Sighting And Installing A Rain Garden - Rutgers University
Sighting and Installing a Rain GardenGreg Rusciano, Program Associategreg.rusciano@rutgers.eduAmy Boyajian, Program Associateboyajian@envsci.rutgers.eduRutgers Cooperative ExtensionWater Resources Programhttp://water.rutgers.eduLandscaper Training ProgramFebruary 24, 2009
Gloucester CountyRain Gardens Rain gardens were constructed by the RutgersMaster Gardeners of Gloucester County GOAL: To have the rain gardens serve as a modelfor county residents who are interested in controllingpolluted runoff and to help recharge the groundwaterDorsett Arabian Horse FarmHoly Nativity Lutheran ChurchRCE of Gloucester CountyGloucester County 4-H FairgroundsGreenwich Township Library
What is a RainGarden? Shallow landscapeddepression that treatsstormwater runoff. Designed to merge twoimportant goals: aestheticsand water quality Can be blended into thelandscape and made to looknatural. Water is directed into themby pipes, swales, or curbopenings.
Benefits Designed to intercept, treat,and infiltrate stormwater atthe source before itbecomes runoff Provides very high pollutantremoval efficiencies Can be incorporated intothe landscapes of manylocations
The Parts of aRain Garden
The Science BehindRain Gardens Absorption to soil particles Removes dissolved metals and soluble phosphorus Plant uptake Removes small amounts of nutrients Microbial processes Removes organics and pathogens Exposure to sunlight and dryness Removes pathogensNOTE: 90% of all storm eventsproduce less than 1 inch of rain.Therefore, the key to reducingpollutant loads is to treat therunoff associated with the first 1inch of rain (Clayton & Schueler,1996). Sedimentation and filtration Removes total suspended solids, floating debris, trash, soil-boundphosphorus, some soil-bound pathogens Infiltration of runoff Provides flood control, groundwater recharge, and nutrient removal
Infiltration of RunoffHow much water does a typical rain garden treat in a year? 90% of rainfall events are less than 1.25”New Jersey has approx. 44” of rain per yearThe rain garden will treat and recharge:0.9 x 44” 40”/year 3.3 ft/yearThe rain garden receives runoff from 1,000 sq.ft.Total volume treated and recharged by the rain garden is1,000 sq. ft. x 3.3 ft/year 3,300 cubic feet/year,which is 25,000 gallons/yearBuild 40 rain gardens and we have treated andrecharged 1 million gallons of water per year!
How To Install aRain Garden
Steps3. Maintenance2. Installation1. PlanningMendham Township Elementary School, Morris County
Planning Steps1. Planning Identify Site Site Visit Design Calculations
Rain GardenPlacementThings to Remember The rain garden should be at least 10 feet from the house soinfiltrating water doesn’t seep into the foundation. Do not place the rain garden directly over a septic system. Do not put rain garden in places where the water already ponds orthe lawn is always soggy. Place in full or partial sunlight as a first option Select a flat part of the yard for easier digging as a first option. Avoid large tree rgmanual.pdf
Determine Existing Utility Lineshttp://www.nj1-call.org
Planning StepsIdentify SiteIdentify the Drainage AreaBeforeParking Lot/DrivewayRoofUnion County Vocational SchoolHockman Farm, Winchester, Virginia
AfterParking Lot/DrivewayRoofUnion County Vocational SchoolHockman Farm, Winchester, Virginia
Parking Lot/ Driveway with a Curb CutBeforeAfterRutgers Cooperative Extension of Monmouth County, Freehold, NJ
Planning StepsSite VisitDetermine Current Stormwater FlowFlowIf the area is prone toflooding, it may bedifficult to improve thedrainage.Union County Vocational School
Planning StepsIdentify SiteIdentify Drainage ProblemsProperty FloodingUnion County Vocational School
Planning StepsIdentify SiteCurrent Landscaping PracticesUnion County Vocational School
