CHAPTER C5 - California Department Of Transportation

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CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-1CHAPTER C5TABLE OF CONTENTSC5.00IntroductionSection 1Unpaved ShouldersC5.01C5.02GeneralPolicySection 2FencesC5.03C5.04C5.05C5.06C5.07GeneralPolicyTypes of FencesMaintenance of FencesRepairing Chain Link FenceSection 3Drainage and Miscellaneous FacilitiesC5.08C5.09C5.10GeneralApplicable LawInspectionsC5.10.1C5.10.2Inspections by District Maintenance SupervisorsInspections by District Culvert Inspection C5.18Ditches and GuttersDrainage Channels and ShorelinesUnder Drains, Horizontal Drains and Down DrainsEdge DrainsStructure Drainage SystemsMinimum Thickness of CoverJacking and Boring PipeC5.11.1C5.11.2Record of Culvert PerformanceCulvert Installation

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-2C5.19C5.20C5.21C5.22C5.23C5.24C5.25Private Irrigation FacilitiesEntry upon Private PropertyMaintenance of Over Side Drains and Slope DitchesUnder DrainsHorizontal DrainsDry FordsBank and Slope ProtectionSection 4Other Roadside .33C5.34C5.35GeneralBenchesCurbs and Curbed IslandsSidewalksCurb and Sidewalk RepairDebris BarriersRetaining Walls and CribsGraffiti RemovalDisposal of Waste MaterialNon-Motorized .6Bank ProtectionTraining SystemsTetrahedronsJackstrawsFence Type ProtectionControl of Ditch Erosion

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014C5.00Page C5-3IntroductionThis chapter is divided into four sections:Section 1:Section 2:Section 3:Section 4:Unpaved ShouldersFencesDrainage and Miscellaneous FacilitiesOther Roadside AppurtenancesSome of the topics included in this chapter are discussed elsewhere in this manual. For example,Section I builds on the information included in Chapters A and B. Where appropriate, there willbe references to other chapters.Section 1: Unpaved ShouldersC5.01GeneralUnpaved shoulders are that portion of the right of way bordering the traveled way, and may beconstructed either of native or imported material. Unpaved shoulders may be adjacent to insideor outside lanes, and provide the same function as paved shoulders. Unpaved shoulders mayeither be part of the original design of the highway, or may have come into existence throughusage.Shoulders should slope away from the pavement at a 5 percent gradient, except on the outside ofsuper-elevated curves or other special sections. Replace native material with imported materialwhere maintaining lateral support of pavement edges is a recurring problem.Where native material is unsatisfactory and is being replaced, refer to the Standard SpecificationPlans (SSP) 19-7.02 for shoulder backing material.C5.02Policy(A) Type and Frequency of MaintenanceThe maintenance measures to be taken and the frequency of their use should largely bedetermined by the amount of traffic, general pavement condition, time of year, and thestructural materials. Diked sections of shoulders require less frequent unpavedshoulder maintenance.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-4(B) Lateral SupportLateral support of the pavement edge is an important maintenance consideration forprotection of pavement integrity. When the support has diminished to approximatelyone-half the pavement thickness it should be scheduled for repair. Loss of lateralsupport is more critical for narrow paved shoulders than for wider shoulders due todistribution of loads relative to the edge of the pavement.(C) Unsurfaced AreasThe above requirements for lateral support also apply to unsurfaced areas abutting thetraveled way or paved shoulders. In addition, these unsurfaced areas should berelatively free of ruts and properly sloped. This ensures adequate drainage andprovides room for disabled vehicles.Shoulder blading is not a satisfactory method of vegetation control. Excessive bladingcan cause undesirable air and water quality problems.(D) Safety ConsiderationsShoulder operations should be conducted only on one side of the highway at a time.Refer to the appropriate Maintenance Codes of Safe Operating Practices.Loss of lateral support greater than two inches may adversely affect an errant vehicle’sability to return safely to the travelway.(E) Need for DrainageDrainage should be maintained to eliminate ponding near the edge of shoulder.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESSept 2015Page C5-5Section 2: FencesC5.03GeneralFences are divided into two categories:(A) Departmental FencesFences for freeway and expressway access control are Departmental fences commonlyplaced immediately inside the right of way to help identify the acquired access rights orright of way lines. Departmental fences are not intended to serve as a complete physicalbarrier. Departmental fences are owned and maintained by the Department.(i) Median FencesMedian fences are Departmental fences constructed to help prevent indiscriminatecrossings of the median by vehicles or pedestrians. These fences are a subset offreeway and expressway access control fences.