M.Sc. Programme DIGITAL WICKER
M.Sc. ProgrammeDepartment of Architecture KITEntwurf HochbauWinter Semester 2021/2022LV1720805DIGITALWICKERCourse offered by:DDF - Professur Digital Design and FabricationIEB - Institute of Design and Construction EngineeringTeam:T.T.Prof. Moritz Dörstelmann Erik Zanetti Eszter Olahddf.ieb.kit.edu
CONTENTS01 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT P. 0402 AIM P. 803 METHODS P. 1004 DEVELOPMENT PHASES P. 1205 DELIVERABLES P. 3806 SCHEDULE P. 4007 EXCURSION P. 4208 REFERENCES P. 442DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker00 CONTENTS3
Circular economy diagram by Ellen MacArthur Foundation, here highlighting the biological cycle01 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXTThe building sector is responsible for more thana third of the global resource consumption,making it a key sector for the globaltransformation towards a circular economy(Klep, 2015).A paradigm shift towards natural andregenerative material sources and theimplementation of biological cycles represent amajor opportunity for the construction industryto curtail the depletion of raw materials.Digital design and fabrication methods canaddress these global challenges and enablenovel concepts of digital circular constructionthrough tailored processes for renewable andnatural materials.It represents an important analogy of how toexploit geometry and techniques, especiallytextile, to give structural stiffness not otherwiseinherent in the materials.Typical of traditional manufacturing, “wicker”expresses the intention of looking back at local,renewable materials and techniques that usedto be part of the architectural and constructionrepertoire but have been sidelined in the firstindustrial revolution. Their use as a buildingmethod is exemplified by the Europeanvernacular “wattle and daub” (Flechtwerkwandin German), in which renewable and naturalmaterials are combined into a low-impactsustainable composite.In light of the fourth industrial revolution,which is envisioned as a fusion of technologiesblurring the lines between the physical,Wicker weaving is a technique where long digital and biological spheres (Schwab, 2017),thin sticks, stems or reeds are woven together digital design and fabrication can sustain theto make works such as baskets and furniture. industrialisation of natural materials thanks“Digital Wicker”4DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker01 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT5
Prevalent types of soils and clay percentage in soil in Europeto their flexibility and versatility. In particular,they can accommodate for deviations andabnormalities, which currently representone of the biggest obstacles in standardisedserial production systems. Digital fabricationtechniques can significantly increase theperformance of traditional building materialssuch as clay, wood and natural fibres bycombining them into new material systemswith functionally graded properties.components, and thus their implementationin construction, both in terms of constructiontechnology and economics.Circular Economy in Construction - thebiological cycleAs described by Ellen MacArthur Foundation,the concept of circular economy distinguishesbetween technical and biological cycles. “DigitalWicker” plays within the biological cycle:Besides, traditional construction methods, renewable and plant-based resources are used,which made use of natural materials, are often regenerated and returned to the biosphere.not structurally scalable and, due to theircomplexity and dependence on craftsmanship While other sectors, particularly the foodknow-how, cannot be used economically on a industry, have already reflected this urgencylarge scale. Digital fabrication can enable the of change, the construction industry is stilllarge-scale, automated production of such “permeated by a number of detrimental factorsRobotic fabrication implemented in textile industrysuch as the use of high impact materials, nonreversible building solutions, low-efficiencyprocesses and manufacturing”(Cara et al.,2017). The development and use of naturalmaterials, and their combinations into hybridmaterials, would trigger a new paradigm forconstruction.The increased degree of control and versatilityallows the construction of complex structuresthat go beyond what has traditionally beenpossible and the automation of constructionprocesses can counteract the issues of anageing workforce, the decline of craftsmanshipand lack of skilled labour.Digital Design and FabricationProfessur Digital Design and FabricationDigital Design and Fabrication have allowedconstruction and architecture to shift thefocus in construction from serial productionof identical parts to individualised massproduction of bespoke parts, prefabricated oron-site, and create new design methods thataim for functional integration and performanceoriented approaches.Digital Wicker is an integral part of theresearch