Introduction To Quantum Computing - Fuqua School Of Business
Introduction toQuantumComputingBY ALEX KHAN2021
Topics History of Computing What are classical computers made of? Moore’s Law (Is it ending?) High Performance computingQuantum Computing Quantum Computers Quantum Advantage The Qubit (Information in superposition) Information storage Different kinds of quantum computers Superconducting vs Ion Traps Annealing vs Universal/Gate quantum computers Comparative history of classical and quantum computers Roadmaps of quantum computing companies Possible Future of quantum computers Funding and revenue expectationsQuantum Use-Cases Quantum algorithms and their applications Security and post-quantum cryptography Molecule simulation Financial portfolio optimizationChallenges"486 Wafer" by byzantiumbooks is licensed under CC BY cd4-d75f-42d2-92cb-c89ea838a9c5
What are classical computers made of?3. Adder CircuitModel of first workingtransistor made in 19471. TransistorIntel 4040 chip inproduction in 19744. Full Circuit of the Intel4040 ChipIntel Core i7 Chip5. Circuit of the Intel Core i70 or 12. NOT Gate4-input NAND gateImage of Transistor: s/Millennium/capsule/mayo.html6. MotherboardNAND Gate: Dgarte - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0No copywrite infringement intended. All graphics belong to their respective owners and sources are indicated where known. This document is for internal educational purpose only and is not monetized.
Moore’s Law (Is it ore%27s Law Transistor Count 1971-2016.pngNo copywrite infringement intended. All graphics belong to their respective owners and sources are indicated where known. This document is for internal educational purpose only and is not monetized.
High Performance Computing (HPC)The Summit supercomputer at ORNL, designed by IBM and sistors/434460
Quantum Computing“Nature isn’t classical, dammit, and if youwant to make a simulation of nature, you’dbetter make it quantum mechanical, andby golly it’s a wonderful problem, becauseit doesn’t look so easy.” – Richard FeynmanPhoto of Richard Feynman, taken in 1984 in the woods of the Robert Treat Paine Estate in Waltham,MA, while he and the photographer worked at Thinking Machines Corporation on the design of theConnection Machine CM-1/CM-2 supercomputer.By Copyright Tamiko Thiel 1984 - OTRS communication from photographer, CC BY-SA d 44950603
Current Quantum ComputersIBM Quantum Computer Rigetti Quantum ComputerXanadu Quantum Computing Google Quantum AIGoogle Image Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNETIonQ Quantum ComputerD-Wave Quantum ComputerNote: Images belong to their respective corporations
Inside Current Quantum ComputersIBM Quantum Computer Rigetti Quantum ComputerXanadu Quantum Computing Google Quantum AIGoogle Images Credit: Stephen Shankland/CNETIonQ Quantum ComputerD-Wave Quantum ComputerNote: Images below to their respective corporations
Quantum Advantage Polynomial and Exponential speedup Theoretically can solve some NPproblems, and other harder problems. D-Wave and Google QuantumSupremacy examples Superposition, Parallelism, Entanglement,Hilbert -review/2
The Qubit (Information in Superposition)Somewhere from 0 to 1100% 050% 0 75% 0Result of measuring100 times100755025100% 150% 1 25% 101ȁ ۧ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒.States on the sphere are pure states, whileinside are mixed states or decohered states.0
Information Storage (Classical vs Quantum)Registersize (n)Classical register of n bits.Quantum register of n high quality qubits insuperposition.Can only store one value at a time.Can store the individual probability amplitudesof all possible values at any given time.11 (eg, 0 or 1)2 (p0 and p1) ( biased coin)21 (00, 01, 10 or 11)4 (p00, p01, p10 and p11) (4 sided biased dice)31 (000, 001, 010, or 111)8 (p000, p001, p010, and p111) (8 sided dice)161 out of possible 65,536 valuesAll 65,536 probability values321 4,294,967,296 ( base pairs in human genome)451 3.5𝑥1013 ( number of cells in a human body)641 1.8𝑥1019 ( number of grains of sand on Earth)1001 1.2𝑥1030 (number of bacteria on Earth)1671 1.8𝑥1050 ( the number atoms on Earth)p is the probability of that number
Different Kinds of Quantum ComputersElectron erconductingGoogleIBM QRigetti SystemsGateSuperconductingD-Wave (Canada)AnnealingTrapped Ions (Electron energy levels)IonQ (U of Maryland/Duke)Honeywell tors (Emulators)Many including IBM, Google, Microsoft, ATOS, BSi Si/Ge (undoped quantum Dots)Johannes Kepler University?Doped SiU of Melbourne and Keio U.?Nitrogen Vacancy center in Diamond(Energy Levels)QuTech/TUDelft (Netherlands)?Neutral AtomAnderson Group/University of Colorado?Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceStanford and other labs?Silicon Semiconductor Electron SpinIntel (Intel/QuTech/TuDelft)Molecule Energy Levels10Superconducting Circuits10Photons
Superconducting vs Ion TrapsSuper-conductingD-Wave 128 Qubit Processor15 millikelvinIon Trap12 ions squeezedinto an Ion TrapA quantum information processor with trapped ions, New J. Phys. 15 123012 (2013). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/12/123012 Figure 5National Institute of Standards and Technology - Planar Ion Trap; Magnesium IonsIBM Quantum ComputerIBM Zurich Lab Quantum ComputerPhotograph of a chip constructed by D-Wave Systems Inc., designed to operate as a 128-qubit superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor, mounted in a sample holder. D-Wave Systems, Inc. - D-Wave Systems, Inc.