(B) Private FencesPrivate fences located outside the Caltrans right of way are owned and maintained by theadjacent property owners and only serves the property owners’ needs. The adjacentproperty owners must assume responsibility for the construction and maintenance of anyfencing or other facilities necessary to contain their personal property.C5.04PolicyFences constructed by the Department serve the purpose of either establishing control of access orproviding a visual demarcation.Where the purpose of the fence is access control, installation is intended to establish that access isrestricted; such fencing is not intended to serve as a complete physical barrier. Departmental fencesshould be maintained in such a manner that they serve their intended purpose.If contacted regarding maintenance of Departmental fences, and livestock is on the adjacent propertywithout private property containment fencing, notify the property owner that they need to erect afence to contain their livestock. Provide the property owner with a Private Fence on AdjacentProperty Notification letter (Form MTCE-0022) and send a copy to the district claims officer fordocumentation.Owners of private property fences should be promptly notified when their fences are in need ofrepair in order to protect the highway user. A copy of the written notification shall be sent to thedistrict claims officer for documentation.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESSept 2015C5.05Page C5-6Types of FencesThe following are the standard fences used by Caltrans Maintenance:(A) Type BW: Five strands of barbed wire on either wood or metal posts.(B) Type WM: Wire Mesh with three strands of barbed wire at the top, on wood or metalposts.(C) Type CL4: Chain Link fencing 48 inches high on metal posts.(D) Type CL6: Chain Link fencing 72 inches high on metal posts.Type BW or WM fencing are normally used in rural areas. However, either BW or WM fencingmay be placed in urban areas where natural barriers or other conditions are such that this fencingwill afford the same access protection as chain link fencing.Chain Link fences (Type CL) are generally used in urban or developed areas. Chain Link fencesalong the right of way line and in the outer separation shall be six (6) feet high.Exceptions to the 6-foot height will be allowed along the right of way where isolatedimprovements exist, and a lower fence will be in keeping with the height of adjacent propertyfences. At these locations, the four (4) foot chain link fence may be installed.When required, a 4-foot high Chain Link fence, raised 6 inches off the ground may be used in amedian.C5.06Maintenance of FencesDepartmental fences shall be maintained by the Department. Private fences are maintained bythe adjacent owner(s). It may be necessary to check the Superintendent's copy of "As Built"plans, maintenance agreements, right of way agreements, or contact district survey and right ofway office to establish the location and ownership of fences. The Caltrans Permits office mayalso be a source in determining the location of property fence lines.C5.07Repairing Chain Link FenceThe standard for chain link mesh can be found in Standard Specification Section 80.New fencing material may be joined or spliced with an existing fence by inserting a seven-gaugetension wire of sufficient length through the alternate meshes vertically. This method may beused in joining fencing having either right to left, right to right, or left to left mesh, or of adifferent number of meshes to the height.When joining fencing having an unequal number of meshes per height, it will be necessary to cutthe wire in one diamond at a point where the wires will not mesh.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-7Section 3: Drainage and Miscellaneous FacilitiesC5.08GeneralThis chapter covers the repair, replacement and cleaning of ditches, culverts, under drains, downdrains, horizontal drains, headwalls, debris racks, bank and shore protection and miscellaneousdrainage features. Also included are sections on drift removal, bench cleaning, slide removal, fillslope replacement, repairs or replacement of retaining walls, sidewalks and curbs, bins, cattleguards and other minor structures.C5.09Applicable LawThe following code sections apply to drainage:(A) Damage to Highway by Water 588 Penal Code: 725 Streets and Highway Code.(B) Drainage or Impounding of Water, 725 - 729 Streets and Highway Code.(C) Water, 725 - 727 Streets and Highway Code.C5.10InspectionsInspections and monitoring required by the Facilities Pollution Prevention Plan (FPPP), theMaintenance Activities Pollution Prevention Plan (MAPPP), and corresponding correctiveactions taken as a result of the implementation of these plans are covered in Chapter “F” of thismanual. Also, see the Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbook – Maintenance Staff Guide.C5.10.1Inspections by District Maintenance SupervisorsVisual, surface level inspections of drainage facilities shall be made by District MaintenanceSupervisors to identify obvious defects, hazards or potential problems, and also to monitorknown problems. These inspections should be made annually and during and after each majorstorm. The purpose of these inspections is to supplement the more detailed, but less frequent,inspections by the District Culvert Inspection Program (for those districts that have thisprogram).