Planning StepsSite VisitMeasure Drainage AreaSurface Area (L1xW) (L2xW) (15’x20’) (10’x20’)Roof (300’) (200’)Roof 500 square feetL1L2WHockman Farm, Winchester, Virginia
Make observationsduring storms toestimate thedrainage areaRain GardenOr use surveyequipmentDrainage Area
Planning StepsSite VisitMeasure Drainage AreaRain Garden Sizing Tablefor New Jersey’s Water Quality Design StormSurface Area of ImperviousSurface to be Treated(sq. ft.) or (LxW)Size of 6” deep RainGarden(sq. ft.) or (LxW)Size of 12” deep RainGarden(sq. ft.) or (LxW)500 sq. ft.100 sq. ft. or 10’x10’50 sq. ft. or 10’x5’750 sq. ft.150 sq. ft. or 15’x10’75 sq. ft. or 10’x7½’1,000 sq. ft.200 sq. ft. or 20’x10’100 sq. ft. or 10’x10’1,500 sq. ft.300 sq. ft. or 30’x10’150 sq. ft. or 15’x10’2,000 sq. ft.400 sq. ft. or 20’x20’200 sq. ft. or 20’x10’
Planning StepsSite VisitDetermine SlopeSlope H1 – H2 x 100 9” – 3” 0.75’ – 0.25’ x 100 5% slopeL10’10’
Planning StepsSite VisitDetermine SlopeThe depth of your rain garden depends upon the slope of your lawn.SlopeRain Garden Depth 4%3” – 5”5% – 7%6” – 7”8% – 12%8” 12%Consider Another Location
Planning StepsSite VisitPercolation TestSteps:1. Dig a hole 12 inches deep by 6 inches in diameter.2. Fill hole with water and let stand until all the waterhas drained into the ground.3. Refill the empty hole with water again. Measure thedepth of water with a ruler.4. Check the depth of water with a ruler every hour for4 hours.5. Calculate how many inches of water drained perhour. 1 inch of water draining per hour is good
Planning StepsSite VisitPercolation Testst Hourndrd4th123HourRulerWater should be completelydrained within 24 hours.
Planning StepsSite VisitSoil Test Sample the soil and send to the Rutgers SoilTesting Lab for: Nutrient analysis/ recommendations pH analysis/ recommendations Percent sand/ silt/ clay Soil Texture TestRoll soil into a ball in hand and see how it forms Hard ball – Clay/Silt soil Soft ball – Loamy soil No ball – Sandy soilGloucester County 4-H FairgroundsBut, don’t worry – clay/silt andsandy soils can be amended to getthe preferred loamy soil texture
Planning StepsSite VisitTake PhotographsBurlington County Community Agricultural Center
Planning StepsDesign CalculationsGeneral Soil Amendments Amounts for a 100 sq ft RainGarden that is 6 Inches DeepSoil AmendmentAmount for 100 sq ft Rain GardenSand1 cubic yardCompost1 cubic yardFertilizerFollow Soil Test ResultRecommendationsLimeFollow Soil Test ResultRecommendationsGloucester County 4-H Fairgrounds
Planning StepsDesign CalculationsApproximate Amount of Plants Based on Future Mature SizeSize of RainGardenApproximate Amountof Plants100 square feet1 Small Tree (Optional)7 Shrubs24 Herbaceous Species200 square feet1 Small Tree (Optional)14 Shrubs48 Herbaceous SpeciesLeonard Park, Morris County
Planning StepsDesign CalculationsTypes of Plantshttp://plants.usda.govObligate Wetland (OBL),Facultative Wetland (FACW)Lowest Zone/Ponding AreaFacultative Upland (FACU),Upland (UPL)Highest Zone/Upland AreaMiddle Zone/Depression AreaFacultative Wetland (FACW),Facultative (FAC),Facultative Upland (FACU)
Planning StepsDesign CalculationsAmount of Mulch Required fora Three Inch Thick LayerSize of RainGardenApproximate Amountof Mulch25 square feet0.25 cubic yard50 square feet0.50 cubic yard100 square feet1.0 cubic yard200 square feet2.0 cubic yards(triple-shredded hardwood)Springfield Municipal Annex Building, Union County
Planning StepsDesign CalculationsOptional SuppliesSupplies may include: River rock PVC pipe Deer fencingPVC PipeRiver RockSoakerHoseSpringfield Municipal Annex Building, Union County
Installation Steps Remove existing grassExcavate to the desired elevation and grade Add soil amendmentsPrepare the berm Prepare the overflow Level the lowest zone/ponding areaPlant the native plantsApply the mulchWater the native plants2. Installation
Installation StepsRemove Existing GrassGloucester County 4-H Fairgrounds