topics of the Professur Digital Designand Fabrication (DDF) at KIT, which explorescomputational design and digital fabricationprocesses that enable novel concepts forcircular economy in constructionDigitale Fertigungsverfahren für nachhaltige KreislaufbauweisenDigitalefür Querschnittsthemanachhaltige Kreislaufbauweisenals Fertigungsverfahrengesellschaftsrelevantesam KITals gesellschaftsrelevantes Querschnittsthema am KITUse of rapidly renewable materials and earth-based materials in vernacular repertoireDiagram showing the positioning of DDF’s researchSources: Ikhlas Abbis (Mudhif, Iran), Design MKT, Jialiang Gao (Shibam, Yemen), Haus.de (Bavaria, Germany), PanyGoff (Razboishte monastery, Bulgaria)6DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker01 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT7
Overarching goal of Digital Wicker02 AIMThe studio “Digital Wicker” aims at developingcircular construction solutions that aresustainable, circular and locally sourced bycombining 3D braided structures made ofrapidly renewable materials (e.g. willow,cottonwood etc.) with extruded or additivelymanufactured alternatives to conventionalaggregates (e.g. loam or clay), resulting inhybrid materials with functionally-gradedpropertied.This is implemented through the designof a research demonstrator, which will berealised at the “Das Fest” festival in Karlsruhein the following semester. The design ofthis experimental structure is based on anintegrated concept that considers design, digital8DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker02 AIMfabrication, assembly and reconfiguration,as well as disassembly and recycling. It willserve as a base to conceptualise the transferof such construction solutions to large-scalearchitectural and construction concepts,through automated production in the form ofmodular, reusable components or as structuresfabricated on-site.A 1:1 scale proof-of-concept prototype willshowcase the tailored architectural solutionresulting from research-based exploratoryprototypes, in which material ilities as well as technical solutions andenvironmental performance are explored.9
At the intersection of research and teaching,the studio offers students the opportunityto develop their own concepts and informthem through an understanding of material,construction and digital fabrication processes.03 METHODSThe studio uses a series of development phases(see chapter 04), meant to guide the studentsthrough the implementation of the studiomethodology, starting from materiality andfabrication and leading to design and large-scalearchitectural and construction applications.A first research on specific topics of thestudio, based on five overarching fields,will be conducted by students individually.Subsequently, students will merge into groupsof 2-3 people, combining knowledge from thedifferent fields and develop initial conceptsthrough exploratory physical prototypes,which are used as a medium to explore ideasrelated to materiality and fabrication. Based10DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker03 METHODSon a research-led and design-through-makingapproach, these experiments are carried outin rapid iterations, with rigorous and iterativerefinements.The architectural potential of these concepts isthen explored by groups of 4-5 people throughdesign iterations for experimental structuresand a research demonstrator, and a finalfull-scale prototype, merging the knowledgedeveloped in the previous phases.The methodology of the studio is meantto create a novel design and constructionrepertoire, while progressively selecting thebest concept.A series of skill-building tutorials at thebeginning of the semester introduces studentsto selected topics, processes and workflows incomputational design and digital fabrication.No pre-knowledge is required.11
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 01:Research on natural materials and digital fabrication techniquespage 18DEVELOPMENT PHASE 02:Exploratory prototypingpage 3004 DEVELOPMENT PHASESDEVELOPMENT PHASE 03:1:1 prototype development and research demonstrator designpage 32DEVELOPMENT PHASE 04:Transfer to large-scale architectural and construction concepts12DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASESpage 3613
PHASE 01RESEARCH ON NATURAL MATERIALSAND DIGITAL FABRICATIONTECHNIQUESWS 21-22SS 22RESEARCH & DESIGNFABRICATION & IMPLEMENTATIONPHASE 02EXPLORATORY PROTOTYPINGPHASE 031:1 PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT ANDRESEARCH DEMONSTRATOR DESIGNPHASE 04TRANSFER TO LARGE-SCALEARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIONCONCEPTSSELECTED COMBINATION 01SELECTED COMBINATION 01EX: 01.A 01.C 02.A 03.CEX: 01.A 01.C 02.A 03.CSELECTED COMBINATION 02SELECTED COMBINATION 02SELECTED COMBINATION 03SELECTED COMBINATION 03DIGITAL FABRICATIONASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATIONINVESTIGATION 0101.A01.B01.CCOMBINATION 01EX: 01.A 02.A 03.C01.DINVESTIGATION 0202.ACOMBINATION 02EX: 01.C 02.C 03.A02.B02.CCOMBINATION 03INVESTIGATION 0303.ACOMBINATION 0403.B03.CCOMBINATION 05INVESTIGATION 0404.A1:1 SCALE RESEARCH DEMONSTRATOR04.BCOMBINATION 06(DAS FEST 2022)INVESTIGATION 0505.A05.B14DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES15
