesting solitary beessometimes right next to the plants that they pollinate. If youlike undisturbed soil where plants are not growing. If you seeknow that an area contains bee nests, consider tilling lessthem flying low in a flower-free area, and it looks like they aredeep or finding an alternative to tilling if possible.searching for something, they are probably close to their nest.continued on page 9www.utahpests.usu.eduUtah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 7
In the spotlight.News from the USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects—Biology,Management and Systematics Research Unit in Logan, UTBy Rosalind James, Research Leader of the “Logan Bee Lab” onthe Utah State University Campus. Click here for website.With the warmth of summer sun comes the first round offlowers that are quietly being pollinated by bees. Most of usare familiar with the honey bee, as it buzzes around flowersgathering nectar and pollen, creating stores of sweet, goldenhoney. But in addition to the honey bee there are severalother bees, some smaller, some larger, all with their own interesting life stories. North America is the native home of some3500 different species of bees, and Utah is the native home tojust over 1500 of those.The Pollinating Insects Laboratory is part the USDA Agricultural Research Service, located in Logan, UT, on the UtahState University campus. We specialize in the study of thesenative bees, the ones that so often go unnoticed by the casualobserver. Most people are familiar with the large, fuzzy, blackand yellow bumble bee, but even that is not only one species,but actually many different species. Unfortunately, bumblebees are in a crisis. At least five North American species aredisappearing, with one species thought to have already goneextinct within the last 5 years. We have developed a methodfor determining the extent and cause of these losses usinggeographic information systems (GIS) and historic recordsof bumble bee collections, creating models that predict thegeographic range of bees at different times in history. Thesemodels will help scientists identify possible causes for thedisappearance of these bees.Another bee extensively studied by our research group is thealfalfa leafcutting bee, which is used by alfalfa seed growers forpollination. Unlike honey bees and bumble bees, the alfalfaleafcutting bee is a solitary bee, meaning that it does not formlarge colonies headed by a queen. Instead, every female formsher own nest and lays eggs, in this case the nests are builtinside holes in wood, or most any hole a female can find thatis the right size.Alfalfa seed growers are actually beekeepers of this specialbee, and release them in their fields with boards containingrows and rows of holes made for the bees to nest in. You mayhave seen the shelters for these bees in alfalfa seed fields asyou drive by on the highways. Unfortunately, this bee is proneto health problems in the U.S., and most leafcutting bees usedin the U.S. are imported from Canada.Top: Rosalind James (front) and Theresa Pitts-Singer collectfield samples in an alfalfa leafcutting bee shelter in an alfalfaseed field in Cove, UT.Bottom: One of the lab’s projects is developing methods toimprove the health of the alfalfa leafcutting bee. On the left isa healthy bee larva, and on the right is a larva infested by thefungal-caused chalkbrood disease.continued on next pagewww.utahpests.usu.eduUtah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 8
In the spotlight., continuedLogan Bee Lab, continued from previous pageApproximately 30 million leafcutting bees are imported intoUtah from Canada every year. Nationwide, it is approximately2 billion bees—although these are really purchased by thegallon, so more accurately, about 200,000 gallons a year. Ourlaboratory is working on developing methods to improvethe health of U.S. bees, and have made some importantdiscoveries about the immune system in leafcutting bees,and how weather and pesticide use can keep this bee fromreproducing successfully.The blue orchard bee is also a solitary bee. It nests in thespring, making it an excellent pollinator for fruit trees likecherries, apples, pears, and almonds. Utah is among the toptwo suppliers of blue orchard bees for California almondpollination, and this market is the direct result of methodsdeveloped by our laboratory. We continue to work toimprove the effectiveness of this bee for almond production.Meanwhile, we also have worked for many years to better understand the diversity of bees in the West, and the importanceof our wild bees for pollination of native plants. Our laboratory houses the National Pollinating Insect Collection, andserves as an important taxonomic resource for scientists whostudy pollination. We have documented the diversity of beesfrom several national parks in the West, including EscalanteNational Monument, Zion National Park,Yosemite NationalPark, and the Pinnacles National Monument, helping to builda catalog of bees, and identifying several new species in theprocess. The mission of the Pollinating Insects Research Unitis to help keep our pollinators safe, for both food productionand sustaining our wildlands, and to increase public awarenessof the importance of native bees.entomology news and information, continuedEncouraging Pollinators, continued from page 7A common mistake is to destroy flowers that might distractpollinators from the target crop. Actually, having additionalflowers available before and after crop bloom can increasebees’ nesting season and increase their populations. You mayalso consider leaving weeds that are good food plants forbees. Of course, noxious weeds must be removed, but thinkabout letting the less troublesome weeds remain for foragingbees.If you have implemented pollinator-friendly changes in yourmanagement practices, and would like to take the final stepto enhancing your farm for pollinators, you can actively create bee habitat. You can start by increasing the amount andvariety of blooming plants available for bees. Using nativeplants is a good idea, but not a requirement. Make sure thatyou consider their bloom periods, so that there are continuous flowers from season to season. A large assortment ofplants is usually recommended, but often growers find thatit is easier to manage a few varieties that are particularlysuited to their farm