Manjunatha, N. K.; Hurakadli, S. M. Taluks Of Belagavi District A .
www.ssoar.infoA Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study onTaluks of Belagavi DistrictManjunatha, N. K.; Hurakadli, S. M.Veröffentlichungsversion / Published VersionZeitschriftenartikel / journal articleEmpfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation:Manjunatha, N. K., & Hurakadli, S. M. (2017). A Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study on Taluks of Belagavi District.International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 1(5), 1126-1131. 340-9Nutzungsbedingungen:Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licencezur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzenfinden Sie dppl/Terms of use:This document is made available under a Free Digital PeerPublishing Licence. For more Information ppl/
International Journal of Trend in ScientificResearch and Development (IJTSRD)International Open Access JournalISSN No: 2456 - 6470 www.ijtsrd.com Volume - 1 Issue – 5A Discourse on Gender Disparity:A Study on Taluks Of Belagavi DistrictManjunatha N KAssistant Professor and Research Scholar,Department of Geography, Rani ChannammaUniversity, Vidyasangama, PBNH-4,Belagavi-591156, Karnataka, IndiaDr.S M HurakadliProfessor and Chairman,Department of Geography, Rani ChannammaUniversity, Vidyasangama, PBNH-4,Belagavi-591156, Karnataka, IndiaABSTRACTThe modern period witnessed the increased genderdisparity reflected in sex-ratio, literacy and education,employment and wage-rates and several other (Nangia, 2005)Gender equality is morethan a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meetingthe challenges of reducing poverty, promotingsustainable development and building goodgovernance -Kofi Annan(Personal, Archive, Mahanta,& Nayak, 2013).The present paper examines theextent of gender disparity in Belagavi District basedon literacy and sex ratio using secondary data. Wefound that literacy rate in study area was 76.93 % in2001 which is increased to 82.90 % in 2011 and sexratio in the study area was 960 in 2001 which isincreased to 973 in 2011. There are wide disparitiesfrom Rural to Urban sex ratio as well as Rural toUrban literacy rate. The urban sex ratio is higher thanrural sex ratio in study area. The Rural sex ratio is 970and urban sex ratio is 979 females per thousand malesin the 2011. We found that in Belagavi district, thereis reduction in gender disparities from 2001 to 2011but the reduction rate is very slow.Keywords: Gender, Sex ratio, Literacy, Disparity,Rural, UrbanI.INTRODUCTIONBelagavi district is located in the north-western part ofthe Karnataka state (Fig. 1), nestling high in theWestern Ghats. It extends over an area of 13,379 Sq.Km which is 6.99 percent of the total geographicalarea of the state. The district is between 400-900 mabove mean sea level. It measures about 160 Km fromnorth to south and 80-130 Km from east to west. Thetotal population of Belagavi district is 47, 79,661 it isalmost equal to Singapore population. (Office of theRegistrar General and Census Commissioner, India,2011).The Average literacy rate of Belagavi district(73.48%) is lower than the average literacy rate ofKarnataka state literacy rate (75.60%)(“PrimaryCensus Abstract Total Table For India,” n.d.). Theaverage sex ratio of Belagavi district is 973femalesper 1000 males is almost equal to the sex ratio ofKarnataka state (973).Current study focused on talukwise gender disparities in literacy and sex ratio ofBelagavi district and study attempts to analyze talukwise gender disparities in literacy and sex ratio ofBelagavi District.II.OBJECTIVESThe main aim of this study is to analyze taluk wisegender disparities in literacy and sex ratio of Belagaviduring 2001 to 2011.III.STUDY AREAThe study area of this paper is a part of Karnataka.The region under study extends from 15 –23’ north to16 –58’ north latitudes and 74 –05’ east to75 –28’@ IJTSRD Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Volume – 1 Issue – 5 July-Aug 2017Page: 1126