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-8When major defects or hazards are found, they shall be immediately reported to the DistrictCulvert Inspection Program or Maintenance Engineer. If an emergency condition exists,appropriate action shall be taken as soon as possible to ensure the safety of the traveling publicand to prevent further damage from occurring, including restricting traffic on the roadway orclosing it completely, installing temporary drainage or support systems, making temporaryrepairs, etc.C5.10.2Inspections by District Culvert Inspection ProgramEvery district has a Culvert Inspection Program, coordinated by Headquarters. The DistrictCulvert Inspection Program accomplishes the following: Identifies and establishes a statewide inventory of all drainage facilities, including sitelocation, design information, and deficiencies, which is used to establish the statewideinventory. Thoroughly evaluates condition and identifies deficiencies at early stages wherecorrective maintenance strategies will be effective, or prevent failure from occurring,which has worker and public safety impacts. The strategy and frequency for inspections will rely on a priority system based on routeclassification, Average Daily Traffic, culvert age and size, material type, and siteconditions. Initiates a process for commencing corrective maintenance projects and regularprogramming of rehabilitation and replacement culvert projects to avoid futurecatastrophic culvert failure. This process is similar to the inspection, repair, andrehabilitation process for the highway system bridges, whereby the inspection process isthe precursor of all bridgework, effectively preventing bridge failure. Improves the understanding of the mechanisms leading to culvert failure, and willpotentially lead to changes in design specifications, construction methods, and/ormaterials for improved culvert performance. Improves workforce expertise and ability for quick response to emergency situationsinvolving culverts.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-9Inspections may be performed by visual, “walk-through” inspections for larger culverts, or bythe use of remote video inspection equipment for smaller culverts or culverts with limitedaccessibility. Ideal inspection teams consist of at least one engineer and one field Maintenanceworker qualified to operate and maintain the remote video inspection equipment. Additionalteam members may be required for confined space or other safety requirements. See AppendixB of the Code of Safe Operating Practices for confined space entry procedures.C5.11CulvertsCulverts are defined as closed conduits that allow water to pass and are generally reinforcedconcrete boxes, individual pipes, or groups of pipes with openings measured along the centerlineof roadway of 20 feet and less. The criterion which that distinguishes a culvert from a bridge isfound in section H.05 of this manual. Culverts should be kept open and in a state of good repair.Damage that impairs the structural integrity of the culvert should be repaired immediately.Culverts should be cleaned of sediments when they are no longer able to function properly. SeeChapter “F” of this manual for additional storm water cleaning requirements.Channels should have sufficient depth and grade to ensure drainage to and from culverts, fromthe roadway, and from other roadside areas. Scoured areas that potentially compromise thestructural integrity of the culvert or pavement should be corrected. Drainage grates should bemaintained free of debris.C5.11.1Culvert Inspections by District Maintenance SupervisorsThe following duties should be performed by District Maintenance Supervisors. Performancedata in regard to the more important culverts should be recorded after major storms and whileevidence of flood stage elevations are clearly observable. The height of drift above invert nearthe outlet and inlet of the culvert should be noted after the storm. The condition of the culvertshould be checked as soon after the storm as possible noting abrasion, pitting, rust, rivets,spalling, exposed reinforcing, cracks, joint openings, drift and detritus in barrel. Scour anderosion should be noted at both inlets and outlets. Erosion of channel banks downstream shouldbe observed. Erosion and undercutting of slope protection near a culvert should be noted.In addition, each District Culvert Inspection Program should update and maintain a database thatincludes inventory, condition, and recommended repair strategies for any deficiencies. Thisdatabase shall be maintained in close coordination with Headquarters.