Boreal Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus - British Columbia
Boreal Caribou (Rangifer tarandus)in British Columbia: 2017 Science ReviewMarch 20, 2017Prepared by:Diane E. CullingDiversified Environmental ServicesandDeborah B. CichowskiCaribou Ecological ConsultingPrepared for:B.C. Oil and Gas Research Innovation Society, Victoria, B.C.
AcknowledgementsFunding for this science review was provided by the BC Oil and GasResearch and Innovation Society (OGRIS). Direction was provided byMegan Watters and Chris Ritchie of Ministry of Forests, Lands andNatural Resource Operations (MFLNRO) and Steve Wilson (EcoLogicResearch). Megan Watters, Chris Ritchie, Steve Wilson, Chris Pasztor(Ministry of Natural Gas Development; MNGD), Howard Madill (OGC),Gary Sargent (CAPP), and Scott Grindal (ConocoPhillips) providedhelpful review comments.Brad Culling, Helen Schwantje, Bryan Macbeth, John and Rachel Cook,Kathy Parker, Kristin Denryter, Craig DeMars, Nic Larter, Danny Allaire,Allicia Kelley, Karl Cox, Rob Serrouya, Susan Leech, Jeremy Fitzpatrick,Paula Bentham, and Sonja Leverkus shared their knowledge. BrianThomson (OGRIS) administered the contract on behalf of the BC BorealCaribou Research and Effectiveness Monitoring Board.Cover photograph:Diane & Brad CullingRecommended citation:Culling, D.E., and D.B. Cichowski. 2017. Boreal Caribou (Rangifertarandus) in British Columbia: 2017 Science Review. Prepared forthe BC Oil and Gas Research and Innovation Society, Victoria,BC. 141p.Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskiii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBoreal Caribou (Rangifer tarandus; Woodland Caribou - Borealpopulation) are listed as Threatened in Schedule 1 of Canada’s Species atRisk Act and are on the Red list (indigenous species or subspecies thathave/are candidates for Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status) inBritish Columbia (BC).The Implementation Plan for the Ongoing Management of Boreal Caribou(Rangifer tarandus caribou, pop 14) in British Columbia (BCIP) hasprovided guidance for managing Boreal Caribou in the province since2011 (Ministry of Environment 2011). The BC Boreal Caribou Researchand Effectiveness Monitoring Board (REMB) was established to supportthe BCIP.In 2010, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) completed the ScientificUpdate for the Boreal Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in BritishColumbia (MOE 2010). This 2017 Boreal Caribou Science Reviewsummarizes results of research on BC's Boreal Caribou and their habitatbetween 2010 and 2016, and is intended to complement the 2010 ScienceUpdate.Boreal Caribou recovery is a high priority for Treaty 8 First Nations,which are taking an increasingly active role in caribou stewardship andmanagement. Recent projects gathered information on Boreal Caribouand their habitat from indigenous knowledge-holders in the BlueberryRiver First Nations, Doig River First Nation, and Métis Nation of BritishColumbia, and from First Nations in the Dehcho Region, NorthwestTerritories, and northern Alberta. Traditional ecological knowledgeprovided in these reports is integrated into this science review.Since 2010, numerous scientific research projects have addressedquestions of Boreal Caribou distribution, demographics, health, andhabitat selection in northeastern BC. An intensive GPS/VHF radiotelemetry study (BCIP telemetry study) was initiated in December 2012.As of December 2016, the study had collected over 170,000 GPS locationsfrom 239 adult female caribou, which have contributed to a greaterunderstanding of BC’s Boreal Caribou distribution and populationdynamics and supported a variety of associated research projects. InFebruary 2015, BCIP telemetry study results were used to refine theprovincial Boreal Caribou Range and Core Area map.Several projects have been or are currently being conducted in BC’sBoreal Caribou Ranges that address various components of BorealBoreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskiiii
Caribou predator/prey dynamics and relationships among thosecomponents, and include: calving habitat selection and spatial factors affecting predation riskto Boreal Caribou calves; associations between wolves (Canis lupus), industrial activity, andBoreal Caribou population growth rates; population growth rates of Boreal Caribou related to landscapeattributes (e.g., degree of human disturbance, proportion of uplandsvs. wetlands), ungulate abundance, and wolf abundance; Boreal Caribou survival in relation to the distribution andabundance of moose (Alces americanus) and wolves (in progress); Boreal Caribou behaviour and calving success in relation to oil andgas development; foraging trials using tame, adult female caribou to evaluatesummer food habits and diet selection, and forage value in plantcommunities in boreal, montane, and alpine ecosystems; aerial surveys using the distance sampling method to estimatemoose abundance in portions of BC’s Boreal Caribou Ranges in2010, 2013, and 2016; beaver (Castor canadensis) abundance in the Prophet, Parker,Maxhamish, Snake-Sahtaneh, Chinchaga, and Calendar Ranges; natural regeneration on low impact seismic lines; functional restoration of linear features; and, predicting population level response to seismic line restoration (notyet completed).Results of the BCIP telemetry study reveal low adult and calf survivalrates, which suggests BC’s Boreal Caribou population is declining. Whilewolf predation is the primary source of mortality for adult caribou,information on the overall distribution and abundance of wolves in BCBoreal Caribou Ranges is still lacking. Although evidence of wolvespreying on caribou calves was reported previously for the Snake-SahtanehRange, no formal studies of causes of calf mortality have been conductedin BC’s Boreal Caribou Ranges. Based on resource selection models, calfsurvival is best explained by predation risk from black bears (Ursusamericanus). For Ranges assessed, wolf densities were higher than whatwould be expected based on moose densities in those Ranges.For all Ranges combined, Boreal Caribou selected treed bogs and poorfens and avoided deciduous swamps and upland habitats in all seasons.Preliminary results suggest that human footprint positively affected wolfdensity, and negatively affected caribou population rate of change, andthat there was an inverse relationship between wolf density and cariboupopulation rate of change. Moose density on Boreal Caribou Ranges inBC is positively associated with the proportion of burns, but noBoreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskiiv
relationship was found between moose density and anthropogenicdisturbance metrics assessed (proportion of cutblocks, density of roads,density of seismic lines).A three-year Boreal Caribou Health Research Program (BCHRP) wasinitiated in the fall of 2013 to assess the current health status of BC’sBoreal Caribou population based on samples collected during the BCIPtelemetry study. Samples were analysed to determine Boreal Caribouexposure to, or infection with, selected bacterial, viral, and parasiticdiseases. Other indices of caribou health related to chronic physiologicalstress, immunity, nutrition, and toxicology were also examined.Preliminary results identified a number of potential threats to caribouhealth and fitness, including infection with the protozoan parasiteNeospora caninum infection with the bacterial pathogen Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae, significant hair loss related to infestation with winter ticks(Dermacentor albipictus); evidence of probable trace nutrient deficiencies;and, higher levels of cortisol (an indicator of chronic physiological stress)than in captive and free-ranging caribou and reindeer sampled in otherstudy areas.Researchers from the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement(NCASI) used a combination of ultrasound measures of rump fat and bodycondition score to assess body fat and nutritional condition of caribou innortheastern BC and the southern NT, including a subsample of animalsradio-collared during the BCIP telemetry study. This ongoing work isproviding insight into variations in body fat and condition within andbetween caribou populations.Although an extensive body of information has been collected since 2010,knowledge gaps still exist, with some gaps identified by studies conductedduring the last 5 years. Priority knowledge gaps include: wolf abundance and diet in Boreal Caribou Ranges; the primary cause of Boreal Caribou calf mortality; Range-specific seasonal habitat selection; the current condition (forage, habitat alteration) of Boreal CaribouRange in BC; and, the scale of habitat restoration required to result in desiredfunctional and population responses by predators, alternate prey,and Boreal Caribou.Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION . 12 TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE . 23 BOREAL CARIBOU DISTRIBUTION . 43.1 Knowledge gaps . 94 BOREAL CARIBOU DEMOGRAPHICS . 104.1 Historic population size and trend . 104.2 Current population size . 104.3 Productivity, calf survival and recruitment . 124.4 Boreal Caribou adult survival . 164.4.1 Adult mortality factors . 174.5 Current population trend . 214.6 Knowledge gaps . 225 BOREAL CARIBOU HEALTH AND CONDITION . 235.1 Knowledge gaps . 276 BOREAL CARIBOU HABITAT USE . 276.1 Seasonal movements and range fidelity . 276.2 Seasonal activity periods . 296.3 Seasonal habitat use . 296.3.1 Closed-canopy conifer habitat . 336.3.2 Calving habitat . 346.3.3 Seasonal use of lakes . 376.4 Caribou forage and nutrition . 396.5 Knowledge gaps . 437 PREDATORS AND ALTERNATE PREY. 447.1 Wolves. 457.1.1 Wolf inventory methods . 457.1.2 Wolf abundance in Boreal Caribou Ranges . 467.1.3 Wolf habitat selection in Boreal Caribou Ranges . 487.2 Black bears . 507.3 Other predators . 517.4 Moose. 537.5 Other ungulates . 567.6 Beaver . 597.7 Knowledge gaps . 618 ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS . 628.1 Habitat alteration . 628.1.1 Habitat alteration levels . 638.1.2 Natural disturbance . 658.1.3 Anthropogenic habitat alteration . 688.2 Climate change. 778.3 Predator/prey dynamics . 808.3.1 Effects of habitat alteration on predator-prey dynamics . 868.4 Knowledge gaps . 87Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskivi
9 HABITAT RESTORATION . 889.1 Knowledge gaps . 9210 SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE GAPS. 9311 REFERENCES . 99Personal Communications . 11512 APPENDICES . 117Appendix 1. Technical reports and published articles on species,population, and habitat management in BC's Boreal CaribouRanges, 1990-2017. . 118Appendix 2. Identified Boreal Caribou Ranges and Core HabitatAreas in northeastern British Columbia, 2004 version (fromCulling et al. 2004). . 122Appendix 3. 2010 Boreal Caribou Ranges and Core Areas innortheastern British Columbia (from Ministry of Environment2010a). . 123Appendix 4. Estimating Parturition and Neonate Calf Survival . 124Appendix 5. Calf survival estimates from radio-telemetry studiesconducted in Boreal Caribou Ranges in northeastern BritishColumbia between 2002 and 2016. . 125Appendix 6. Preliminary results from the Boreal Caribou HealthResearch Program (BCHRP; from Schwantje et al. 2014,2016). . 126Appendix 7. Biophysical attributes for Boreal Caribou criticalhabitat in the Boreal Plain ecozone (from EnvironmentCanada 2012). . 130Appendix 8. Biophysical attributes for Boreal Caribou criticalhabitat in the Taiga Plain ecozone (from EnvironmentCanada 2012). . 131Appendix 9. General knowledge of movements and seasonalhabitat use of Boreal Caribou in northeastern BritishColumbia, the Dehcho area, NT, and the southernescarpment and central plateau of the Caribou Mountains,northern Alberta. . 132Appendix 10. Classification of eight land cover types used tomodel resource selection by Boreal Caribou in northeasternBritish Columbia (DeMars 2015; DeMars and Boutin 2014).Land cover types were developed from Ducks UnlimitedEnhanced Wetlands Classification data (DU 2010). . 139Appendix 11. GIS data sources used to model resource selectionfunctions (from DeMars and Boutin 2014). . 140Appendix 12. Observations of Boreal Caribou vulnerability to wolfpredation during periods of deep, hard crusted snow (fromCulling and Culling 2013). . 141Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskivii
List of TablesTable 1. Comparison of recent (2004-2016) population estimates ofBoreal Caribou Ranges in BC. .11Table 2. Percent of adult female caribou pregnant based on serumprogesterone levels for Boreal Caribou in northeastern BCfrom 2011 to 2015 [(N) sample size].13Table 3. Calf survival from parturition to four weeks for BorealCaribou in northeastern BC from 2011 to 2013 (fromDeMars and Boutin 2014).14Table 4. Comparison of annual calf recruitment to 10 months(calves/100 cows) in all Boreal Caribou Ranges based onMarch 2013 through March 2016 late winter BCIP surveys,northeastern BC (from Culling and Culling 2016). .15Table 5. Standardized adult female survival rates of radio-collaredadult female Boreal Caribou in northeastern BC from May1, 2013 to April 30, 2016 (from Culling and Culling 2016). .16Table 6. Standardized adult female survival rates of radio-collaredadult female, March calf recruitment, and population rate ofincrease (λ) of Boreal Caribou in northeastern BC fromMarch 2013 to April 2016 (from Culling and Culling 2014,2015, 2016). .22Table 7. Comparison of seasonal activity periods defined by recentstudies based on changes in movement rates of radiocollared Boreal Caribou. .30Table 8. Percent of plant groups in Boreal Caribou winter fecal pelletsamples (n 25) collected in the Chinchaga Range in 2004and 2005 (from Rowe 2007). .40Table 9. Mean proportion (%) of major plant groups found in fecalpellets collected from female Boreal Caribou during thewinter and at calving sites in northeast BC (from DeMarsand Boutin 2014). .41Table 10. Habitat conditions and wolf densities of five1 wolf surveyunits (WSU) surveyed by Serrouya et al. (2015, 2016). .49Table 11. Percent occurrence of identifiable prey items at wolverineGPS radio-telemetry clusters in northern Alberta (n 62;from Scrafford and Boyce 2015). .52Table 12. Moose inventories conducted in and adjacent to BC'sBoreal Caribou Ranges, 2004-2016. .54Table 13. Incidental observations of elk, white-tailed deer, and bisonwithin and adjacent to Boreal Caribou Ranges in BC,2010-2016. .58Table 14. Results of October 2011 stratified random block count ofbeaver lodges in the Parker and Prophet survey areas,northeastern BC. .60Table 15. Percent of BC Boreal Caribou Ranges disturbed by fireand anthropogenic features (from Environment Canada2012). .64Table 16. Recent projects assessing effects of anthropogenic habitatalteration on Boreal Caribou Ranges in northeastern BC. .73Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskiviii
Table 17. Projects that include information on components ofpredator/prey systems on Boreal Caribou Ranges innortheastern BC. .81Table 18. Recent projects assessing restoration of linear features onBoreal Caribou Ranges in northeastern BC. .89Table 19. Summary of knowledge gaps and recommendations forfuture activities to support Boreal Caribou recovery inBritish Columbia. .97List of FiguresFigure 1. Proposed 2015 revisions to BC's Boreal Caribou Rangeand Core Area map showing radio-telemetry data toDecember 2014 (MFLNRO 2015). 7Figure 2. Incidence of adult Boreal Caribou mortalities by month,northeastern BC, November 27, 2012 to April 30, 2016(n 103; from Culling and Culling 2016.). .18Figure 3. Incidence of adult Boreal Caribou mortalities attributed towolves by month, northeastern BC, December 17, 2012to April 30, 2016 (n 104; from Culling and Culling 2016).18Figure 4. Ecosections of Boreal Caribou Ranges (2010 boundaries)in BC. .31Figure 5. Bedding depression left by a female Boreal Caribou andher neonate calf during May 2011 at calving site locatedwithin a nutrient-poor fen in the Maxhamish Range ofnortheastern BC. Nutrient-poor fens occur in areas withslow flowing groundwater that is low in minerals. Keyindicator species include tamarack and bog birch (Betulaglandulosa) (Photo Craig DeMars). .36Figure 6. Bedding depression left by a female Boreal Caribou andher neonate calf during May 2011 at calving site locatedwithin a treed bog in the Prophet Range of northeasternBC. Treed bogs are characterized