weeks 1 - 2weeks 3 - 7weeks 8 - 12weeks 13 - 14PHASE 01RESEARCH ON NATURAL MATERIALS AND DIGITALFABRICATION TECHNIQUESPHASE 02EXPLORATORY PROTOTYPINGPHASE 031:1 PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT ANDRESEARCH DEMONSTRATOR DESIGNPHASE 04TRANSFER TO LARGESCALE ARCHITECTURAL ANDCONSTRUCTION CONCEPTSCONTEXTUALISATIONINVESTIGATION 01Research-design approachPlant-based materialsex. willowINTRO ON DIGITALDESIGN ANDFABRICATIONExisting technologiesrepertoirePotential for industrialisationRHINO ANDGRASSHOPPERTUTORIALSCOMBINATION 1ex. willow clay textiletechniquesINVESTIGATION 02Earth-based materialsCOMBINATION 2ex. clayCOMBINATION 3SELECTED COMBINATION 01SELECTED COMBINATION 01ex. willow secondarywood clay textiletechniquesex. willow secondarywood clay textiletechniquesSELECTED COMBINATION 02SELECTED COMBINATION 02SELECTED COMBINATION 03SELECTED COMBINATION 03INVESTIGATION 03Digital fabrication techniquesex. textile techniquesCOMBINATION 4INVESTIGATION 04Historical referencesCOMBINATION 5ex. wattle and daubINVESTIGATION 05COMBINATION 6Contemporary referencesex. bamboo structuresresearch16DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wickerdesign04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES17
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 01:Research on natural materials and digital fabrication techniquesInvestigation 01: Plant-based materials (page 20)Investigation 02: Earth-based materials (page 22)The first development phase consists of a rangeof investigations on materials, techniques andhistorical and contemporary references tocreate a varied repertoire on which to base thefollowing research. These investigations will beguided through a series of specific researchquestions.To familiarise students with the underlyingthemes of the studio, this first phase will becomplemented by tutorials, during the studiotimes, on computational software as well asintroductory lectures on computational anddigital fabrication thinking.01Investigation 03: Digital fabrication techniques (page 24)Investigation 04: Historic references (page 26)02Investigation 05: Contemporary references (page 28)18DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES19
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 01: Research on natural materials and digital fabrication techniquesINVESTIGATION 01: PLANT-BASED MATERIALSAmong the natural materials, plant-basedmaterials have one of the highest potentials forintroducing sustainable and circular principlesinto construction: as renewable materials,defined as “materials that are continuallyreplenished at a rate equal to or greater thanthe rate of depletion”, they can replace theportion depleted by usage and consumption.03At present, wood is the only significantrenewable building material but itsregeneration rates are slow and the woodindustry is already struggling to keep up withdemand (Rademaker, 2021).A solution is provided by rapidly renewablematerials, such as willow, cottonwood,bamboo, cork and straw, which can be grownand harvested within one to ten years throughthe implementation of agricultural methodsalready in place for energy crops, such as shortrotation forestry and short rotation coppice.04While bamboo is a fundamental reference tostudy, “Digital Wicker” represents an attemptat identifying solutions that can be applied inthe European context.20DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES21
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 01: Research on natural materials and digital fabrication techniquesINVESTIGATION 02: EARTH-BASED MATERIALSConstruction sand and gravel are beingextracted faster than they can be replaced(Bendixen et al., 2019).Materials such as earth, loam or clay are foundabundant in nature and used to be part ofthe vernacular repertoire but have yet to bestreamlined for contemporary architecture,possibly becoming alternatives to the currentlypredominant aggregate materials. Suchmaterials offer alternatives for sustainable,zero-waste, locally-sourced and fire-resistantconstruction options in addition to advantagesat the architectural level, especially for climatecontrol (e.g. self-moderating humidity) andenergy efficiency (e.g. naturally maintaininga stable internal temperature throughout theseasons through its thermal mass).050607Such materials are of interest for combinationswith renewable materials, to harness thepotentials of both: for example, the lightweightproperties of the renewables and the fireproofproperties of the non-renewable.22DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES23