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014C5.11.2Page C5-10Culvert InstallationCulverts shall be installed as set forth in the appropriate sections of the Standard Specificationsand Standard Plans. A geotechnical investigation is warranted when significant perforationsexist, if there is loss of soil around the pipe, or if there are slope failures or depressions apparentabove the pipe,Where traffic or other conditions warrant, half width construction may be permitted. Ifconditions do not permit open trench construction, it may be necessary to jack pipe through theembankment.If the inverts of metal pipe installations are worn to the extent requiring repair or replacement,consider the following courses of action (It is recommended to consult with the MaintenanceEngineer or district hydraulic section prior to altering any culvert material type or size):(A) If the remainder of the barrel is in good condition the pipe may be relined with meshreinforced concrete.(B) Insert and seal a smaller diameter pipe inside the original pipe if hydraulic requirementspermit.(C) If the existing culvert appears to be inadequate, replacement with large pipe should bereferred to district hydraulic section (Maintenance Engineer may assist). There arenumerous issues that could involve right-of-way, increased flows, erosion, or otheraspects, which should be studied before a culvert is increased in size.C5.12Ditches and GuttersDitches and gutters should be inspected periodically and maintained to permit free flow. Linedditches and gutters should be sealed or repaired to maintain structural integrity.C5.13Drainage Channels and ShorelinesHighway facilities are susceptible to damage from heavy flows of water, and protective devicesare provided for many facilities such as riprap, slope paving, gabions, walls, vegetation or otherdevices. It is essential that these devices be maintained to ensure proper function. Refer to theBank and Shore Protection section of the Highway Design Manual for further information.Protective devices near water channels and shorelines should be checked periodically to detectconditions that may cause scour, undermining, washout, or other damage to the highway or

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-11facilities by water or wave action. Deficiencies that endanger highway facilities should berepaired promptly. Temporary repairs often are necessary until permanent repairs can bescheduled. Consult the District Hydraulics Unit for assistance with repairs that requiresignificant effort.Repair or correction of deficiencies not having an immediate effect on the structural integrity ofhighway facilities should be coordinated with routine maintenance operations. Work in channelsshould be coordinated with the local offices of State and federal regulatory agencies.C5.14Under Drains, Horizontal Drains and Down DrainsUnder drains (including underground groundwater relief systems, horizontal drains-cut slopegroundwater drains, and down drains), surface drainage conduits, and accompanying collectorsystems should be inspected once a year and cleaned or repaired as necessary to ensure free flow.Surface water should not be permitted to discharge into an under drain.C5.15Edge DrainsProperly installed and maintained pavement edge drains can help ensure long pavement life.Edge drains should be inspected early in the winter season to assure that they are functioning.Inspect during or shortly after a rainstorm to observe the flow. If a drain appears to be clogged,it may be checked with a "snake" and cleaned by water jet equipment if necessary. Clean outshave been installed for this purpose. See Chapter ”F” of this manual for any storm water relatedrestrictions to cleaning.Inspections make sure the wire mesh cover at the end of clean outs and outlets are not damaged.Damaged mesh might allow access to rodents who can build nests in these drains and block flowof sub-surface water.C5.16Structure Drainage SystemsBridge drainage systems should be inspected annually prior to the rainy season, and cleanedwhere necessary. These systems should be observed during storms to ensure proper functioning.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014C5.17Page C5-12Minimum Thickness of CoverThe table below provides the minimum thickness of cover measured at the edge of travel wayrequired for design purposes over pipes and pipe arches. For construction purposes, a minimumcover of six (6) inches greater than the thickness of the structural cross section is desirable for alltypes of pipes.Where cover heights above culverts are less than the values shown in the table below, stressreducing slab details available from Headquarters Design drainage detail library using thefollowing web address may be used: y.phpWhere cover heights are less than the values shown in the stress reducing slab details, contact theOffice of State Highway Drainage Design or the Underground Structures Branch of DES –Structure Design.Class 4 concrete backfill may be used for culverts where it is necessary to have less than two (2)feet of cover