Installation StepsExcavate to the Desired Elevation and GradeLeonard Park, Morris CountyGloucester County 4-H Fairgrounds
Installation StepsAdd Soil AmendmentsGloucester County 4-H Fairgrounds
Installation StepsPrepare the BermLeonard Park, Morris County
Installation StepsPrepare the OverflowOverflowGloucester County 4-H FairgroundsLeonard Park, Morris County
Installation StepsLevel the Lowest Zone/ Ponding AreaWheaton Arts and Cultural Center, Cumberland County
Installation StepsPlant the Native PlantsCut the Root BallUlster County, New York
Installation StepsPlant the Native PlantsPlanting HoleSame Depthas Root BallUlster County, New YorkHockman Farm, Winchester, Virginia
Installation StepsApply the MulchProtect Small Plantswhen MulchingUlster County,New York
Installation StepsWater the Native PlantsHockman Farm, Winchester, Virginia
Maintenance Steps3. MaintenanceShort-Term MaintenanceLong-Term Maintenance
Maintenance StepsShort-Term MaintenanceWateringHanson House/Hanson Park Conservancy, Union County
Maintenance StepsShort-Term MaintenanceWeeding Weeding more often willlimit the amount of timeyou will have to spendweeding in the end Watch for overlycompetitive speciesRCE’s NJ Weed Gallery:http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/weeds Some weeds can beaggressively spreadingunderground by rhizomesUSDA PLANTS Database:http://plants.usda.gov
Maintenance StepsShort-Term MaintenanceFertilizingFertilize at the very beginning or end of thegrowing season based on soil test resultsSoil should be tested every 3 years– Soil Test Kits can be purchased at theyour county Rutgers CooperativeExtension office for a nominal feeSoil amendments should ONLY be addedwhen NO storms are expectedhttp://njaes.rutgers.edu/soiltestinglab
Maintenance StepsShort-Term MaintenanceObserving the Rain GardenObserve the rain garden during rain events and note any problems or successesWalnut Avenue Elementary School, Union CountyProblem: Gullying after rain eventSolution: Add a berm and/or plantsHanson House/Hanson Park Conservancy, Union CountySuccess: Withstood rain event
Maintenance StepsShort-Term MaintenanceReplacing Mulch that has Washed AwayWalnut Avenue Elementary School, Union County
Maintenance StepsShort-Term MaintenanceCaring for Native PlantsCare for any newly-planted native plants that may have been uprooted immediatelyfollowing rain eventsUprooted PlantsHanson House/Hanson Park Conservancy, Union County
Maintenance StepsLong-Term MaintenanceWeedingInvasive SpeciesWatch forInvasive Species!WisteriaJapanese KnotweedWild CucumberThistleInvasive Species Photographss by Betty Ann Kelly
Maintenance StepsLong-Term MaintenancePruningPruning directs growth of plants,improves health, and increasesproduction of flowers and fruits.Types of Pruning:THINNING: basically, thinning out. This type of pruningremoves entire braches back to the main trunk or majorbranches to the ground.– Expected result: large, open shrubHEADING: also known as heading back. This type ofpruning removes only part of a branch– Expected result: growth of multiple branches inplace of single branch, thus a more dense shrubIn a rain garden,dense shrub growthis encouraged toprovide increasedfiltering capacity
Maintenance StepsLong-Term MaintenanceRemoving Debris, Litter, and SedimentLitterDebrisSediment
Maintenance StepsLong-Term MaintenanceCutting Down/Mowing the Rain Garden Mowing native grasses should occur 2 timesa year in your rain garden.– Initial mowing can be done after the firstfew weeks of growth – early Spring– Final mowing can be completed afterground nesting birds have hatched thenext generation – usually near mid-MayAfter the growing season, it will benecessary to remove stems and seedheads.These can be left for habitat and in someareas, aesthetics.A string trimmer can be used to maintainover-competitive growths.Dead plant materials can also be removedby a string trimmer or mower, if the mowingdeck can be raised to cut at 6”-8”.