by Sphagnum moss,lichens, and Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) withblack spruce (Picea mariana) being the dominant treespecies. (Photo Craig DeMars). .36Figure 7. Abundant Boreal Caribou tracks on a small lake in latewinter; Clarke Core Area, Snake-Sahtaneh Range; March2, 2013. (Photo Diane & Brad Culling). .38Figure 8. Boreal Caribou on petroleum lease, Milligan Core Area,Chinchaga Range, November 2013. (Photo Diane & BradCulling). .40Figure 9. Wolverine excavating one of two adjacent beaver lodgeswithin the Clark Core Area, Snake-Sahtaneh Range,March 2013. (Photo Diane and Brad Culling). .52Figure 10. Cause and timing of radio-collared adult moosemortalities in Boreal Caribou Ranges in northeastern BC,January 2015 to January 2017. .56Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskiix
Figure 11. Image of plains bison in the Parker Range captured byremote cameras, February 2, 2016. (Photo courtesy ofMatrix Solutions Inc. and BC OGRIS). .59Figure 12. Linkages between factors affecting Boreal Caribounumbers in northeastern BC. .63Figure 13. New wildfire with residual undisturbed patches within theburn perimeter, Kotcho Core Area, Snake-SahtanehRange, August 2014. (Photo Diane and Brad Culling). .67Figure 14. Example of legacy, "cat-cut" seismic lines overlain byrecent 3-D seismic grid lines, Kiwigana Core Area,Maxhamish Range, February 2013. (Photo Diane andBrad Culling). .69Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowskix
1 INTRODUCTIONIn May 2000, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife inCanada (COSEWIC) designated Boreal Caribou (Rangifer tarandus;Woodland Caribou - Boreal population) as nationally Threatened, whichwas reconfirmed in 2002 and 2014 (COSEWIC 2014). Boreal Caribou arecurrently listed as Threatened in Schedule 1 under the federal Species atRisk Act (SARA). In 2000, Boreal Caribou in British Columbia (BC) wereranked S3 (vulnerable) by the BC Conservation Data Centre (CDC) andplaced on the provincial Blue list (any indigenous species or subspeciesconsidered to be of Special Concern in BC). In 2006, Boreal Caribouwere ranked S2 (imperilled) and upgraded to the Red list (any indigenousspecies or subspecies that have or are candidates for Extirpated,Endangered, or Threatened status in BC).Environment Canada began assessing the status of Boreal Caribou inCanada in the mid-2000s (Environment Canada 2008, 2011), andcompleted a recovery strategy in 2012 (Environment Canada 2012). Thegoal of the recovery strategy is “to achieve self-sustaining localpopulations in all Boreal Caribou ranges throughout their currentdistribution in Canada, to the extent possible.” Corresponding populationand distribution objectives include: maintaining the current status of the 14existing self-sustaining local populations, and, stabilizing and achievingself-sustaining status for the 37 not self-sustaining local populations. AllBC Boreal Caribou populations were determined to be not self-sustaining.The BC Ministry of Environment (MOE) began recovery planning forBoreal Caribou in BC in 2004 (Boreal Caribou Technical AdvisoryCommittee 2004). At that time, information available on provincialBoreal Caribou distribution, habitat needs, and population status waslimited to an ongoing radio-telemetry study of Boreal Caribou in thenewly delineated Snake-Sahtaneh Range (Culling et al. 2004, Culling etal. 2006). In subsequent years, additional studies collected information onBoreal Caribou in the Maxhamish (Rowe 2006), Chinchaga (Rowe 2007),and Calendar (Culling and Culling 2017) Ranges, with a monitoringprogram established by MOE in 2008 (Thiessen 2009).Since 2011, the Implementation Plan for the Ongoing Management ofBoreal Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou, pop 14) in British Columbia(BCIP) has provided guidance for managing Boreal Caribou in theprovince (MOE 2011). The BCIP identified several objectives to allowlong-term (50 years) recovery of Boreal Caribou populations including:protecting and restoring habitat, managing the industrial footprint,establishing industry standard management practices, mitigating effects ofthe industrial footprint by reducing predators, and managing habitatBoreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowski1