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 01: Research on natural materials and digital fabrication techniques08INVESTIGATION 03: DIGITAL FABRICATIONTECHNIQUESDigital fabrication enables bespoke solutions, inaddition to complex high-performance designsthat can be guided by a variety of prioritiessuch as optimisation of material properties,creation of specific forms or transfer of specificcraftsmanship to industrial contexts.In addition, robotic fabrication enables digitallycontrolled strategies that achieve higher levelsof construction precision, and mini or swarmrobotics can create scalable strategies forcollaboration through specialised tasks.This investigation aims to create a repertoirethat includes examples of the advantages ofeach technique, from additive manufacturing,which allows tailoring of material distribution,to textile fabrication techniques, which canprovide structural stiffness not otherwiseinherent in materials.09101112The results of this investigation will helpstudents to familiarise themselves with thevariety of digital fabrication techniques andtheir potential, thus enabling them to choosethe appropriate techniques in the subsequentdevelopment phases.24DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES25
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 01: Research on natural materials and digital fabrication techniquesINVESTIGATION 04: HISTORICAL REFERENCESUnderstanding the precedents for the plantand earth-based materials in investigation 01and investigation 02 can help us understandtraditional craftsmanship and techniques, witha lookout to possibilities of transferring them todigital fabrication techniques or other materials,but also to reconsider their architecturaladvantages but also the challenges to theirindustrialisation.Soils or earth were widely used in the past, asa primary resource to manufacture materialsand structures of vernacular architecture.Centuries of empirical practices have led to avariety of techniques to implement earth, suchas rammed earth, cob and adobe.In combination with plant-based materials,particularly thin branches, they were used forthe wattle and daub, a technique typical ofmany European vernaculars.Other plant-based materials typical of thevernacular are for example straw, water reed orwheat reed, which were widely employed forroof thatching.26DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES27
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 01: Research on natural materials and digital fabrication 1415161718Focusing on contemporary applications ofthe materials analysed in Investigation 01 andInvestigation 02, the aim is to create a stateof the art, which is used as a starting point forDigital Wicker. Considering both architecturalprojects and research applications, thisinvestigation concentrates on their innovationvalue.28DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES29
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 02:Exploratory prototyping19Exploratory prototypes are small experimentsthat can be used to gain insights into materials,systems and structures as well as test keyassumptions, strengths and weaknesses of aconcept.Fabrication choices and construction strategiesare developed through hands-on physicalproject-based learning and are at the base ofdesign-through-making, a process in whichconcept design and prototyping alternateback and forth in rapid iterations, promptingunified thinking about conceptual, materialand production aspects. This process helps todiscover further research questions and solvethem in the next evolution, but also to narrowthe concept through research-based decision-30making.These early-stage, handcrafted models willfocus on exploring material system behaviourand production concepts. They are an essentialfirst step towards the ideation of a novel digitalfabrication strategy and should therefore beconducted rigorously, considering the potentialas well as constraints of the productionconcept. The following semester will build onthese explorations to digitally fabricate the1:1 scale research demonstrator. Students willbe supported in this process not only by theprevious investigations and introductions inDevelopment Phase 01 but also through theexpertise of a mechanical engineer.DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES2021222331
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 03:1:1 prototype development and research demonstrator designA research demonstrator is a medium-sizedstructure that showcases the possibilities andarchitectural potential harnessed by the noveldigital circular construction concept developedin the previous phase.In this studio, the research demonstratorwill be designed for the “Das Fest” festival inKarlsruhe and should consider different aspectsincluding function, production, assembly andreconfiguration, as well as disassembly andrecycling. The best concept or a combination ofmultiples will be built the following semester.24252627The 1:1 scale prototype, minimum 1x1 metres,is a proof-of-concept model that results fromthe evolution of the exploratory prototypesand demonstrates the design, material andfabrication aspects of the project and validatestheir architectural potential.281:1 prototype and fabrication logic32DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES33