Annealing vs Gate Quantum ComputingEnergy Landscape, minimizationCredit: Alba Cervera-Liertahttps://medium.com/@quantum wa/quantum-annealing-cdb129e96601Universal/Gate computers
Comparative History of Classicaland Quantum Computers
Roadmaps of Quantum Computing CompaniesCredit: g-quantum-computer-roadmapCredit: uantum-development-roadmap/
Possible Future of Quantum Computers
Funding for Quantum Computing
Quantum Computing Use-Cases Optimization using annealing or universalquantum computers Financial stock portfolio, fixed assetoptimization, traffic, medical, etc. Quantum cryptography, quantumNetwork and communication Quantum Machine Learning (and usingML to aid in error correction) Sensors and quantum devices (atomicclocks) Quantum chemistry and moleculesimulation (new medicines) Quantum Random Number Generation(QRNG) More being discovered each day
Quantum Algorithms and their ApplicationsQuantum AlgorithmUsesGrover’sSearch and has quantum advantageShor’sPeriod finding with quantum speedup (this isused to find factors and thus breaks RSAencryption)Quantum AnnealingFind solutions (minimum, maximum) ofoptimization problems. Quantum Speedupnot proven, though demonstrated.Harrow, Hassidim and Lloyd (HHL)Find solutions to a linear set of equationsQuantum Approximate OptimizationAlgorithm (QAOA)To help speedup finding solution tocombinatorial problemsVariational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE)Speed up the process of finding the minimumenergy states of moleculesQuadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization(QUBO)Finding energy minimum of optimizationproblems.
Security and Post Quantum CryptographyShor’s – Period finding – gate QCImpact of QC on Common Crypto Algorithms.From NISTIR 8105: Report on Post-QuantumCryptography, 2016.Reverse Multiplication - AnnealingPost Quantum CryptographyGrover Search, Siev and othersBB84, E92 using entangle qubitsCREDITS: (GRAPHIC) C. BICKEL/SCIENCE; (DATA) JIAN-WEI record-distanceNo copywrite infringement intended. All graphics belong to their respective owners and sources are indicated where known. This document is for internal educational purpose only and is not monetized.
Molecule Simulation – Gate (VQE)https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.05018
Molecule Simulation - les/34 Thurs AM OTI.pdf
Portfolio Optimization - 343786420 Portfolio Optimization of 60 Stocks Using Classical and Quantum Algorithms
Some of the challenges Low number of qubitsIsolating qubits and reducing noise from the environmentErrors in maintaining quantum state and controlling qubit rotationsNo-cloningLow number of gates before decoherenceData loading problemScaling the systems and adding RAMMeasurement destroys the quantum stateRequires multiple shots (measurements) to get probabilistic answerMost do not have fully connected qubits (Ion Traps are exception)Considerable technical, engineering, and scientific research neededSoftware and use-cases still need to be developedInformation cannot go faster than light (limitation on entanglement)
Questions
Topics History of Computing What are classical computers made of? Moore's Law (Is it ending?) High Performance computing Quantum Computing Quantum Computers Quantum Advantage The Qubit (Information in superposition) Information storage Different kinds of quantum computers Superconducting vs Ion Traps Annealing vs Universal/Gate quantum computers
1. Quantum bits In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit is the basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classical binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics.
Quantum computing with photons: introduction to the circuit model, the one-way quantum computer, and the fundamental principles of photonic experiments . quantum computing are presented and the quantum circuit model as well as measurement-based models of quantum computing are introduced. Furthermore, it is shown how these concepts can
Quantum computing is a subfield of quantum information science— including quantum networking, quantum sensing, and quantum simulation—which harnesses the ability to generate and use quantum bits, or qubits. Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems much more quickly t
Keywords—machine learning, quantum computing, deep learning, quantum machine intelligence I. INTRODUCTION There is currently considerable interest in quantum computing. In the U.S. in January 2019, the National Quantum Initiative Act authorized 1.2 billion investment over the next 5-10 years (Rep Smith, 2019). A quantum computing race is ongoing
According to the quantum model, an electron can be given a name with the use of quantum numbers. Four types of quantum numbers are used in this; Principle quantum number, n Angular momentum quantum number, I Magnetic quantum number, m l Spin quantum number, m s The principle quantum
Quantum effects - superposition, interference, and entanglement NISQ - Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum technology, often refers in the context of modern very noisy quantum computers QASM - Quantum Assembly used for programming quantum computers Quantum supremacy - demonstration of that a programmable quantum
the quantum operations which form basic building blocks of quantum circuits are known as quantum gates. Quantum algorithms typically describe a quantum circuit de ning the evolution of multiple qubits using basic quantum gates. Compiler Implications: This theoretical background guides the design of an e ective quantum compiler. Some of
down your commitment to practice jazz piano, tell it to others, and schedule in specific practice times. MONTH ONE: Jazz Piano 101 A. Chord types (Play each in all keys) 2 B. Quick Fix Voicing C. ETUDE: (Quick fix voicings with inversions for better voice leading) ALL MUSICAL EXAMPLES TAKEN FROM “JAZZ PIANO HANDBOOK” (ALFRED PUBLISHING) AND USED WITH PERMISSION MONTH TWO: Position .