below the top of a flexible pavement. A minimum of six (6) inches of concretebackfill should be used on each side of culverts up to 42 inches in diameter; and, a minimum ofone (1) foot of concrete backfill should be used on each side of culverts over 42 inches indiameter.Figure C5-1: Minimum Thickness of Cover for CulvertsSurface TypeFlexiblepavements orunpavedRigidPavementsCorrugatedmetal pipesand pipearchesDiameter orspan/5 Or 2 ft.minimumDiameter orspan/5 Or 1.2ft. minimumMinimum Thickness of CoverStructuralReinforcedPlastic Pipesplate pipesconcreteand pipepipesarchesDiameter or2 ft.2 ft.span/8 Or 2 ft. minimumminimumminimumDiameter or1 ft.1 ft.span/8 Or 1.2minimumminimumft. minimumCast-in-Placeconcrete pipesStructural Sectionplus 2 ft.Structural Sectionplus 2 ft.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014C5.18Page C5-13Jacking and Boring PipeReinforced concrete pipe (RCP) and welded steel pipe may be installed by jacking or boringthrough the embankment / fill. There are also specialty pipe types that are useful for jacking, andapproval for use of specialty pipes can be obtained from the Headquarters Hydraulic Engineer.Usually, pipe that is 30 to 60 inches in diameter is the size for installation by jacking. As thejacking operation progresses, material is hand excavated, or sluiced from inside the pipe.Pipe smaller than 36 inches in diameter may be installed in a similar manner by boring. In thiscase, material is excavated from inside the pipe with a mechanical earth auger.Obstructions in the fill such as boulders, rocks or utility lines may make this method impractical.C5.19Private Irrigation FacilitiesWhere cross pipes or siphons are installed for the purpose of conveying irrigation water,maintenance of the installation may be the responsibility of the abutting property owners orothers. Check right of way contracts and encroachment permits for conditions regarding suchculvert installations to determine Maintenance responsibility. Note any instances of illicitconnections or illegal discharges as outlined in Chapter ”F” of this manual.C5.20Entry Upon Private PropertyConditions may require that employees enter upon private property to maintain and repairdrainage culverts or other structures or appurtenances within the State highway right of way.A legal opinion on this subject states that except in cases of emergency, "Before entering uponprivate property to maintain or repair culverts, or other structures, or appurtenances, employeesshould obtain the property owner's consent whenever practical, and in no event shouldemployees ever enter private property after an owner thereof has expressed opposition to suchentry."If entry is denied but is necessary, contact the Deputy District Director, Maintenance. He or shemay determine that legal assistance is necessary.Consent to enter upon private land may be obtained by a simple document such as the following:

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-14Figure C5-2: Right of Entry RequestDate -------I hereby grant permission to the State of California and its authorizedemployees to enter upon only so much of my property as may benecessary to maintain and repair drainage culverts, or other structures orappurtenances, located within the highway right-of-way.This permission shall continue in effect until revoked by me or mysuccessors.(Signature)C5.21Maintenance of Over Side Drains and Slope DitchesPipe or flume down drains, paved spillways, and slope ditches are provided to convey waterfrom the embankment or slope.Structures of this type should be maintained intact, and in the case of metal assemblies,maintained in tight contact with shoulder surfacing, side ditch lining, and dike paving. Ifembankment settlement occurs, restore to grade, and re-establish down drains or spillway, sideditch and dike.Fill and seal cracks around inlets of down drains and seal paved spillways to prevent seepage ofwater into embankment areas.If RSP is provided at the end of down drains or paved spillways, they should also be inspectedand repaired if needed.C5.22Under DrainsUnder drains serve to intercept ground water before it reaches the sub-grade. Perforated pipesthat may be steel, aluminum, plastic, galvanized corrugated metal or tile are used for thispurpose.Local conditions will determine whether the installation should be along the shoulder line or toeof slope or a herringbone system under the traveled way.The minimum diameter of pipe to be used is six (6) inches. Place perforated metal pipe withperforations down. Invert grade of pipe should be at least three (3) feet below surface. A grade