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470east longitudes . The Belagavi district is divided in to10 taluks for administrative purposes viz., Athani,Belgaum, Chikodi, Gokak, Hukeri, Khanapur,Parasgad (Saundatii), Ramdurg, Raybag andSampgaon (Bailhongal). Belgavi district is borderedby Maharashtra state to in the North, Bagalkot districtin the East, Dharwad & and Uttar Kannada districts inthe South, Goa and Maharashtra state in the west.(Mr.Arun Nivrutti Chandore, n.d.)Belgaum with a totalpopulation of 47, 79,661 is the second most populousdistrict in the State and the district ranks first in termsof rural population and third in terms of urbanpopulation. The district with a sex ratio of 973 holds21st rank in the state, the same rank as in 2001Census. The district has a literacy rate of 73.5 percentand is placed at 16th rank in the state and the maleliteracy rate in the district is 82.2 percent and thefemale literacy rate is 64.6 percent. The male – femaleliteracy gap in the district is 17.6 percentage points,which is higher than themale – female literacy gapregistered by the state (14.4 percentagepoints).(Census of India 2011Karnataka, 2011)district, statistical abstracts of Belagavi and Karnatakastate and census of India 2001 and 2011. Othervarious sources of secondary data have been utilizedsuch as internet and books etc. Literacy rate has beencomputed for the population above 6 years. For themeasurement of male female disparity in literacy, theSopher's Disparity Index (1974) modified by Kunduand Rao (1983) has been employed. Moreover simplemathematical techniques are used to calculate thepercentages for sex ratio.The methodology comprisesthe preparation of Bar graphs for a more effectiverepresentation of the data.LOCATION MAP OF BELAGAVI DISTRICT ININDIA/KARNATAKAFORMULALiteracy rate is computed for the populationabove six years of age.𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒚 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 6 𝑎𝑔𝑒 1002} David Sopher’s Disparity Index: It is concernedwith male and female gap in literacy. David Sopher’sindex modified by Prof. Amitabh Kundu,and Rao in1983(Hajare& Ghurake, 2014).𝐷𝑀𝑆 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑋2200 𝑋1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋1200 𝑋2Where,X2 is more than X1. X2 is considered Male.X1 is considered FemaleRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONV.DISPARITYINBELAGAVI DISTRICTFigure 1.IV.LITERACYOFBelgavi district literacy rate in 2011 is 73.48% whereas in 2001 it is 61.4%,. The male–female disparitywas 0.235 in 2001, while 0.165 in 2011. Table 1showthat the literacy rate in the study area varied from aminimum of 66.36% in Ramdurg taluk to a maximumof 83.68% in Belagavi taluk of Belagavi district. Inthe study area the male literacy is 82.2% and forfemale it is 64.58% in 2011. It shows a wide gap of17.62% literacy from male to female.DATABASE AND METHODOLOGYThe present research work is based on secondary dataobtained from district census handbook of Belagavi@ IJTSRD Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Volume – 1 Issue – 5 July-Aug 2017Page: 1127
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470Table 1 Disparity of Literacy, 2001-2011SLNoName male61.47Disparityin 0.SavadattiBelagavi district totalFemale49.00DisparityOfLiteracy0.171Data sources: Calculated by using data taken from the 2001 and 2011Population Censuses.Chart 1: Disparity of male and Female Literacy in Belagavi DistrictDisparity of literacyDisparity of Male and Female Literacy in Belagavi District: 2001-20110.350.30.250.20.150.10.050Disparity in M/F Literacy2001Name of the TaluksData sources: calculated by using data taken from the population censusesTable 1 observed that minimum male literacy was inRaibag taluk 75.53% and maximum in Belagavi taluk89.63% in Belagavi district. There was observed thatthe minimum female literacy was 54.94% in Ramdurgtaluk to a maximum of 77.54% in Belagavi taluk. Itshows that there are wide disparities from the male–female literacy rates.As compared to 