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 03:1:1 prototype development and research demonstrator designDas Fest Festival in Karlsruhe34DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker293031323334Research demonstrators04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES35
DEVELOPMENT PHASE 04:Transfer to large-scale architectural and construction concepts35363738In this phase, students will speculate on the of the novel construction system along theunderlying architectural design repertoire continuous line of investigation developed thusemerging from the proposed construction far.concepts as a way to reflect on the impact3936DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker04 DEVELOPMENT PHASES37
FINAL EXAMINATIONFINAL PRESENTATION – 17.02.2022Group presentation – max. 20 minutes-- Storyline of each project, from research to design-- 1:1 prototype and exploratory prototypes-- Detailed design and implementation proposals for the research demonstrator at the “Das Fest”festival-- Large-scale architectural and construction conceptBOOKLET – Deadline: 27.02.2022Individual and group hand-in-- Documentation of the progress at the different phases based on template by DDFPER DEVELOPMENT PHASEDEVELOPMENT PHASE 01: Research on natural materials and digital fabrication techniques28.10.2021 - Individual presentation – 10 minutes05 DELIVERABLES-- Presentation on the results of the investigations (depending on the topic; e.g. data for comparativestudies on material properties, slides presenting advantages and current obstacles for theimplementation of the material or process in construction, current or historical architectural andconstruction application)Followed by group discussion on findings and relevance for further developmentsDEVELOPMENT PHASE 02: Exploratory prototyping02.12.2021 Group presentation (2-3 people) – 15 minutes-- Presentation (e.g. videos of prototype making, slideshows showing step-by-step development,pictures of tests showing progression, tables showing qualitative results of tests for comparison)-- Material samples, random findings and comparative studies (e.g. how different weaving patternsgive different stiffness to materials)-- Initial proposals for 1:1 prototype and related architectural and construction application accordingto prototyping iterations (e.g. sketches showing different directions)DEVELOPMENT PHASE 03: 1:1 prototype development and research demonstrator design20.01.2022 Group presentation (4-5 people) – 20 minutes-- 1:1 prototype (min. 1m x 1m)-- Detailed design of research demonstrator for Das Fest based on the architectural and constructionconcept developed in the prototype (site plan, sections, details, rendering, site logistics, assembly)DEVELOPMENT PHASE 04: Transfer to large-scale architectural and construction concepts03.02.2022 Group presentation (4-5 people) – 10 minutes-- Speculation on the underlying architectural design repertoire emerging from the proposedconstruction concepts (e.g. rendering, diagram)38DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker05 DELIVERABLES39
Seminar dates:Thursday, 10.00 am – 5.30 pmSeminar room:Studio room 134 - 1st floor - Building 20.40MonthKWWeekOctober4111.10 ‐17.104218.10 ‐24.1043November06 SCHEDULEDecemberJanuaryFebruary40DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker06 SCHEDULENr.DayStudio datesStudio phasesWe.13.10 Vorstellung LehrprogrammStudio presentation1Th.21.10 Intro25.10 ‐ 30.102Th.28.10 Presentation & workshop4325.10 ‐ 30.102Fr.‐Sa.29.10 ‐ 01.11 Excursion4401.11 ‐ 07.113Th.04.11 Desk crit & workshop4508.11 ‐ 14.114Th.11.11 Desk crit4615.11 ‐ 21.115Th.18.11 Desk crit4722.11 ‐ 28.116Th.25.11 Desk crit4829.11 ‐ 05.127Th.02.12 Mid‐Term4906.12 ‐ 12.128Th.09.12 Desk crit5013.12 ‐ 19.129Th.16.12 Desk crit210.01 ‐ 16.0111Th.13.01 Desk crit317.01 ‐ 23.0112Th.20.01 Presentation424.01 ‐ 30.0113Th.27.01 Desk crit531.01 ‐ 06.0214Th.03.02 Presentation607.02 ‐ 13.02714.02 ‐ 20.0216Th.17.02 Final presentation821.02 ‐ 27.0217Su.27.02 Booklet Hand‐inDevelopment phase 01:Research on natural materials anddigital fabrication techniquesDevelopment phase 02:Explorative prototypingDevelopment phase 03:1:1 prototype development andresearch demonstrator designDevelopment phase 04:Transfer to large‐scalearchitectural and constructionconceptsMagic WeekPresentation preparation41
ZURICH 29.10.2021ETH ZürichNEST - Next Evolution in Sustainable Building Technologies07 EXCURSIONSTUTTGART 30.10.2021ITKE - Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design University of StuttgartFibR GmbH42DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker07 EXCURSION43