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-15of at least 0.5 percent should be used if possible; however, if this slope is unobtainable grades of0.20 percent for laterals, and 0.25 percent for mains may be established.Refer to Standard Specifications and Standard Plan D102 for methods of placing pipe, filtermaterial and grading of filter material. Stabilize soft or mucky trench bottoms by tamping instraw or add sufficient granular material to stiffen the muck.Surface drainage should not be permitted to discharge into an under drain. Clean outlets ofunder drains to maintain flow of water.C5.23Horizontal DrainsSubsurface water is frequently a primary cause of landslides or slip outs that may close or impairthe use of the road. Landslides can sometimes be prevented or controlled through installation ofhorizontal drains, by themselves or in combination with other treatment.Horizontal drains consist of perforated metal pipes or PVC pipes (see Standard Specifications,Section 68-2) installed in holes drilled on a slight gradient into fill, cut or natural slopes.Perforated two (2) inch iron pipe is normally used for casing. It is usually necessary to provide asuitable collection system to remove the intercepted water from the area.Horizontal drains will lose their effectiveness unless properly maintained. The drains requireperiodic cleaning, and the collection system must be kept in repair. The Caltrans TransportationLaboratory (Translab) can recondition horizontal drains. Translab will also perform conditionsurveys on request.C5.24Dry FordsStream fords may be provided on minor highways at watercourses subject to flash floods.Culverts carry the normal flow and paved dips with cutoff walls or slope paving on either sidecarry the overflow. Keep culverts clean and dip surfacing intact and sealed. Repair and supportundercut walls or slope paving.C5.25Bank and Slope ProtectionProtective measures may be required where a stream flow or wave action endangers highwayembankments or structures and even private property. Erosion may be controlled through avariety of methods, as provided in this section. The SM&I ABME should be notified anytimeerosion affecting a bridge is found.

CHAPTER C5DRAINAGE FACILITIES, FENCES, AND ROADSIDE APPURTENANCESJuly 2014Page C5-16The type of protection should be chosen so as to maintain the location and natural roughness ofthe bank, making optimum use of local material. The velocity of flow and direction of currentsare very critical factors in selecting the material. Consult with district hydraulic section forassistance in selecting the appropriate type and location and depth of placement for the bank orslope protection.During emergencies, rock may be deposited along the bank for erosion control. Sandbags andweighted canvas or plastic sheets may also be used. Dumping tree trunks or stumps along a bankto control erosion is not advised, since this material may float out on subsequent storms andendanger downstream bridges or structures. Planting willows along an overflow bank may aid incontrolling erosion by reducing the velocity of flow, but the possibility of the willows beingscoured out and becoming damaging drift should be considered.Dikes may be constructed to direct water away from a fill or bridge abutment, but may causeerosion of private property. Dikes or other obstructions that cause abrupt change in currentshould be avoided.If bank or slope protection or stream control devices extend beyond the right of way, right ofentry should be obtained before making repairs. See Section C5.20: Entry Upon PrivateProperty.Bank and slope protection devices are generally broken down into two categories: armorprotection and training systems.C5.25.1Bank ProtectionArmor protection, which includes rock slope protection, PCC grouted rock slope protection,concrete slope paving, sacked concrete slope protection, fabric formed slope protection, andgabions is the artificial surfacing of bend, banks, shore or embankment to resist erosion or scour.These devices may be flexible or rigid. A discussion of some of the common types of armorprotection follows; see Highway Design Manual, Section 873.3 for specific details.(A) Rock Slope Protection (RSP) or RiprapRock slope protection is flexible, easily repaired and has the ability to resist heavy impactfrom drift and debris. The toe should be below depth of scour. The size of rock shouldbe based on the velocity of flow and depth of scour. Refer to Standard Specifications forsize and quality and to the report “California Bank and Shore Rock Slope ProtectionDesign – Practitioner’s Guide and Field Evaluations of Riprap Methods” for design andmethod of placement.The report

(A) Type BW: Five strands of barbed wire on either wood or metal posts. (B) Type WM: Wire Mesh with three strands of barbed wire at the top, on wood or metal posts. (C) Type CL4: Chain Link fencing 48 inches high on metal posts. (D) Type CL6: Chain Link fencing 72 inches high on metal posts. Type BW or WM fencing are normally used in rural areas.

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