2001, disparity of literacy decreasedby 0.07 % in 2011, because of increased literacy rate.Highest disparity of male and female is observed inRamdurg Taluk (0.223) followed by Savadatti taluk(0.209), because of wide gap from male to femaleliteracy. Lower disparity of literacy in male andfemale observed in Belagavi taluk (0.108), because,Belagavi taluk of Belagavi district experiences highliteracy rate of both in male and female.VI.DISPARITY INBELAGAVIDISTRICTSEXRATIOOFSex ratio is one of the important demographic factorsthat indicate the status of women in a particularsociety. A social system with higher sex ratio itself@ IJTSRD Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Volume – 1 Issue – 5 July-Aug 2017Page: 1128
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470shows the higher status of women (Melorose, Perroy,&Careas, 2015).Table no 2 shows that, in Belagavidistrict themaximum sex ratio arehighest in Hukkeri taluk (991)andlowest in Athani (958) and Raibag taluk (958)respectively. The sex ratio of the districtin 2011 is 973females per thousand malesare almost equal to the sexratio of Karnataka state (973). Sex ratios of the taluksare presented in table -2 and it is clear from the tablethat there is also continuously increase in sex ratio inlast two decade.According to 2001 census the maximum sex ratio isrecorded in Khanapur taluk (989), while, minimumsex ratio is recorded in Athani taluk (949). Similarlythere are wide disparities from Rural to Urban sexratio. The rural sex ratio in 2001 it is recordedmaximum in Khanapur taluk (995) and minimum inRaibag taluk (946). The urban sex ratio in 2001 it isrecorded highest in Ramdurg taluk (981) andminimum in Raibag taluk (923).Table 2 Sex Ratios in Rural and Urban Taluks of Belagavi District, 2001 and 2011SLno12TalukSex Ratio 2001Total Rural Urban949948967969975977Sex Ratio 2011Total 9711002Belagavi district960964950973970979totalSource: calculated by using data taken from the Census of India 2001 and provisional Population Tables 2011Chart 2 Disparity in Rural and Urban sex ratio of Belagavi District 2001-2011Disparity of sex ratioDisparity in Rural and Urban sex ratio of Belagavi District 2001- 201110501000950900850Total sex ratio-2001RuralUrbanTotal sex ratio 2011RuralTaluksUrbanSource: calculated by using data taken from the Census of India 2001 and provisional Population Tables 2011@ IJTSRD Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Volume – 1 Issue – 5 July-Aug 2017Page: 1129
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470According to 2011 census the maximum sex ratio is recorded in Hukkeri taluk (991), while, minimum sex ratiois recorded in Athanitaluk (958). The rural sex ratio in 2011 it is recorded maximum in Hukkerirtaluk (991) andminimum in Athanitaluk (955). The urban sex ratio in 2011 it is recorded highest in Ramdurgtaluk (1006) andminimum in Raibagtaluk (961).The urban sex ratio shows positive change inBailhongal(1005),Ramdurg (1006) and Savadatti(1002).Thepositive improvement in sex ratio is actually an indication of a decrease in female foeticide in urban taluks.VII.GENDER DISPARITY IN PRIMARY SCHOOLWith regard to educational indicators in primary, secondary and tertiary level rural India is lagging behindurban India. The Right to Education Act (RTE) passed in August 2009 has committed the Government of Indiato the provision of free and compulsory education to all Indian children(Das & Pathak, 2012).Table 3: Net attendance rate- Lower primary School and Higher primary School 2012-13SL noName ofthe talukLower primary SchoolBoys % ofGirls % ofTotal % ofattendance attendance 97.6297.0077.1077.6874.86Higher primary SchoolBoys % ofGirls % ofTotal %attendance attendance bag98.74100.009.Ramdurg97.6597.8210. Savadatti97.3397.14Belagavi district77.9476.57totalData source: calculated by using data taken from the Belgaum district at glance 0097.0076.88Chart 3: Net attendance rate- Lower primary School 2012-13Attendance in %Net attendance rate of Lower primary School 2012-201310510095908580Boys % ofattendanceGirls % ofattendanceSource: calculated by using data taken from the Belgaum district at glance 2012-13@ IJTSRD Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Volume – 1 Issue – 5 July-Aug 2017Page: 1130