Maintenance StepsLong-Term MaintenanceRemoving/Replacing PlantsRe-seed the BermRemove and replace plants that havenot survived or that are diseased Re-seed the berm if there are areas ofexposed soil Replace rocks that may be divertingflow out of the gardenBuild up areas where more protection isneeded Build Up AreasBeforeAfterReplace Rocks
Maintenance StepsLong-Term MaintenanceHarvest Cuttings Collect seeds and cuttings fromsuccessful plants in the rain garden anduse them for the new seasonPlant more of the successful species inthe rain garden as necessary
Maintenance StepsLong-Term MaintenanceApply New MulchWalnut Avenue School, Union County
FAQsFrequently Asked Questions Will my rain garden cause a mosquito problem? Will my rain garden cause flooding? What about deer? How do I slow down the speed of water as it enters the garden?
FAQsWill my rain garden cause a mosquito problem? There shouldn’t be a mosquito problem if the garden isproperly sited and designed. Rain gardens shoulddrain in less than two days. Mosquitoes have a 10 day life cycle from egg to adult. Mosquitoes that carry most diseases do not live inponds. They prefer small amounts of standing watersuch as holes in trees, old tires or bird baths.
FAQsWill my rain garden cause flooding?If your rain garden does not drain out the water after 24 hours, itis time to re-evaluate your rain garden. Maybe try: Building berms and/or adding plants Adding COARSE sand (not sandbox sand) with organic mulchto the rain garden to help infiltrate the water
FAQsWhat about deer?Try fencing, deer resistant plants, or deer retardant sprays.New Jersey Highlands Council Building, Morris County
FAQsHow do I slow down the speed of water as it enters thegarden?Try one or more of the following:(1) Attach a perforated plastic diffuser tothe end of your gutter/ downspout(2) Use river rock at the entrance point ofthe rain garden(3) Site your rain garden within a 10 – 15foot grass buffer between the gardenand the gutter/downspout. Use nativegrasses and let them grow tall.Essex County Environmental Center
The Bottom Line Rain gardens are designed to intercept, treat, and infiltratestormwater at the source, before it becomes runoff. The plants are native to the region and help retaincontaminants that could otherwise harm nearby waterways. Rain gardens are beautiful, inexpensive and lowmaintenance gardens that you can easily install at home.Linda HenryWoodbridge Board of Health, Middlesex CountyLinda Henry
Any Questions?Essex County Environmental Center, Essex Countyhttp://water.rutgers.edu
Future Site of Rain GardenGloucester County Dream Park, Logan Twp.
Rain Garden Placement The rain garden should be at least 10 feet from the house so infiltrating water doesn't seep into the foundation. Do not place the rain garden directly over a septic system.
What is acid rain? Acid rain is defined as rain with a pH of below 4.0 - 4.5. Normal rain has a pH of about 5.6, which is slightly acidic. What are the effects of acid rain? Acid rain increases the acidity levels of rivers, lakes and seas. This can poison fish. Acid rain increases the acidity levels of soils. This can slow or even kill plant .
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