conditions. As long as you are increasingand extending available forage, you are enhancing pollinatorpopulations.Creating additional pollinator nesting sites can also be easilyachieved. The majority of bees are ground-nesters, whichwould benefit from patches of undisturbed, loosely packedsoil without extensive vegetation. South-facing slopes arepreferable, but any land that is fairly close to forage and is notoverly moist will be suitable for nesting bees. A large proportion of the bee fauna are cavity-nesters that would be wellserved by large pieces of wood with holes drilled in them.www.utahpests.usu.eduDrill holes of several different sizes to attract different beespecies. If you have habitat for ground-nesters and habitat forwood-nesters, you have accounted for the majority of the native bees that are likely to take up residence on your farm.Encouraging more pollinators on the farm does not need tobe difficult or time consuming. Keep it simple, especially inthe beginning while you are figuring out what works best foryour unique conditions. Be aware of the pollinators that youalready have, take steps to preserve them, and if it is right foryou, increase the pollinator habitat that you have available.The 2008 Farm Bill contains several programs which providemonetary support for growers that implement conservationplans and increase bee habitat. In a future article, I will discusshow you can take advantage of these programs.-Cory Vorel, USU CAPS CoordinatorReferences:Cane, J., and L. Kervin. 2009, Gardening for Native Bees in Utah and /fact sheet/plants-pollinators09.pdf.Farming and Gardening for Pollinators; ming and gardening for pollinators/986.Vaughn, M., M. Shepherd, C. Kremen, and S. H. Black. 2007, Farming for Bees:Guidelines for Providing Native Bee Habitat on Farms.Warner, G. 2009. Cultivating beneficials: An insectary can attract bees andother beneficial insects to the orchard. Good Fruit Grower, 60(17): ng for Pollinators: Native Bees and Your Crops.Farming with Pollinators: Increasing Profit and Reducing Risk.Utah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 9
News, Calendar and MoreIn the National Newsall uses of endosulfan tosoon endThe EPA is planning a phase out of alluses of endosulfan, and is currently innegotiations with the manufacturer,Makhteshim Agan of North America, todevelop a timeline. Endosulfan is used onall fruit trees, vegetables, cotton, and ornamentals in commercial use only. Datahas shown that risks to humans and theenvironment are above the agency’s levelof concern. It has shown to be a bioaccumulant, persistent in the environment,and farm workers can be exposed to endosulfan through inhalation and contactwith the skin. The use of endosulfan hasdeclined since 2002. EPA’s 2010 revisedecological risk assessment reflects acomprehensive review of all available exposure and ecological effects informationfor endosulfan, including independentexternal peer-reviewed recommendations made by the Endosulfan ScientificAdvisory Panel.new pesticide permitrequirementsOn April 9, a 2009 court decision foundthat pesticide discharges to U.S. watersare considered pollut
www.utahpests.usu.edu Utah Pests News - Summer 2010 - page 2 UTAH PESTS Staff Diane Alston Entomologist diane.alston@usu.edu 435-797-2516 Ryan Davis Arthropod Diagnostician ryan.davis@usu.edu 435-797-2435 Marion Murray IPM Project Leader Editor, Utah Pests News marion.murray@usu.edu 435-797-0776 Cory Vorel USU CAPS Coordinator cory.vorel@usu .
9. Insect Pests of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops (HPI 203) 3 (2 1) Economic importance of insects in vegetable, ornamental and spice crops -ecology and pest management with reference to these crops. Pest surveillance in important vegetable, ornamental and spice crops. Distribution, host range, bio -ecology, injury, integra ted
Srinivasan R. 2014. Insect and mite pests on vegetable legumes: a field guide for indentification and management. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. AVRDC Publication No. 14-778. 92 p. AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center P.O. Box 42 Shanhua, Tainan 74199 TAIWAN Tel: 886 6 583 7801 Fax: 886 6 583 0009 Email: info@worldveg.org
The Hazard to Pollinators A wide variety of insect pests attack fruit and vegetable crops. These pests can affect yields and consumers commonly demand blemish-free produce. So growers usually require insecticides to manage those pests. Almost all insecticides used on fruit and vegetable crops have some toxicity to pollinators, and many
IP-13 IPM for Home Gardens—Insect ID and Control CTAHR — July 2003 . Insect identification . If you have an insect problem, you need to know what insect pest you are dealing with and what stage of the insect’s life cycle is the most likely to cause damage, as well as the stage most susceptible to control measures. General insect information
1 Andersen Window Insect Screen Order Guide Note: Insect screen sizing is universal for Andersen TruScene and standard insect screens. Andersen and TruScene insect screens are manufactured for Andersen windows only and cannot be used on any other brand of windows. With over 50% more clarity than our standard insect screens, TruScene insect screens let
2 Pests of Banana 13 C.S. Gold, B. Pinese and J.E. Peña 3 Tropical Citrus Pests 57 D. Smith and J.E. Peña 4Pests and Pollinators of Mango103 G.K. Waite 5 Pests of Papaya 131 A. Pantoja, P.A. Follett and J.A. Villanueva-Jiménez 6 Pests of Pineapple 157 G.J. Petty, G.R. Stirling and D.P. Bartholomew 7 Pollinators and Pests ofAnnona Species 197
Bed Bugs: For Pest Control Operators Lilac-ash Borer www.utahpests.usu.edu Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory and USU Extension Vol. IV, Spring 2010 The Importance of Native Bees for Farms . Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab BNR Room 203 Utah State University 5305 Old Main Hill Logan, UT 84322 UTAH PESTS News is published quarterly.
1000 days during pregnancy and the first 2 years of life, as called for in the 2008 Series. One of the main drivers of this new international commitment is the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement.18,19 National commitment in LMICs is growing, donor funding is rising, and civil society and the private sector are increasingly engaged. However, this progress has not yet translated into .