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470Chart 4: Net attendance rate- Higher primary School 2012-13Attendance in %Net attendance rate- Higher primary School 2012-2013150100500Boys % of attendanceGirls % of attendanceSource: Calculated by using data taken from the Belgaum district at glance 2012-13Attendance of students mainly in primary schools isvery important for acquiring knowledge and learningskills. The attendance has significantly improved afterthe Mid-Day meal programmes introduced bygovernment of Karnataka(Secretaries & Delhi,n.d.).Table no 3 shows that the primary school netattendance ratios for the 2012 and 2013 school years.Belagavi districts net attendance rate in lower primaryschools is 74.86% while Boys attendance ratio is77.10 % and Girls attendance ratio is 77.68%.Attendance of girls is more than boy’s attendanceratio.The net attendance rate in higher primaryschools is 76.88% while Boys attendance ratio is77.94% and Girls attendance ratio is 76.57%.Attendance of girls is less than boy’s attendance ratio.The girl’s attendance of lower primary school is lowin Raibag taluk; interestingly Raibag taluk achieves100% attendance in higher primary school during2012 and 2013. Similarly the girl’s attendance ofhigher primary school is low in Gokak taluk (74.01%)and high in Raibag taluk (100%). Some studies citedthe reasons for the low attendance rate are familialcommitment, migration, climate induced disasters,famine and poverty led the girl children to abandonschools.CONCLUSIONThe spatial variation of literacy in Belagavi districtshows a wide gap of 17.62% literacy from male tofemale. The minimum male literacy is in Raibag taluk75.53% and maximum in Belagavi taluk 89.63%.There was observed that the minimum female literacywas 54.94% in Ramdurg taluk to a maximum of77.54% in Belagavi taluk. It shows that there are widedisparities from the male–female literacy rates. It is,however, encouraging to note that sex disparity inliteracy in the district has been gradually decreasingduring the last decades. This is the indicative ofincreasing spread of female education in differenttaluks of Belagavi district. Further studies of disparityin literacy and sex ratio are under progress in ourresearch work.REFERENCE1) Census of India 2011 Karnataka. (2011). Districtcensus handbook Belgaum (series-30 ).Directorate Of Census Operations Karnataka.2) Das, D., & Pathak, M. (2012). The GrowingRural-Urban Disparity in India : Some Issues.International Journalof Advancements in Researchand Technology, 1(5), 1–7.3) Hajare, R. V, & Ghurake, B. B. (2014). R e g i o nalDisparitiesinLiteracyofKolhap u r D i s t r i c t, (March), 269–278.4) Melorose, J., Perroy, R., & Careas, S. (2015). NoTitle No Title. Statewide Agricultural Land O9781107415324.0045) MR. ARUN NIVRUTTI CHANDORE. (n.d.).Floristic Studies on Monocotyledons of BelgaumDistrict, 2010.6) Nangia, S. (2005). Women ’ s Empowerment andGender Equity for XXV IUSSP InternationalPopulation Conference, (July), 18–23.7) Office of the Registrar General and CensusCommissioner, India. (2011). Census racy.php8) Personal, M., Archive, R., Mahanta, B., & Nayak,P. (2013). Mp r a, (43846).9) Primary Census Abstract Total Table For India.(n.d.).10) Secretaries, S. E., & Delhi, N. (n.d.). Mid DayMeal Scheme. Assessment.@ IJTSRD Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com Volume – 1 Issue – 5 July-Aug 2017Page: 1131
University, Vidyasangama, PBNH-4, Belagavi-591156, Karnataka, India Dr.S M Hurakadli Professor and Chairman, Department of Geography, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, PBNH-4, Belagavi-591156, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT The modern period witnessed the increased gender disparity reflected in sex-ratio, literacy and education, .
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