Images01 ure02 http://www.zuostudio.com/en/news info.php?no 1203 -roots-at-cow-hollow-wood04 rfen-undkonstruieren/research - https://vimeo.com/35398980705 ?pID 8706 https://waag.org/en/project/hypermud07 https://www.mcarchitects.it/tecla-208 ure09 08 REFERENCES10 https://ssr.seas.harvard.edu/termes11 https://cskarchitects.co.uk/the-cork-house12 https://dfabhouse.ch/mesh mould/13 https://royaldanishacademy.com/case/rise14 -construction15 avilion-for-world-expo-shanghai-2010/16 els-china/17 https://www.mcarchitects.it/tecla-218 ?pID 8719 nt-3d-printing-clay/20 https://www.florarobotica.eu/?page id 2159844DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker08 REFERENCES45
ImagesQuotes21 nstitut/news/news-news/zukunftspreis-201622 014/23 king-an-impression-on-concrete24 https://www.eragatory.com/Bpro-exhibition-design25 -construction26 https://www.3dwasp.com/en/3d-printed-wall/27 https://www.3dwasp.com/en/3d-printed-wall/28 17/29 http://www.freiotto.com/Zelte.htmlBendixen, M., Best, J., Hackney, C., & Iversen, L. L. (2019). Time is running out for sand. Nature, 571(7763), Carra, G., Ilardi, S., Perkins, C., & Acharya, D. (2017). The Urban Bio-Loop. ARUP. /the-urban-bio-loop?utm source LinkedIn&utm medium Social&utmcampaign UrbanBioLoop&utm content C0000039Klep, M. (2015). Working Party on Resource Productivity and Waste: A policy study on the sustainable use ofconstruction materials. aydocumentpdf/?cote ENV/EPOC/WPRPW(2014)4/FINAL&docLanguage EnRademaker, M. (2021). Bauholz: Die Holzhamsterer sind los. Zeit. hausbau/komplettansichtSchwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. In Information Technology and Libraries. Penguin UK.30 ental-buildings/urban-microclimate-canopy/31 a-muac-mexico-city32 research-pavilion-2011/33 https://automatedarchitecture.io/hackney34 35 -gracia/36 TECH Thesis - Hybrid fibrous architecture - coreless filament winding for quotidian applications - Vanessa Costalonga,Sacha Cutajar, Christo van der Hoven37 https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv13xpsvw.39?seq 1#metadata info tab 9 html46DDF Professur Digital Design and Fabrication Master courses WS 21-22 Entwurf Hochbau Studio Digital Wicker08 REFERENCES47
Existing technologies repertoire Potential for industrialisation RHINO AND GRASSHOPPER TUTORIALS weeks 1 - 2 weeks 3 - 7 weeks 8 - 12 weeks 13 - 14 INVESTIGATION 01 Plant-based materials INVESTIGATION 02 Earth-based materials INVESTIGATION 03 Digital fabrication techniques INVESTIGATION 04 Historical references INVESTIGATION 05 Contemporary .
rattan and wicker furniture comes under same furniture category even then one can find a remarkable difference between both of them. Compare to bamboo poles. Rattans have strong core and even hard to break and also more durable. Now when we talk about wicker, wicker is not a material like rattan or cane or bamboo. Wicker is a
McNamee, Owner of the Marion Antique Shop, and Richard Saunders, Wicker Expert and Appraiser; for informing me of the wicker revival of the1970s and 1980s. Laura Richarz, SDSA Set Decorator, provided a wealth of knowledge on wicker used in the late 1960s and early 1970s. I also thank Ms. Richarz for discussing its use on the sets of films
2 Contents Page The Song Tree Introduction 3-7 Programme 1 Fly, golden eagle 8 Programme 2 Magic hummingbird 9 Programme 3 It’s hard to believe 10 Programme 4 Another ear of corn 11 Programme 5 The door to a secret world 12 Programme 6 Song of the kivas 13 Programme 7 Mighty Muy’ingwa 14 Programme 8 Heavenly rain 15 Programme 9 Rehearsal 16 Programme 10 Performance 17
2 Contents Page Music Workshop Introduction 3 Programme 1 Loki the Joker 7 Programme 2 Odin, Mighty World-Creator 8 Programme 3 Goblins a Go-Go! 9 Programme 4 Sing us a Saga 10 Programme 5 Thor on a journey 11 Programme 6 Apples of Iduna 12 Programme 7 Birds of the North 13 Programme 8 Rehearsal and Performance (1) 14 Programme 9 Rehearsal and Performance (2) 15 .
A complete methodology of our review is included as Appendix A. Allegations . AFS-800,and reviewed guidance together. The AFS-810 explained that guidance intent is for all Inspectors to complete formal . Letter to the Honorable Roger F. Wicker re: Boeing 737 Max .
Windings, wrappings or bindings on rattan, bamboo, or wicker furniture; h. Rattan, bamboo, wicker or other furniture intended for indoor use that is used outdoors; and i. Batteries and/or corrosion damage from batteries. 10. Stain or damage covered under any manufacturer's warranty, or under any homeowners, renters, insurance policy or sellers
Wool & Wicker Page 4 of 6 From Skacelknitting.com, watch for the newest additions to the Schoppel Zauberball sock yarn, a lace weight Lace Ball at 800m/100g, and a dk weight, Starke 6ply at 400m /150g. From same supplier, In Silk Roving 200m/100g, a merino/silk for spinning, or you can knit it, (sample doubled roving hat sample in
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