conditions (e.g. fire suppression). These objectives were designed toprovide measurable targets for action and evaluation in order to ensurepopulation and distribution goals are being achieved. The BCIP iscurrently under revision and an updated plan is expected to be completedin 2017.In 2011, the BC Boreal Caribou Research and Effectiveness MonitoringBoard (REMB) was established to support the BCIP. The REMB wasestablished through a Memorandum of Understanding between BCMinistry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (MFLNRO),BC MOE, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Natural Gas (now Ministryof Natural Gas Development), the Canadian Association of PetroleumProducers (CAPP), and the Explorers and Producers Association ofCanada (EPAC). CAPP and EPAC supported implementation of the BCIPthrough a levy on all oil and gas activity authorizations, which providedup to a maximum of 2 million annually for 5 years. The Oil and GasCommission (OGC) administers funding for REMB projects through theBC Oil and Gas Research and Innovation Society (OGRIS).A Science Update was completed by MOE for Boreal Caribou in BC in2010 (MOE 2010). Since 2010, a considerable amount of research andmonitoring has been conducted on Boreal Caribou in BC. This 2017Boreal Caribou Science Review summarizes results of research on BC'sBoreal Caribou and their habitat between 2010 and 2016, and is intendedto complement the 2010 Science Update. Relevant information from olderresearch is included where appropriate. Knowledge gaps are identified atthe end of each section, and are summarized in Section 10. A list ofongoing and completed technical reports and published articles on speciesand population management projects associated with BC's Boreal Caribousince 2010, and research on predator and alternate prey species, isincluded in Appendix 1. Additional information on the life history,ecology, and management of Boreal Caribou in BC can be found in the2010 Science Update (MOE 2010).2 TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGEThere is a growing appreciation for the role that First Nations' TraditionalEcological Knowledge (TEK)1 can play in the stewardship andmanagement of Boreal Caribou. Since 2000, radio-telemetry has beenused to describe the distribution and population dynamics of BorealCaribou in BC. Advances in Global Positioning System (GPS) technologyhave provided increasingly detailed information on how caribou movethrough their environment and interact with predators and other prey1Also referred to as Indigenous Knowledge (IK)Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review – Culling and Cichowski2
species. However, because these studies began after the landscape withinBoreal Caribou ranges had been dramatically altered by decades ofindustrial development, they are only capable of describing the currentcondition. Recent initiatives to collect information from First Nations’Elders and knowledge-holders on past caribou populations and habitatconditions provides context to better understand the historic landscapeprior to habitat alteration. Boreal Caribou recovery is a high priority forTreaty 8 First Nations communities in BC, which are taking anincreasingly active role in caribou stewardship and management.Blueberry River First Nations (BRFN) historically relied on Boreal(Chinchaga herd) and Northern (Pink Mountain herd) ecotype caribou forboth food and cultural practices. They commissioned a study to documentcommunity members' indigenous knowledge of caribou, includingseasonal habitat use and reasons for population declines (Leech et al.2016a). The project included: the compilation of earlier indigenousknowledge studies; an intensive field tour of important areas in BRFNterritory with BRFN knowledge-holders, which was focused onidentifying seasonally important habitat, landscape level habitat needs, andmigration corridors for both ecotypes; the development of an indigenousknowledge-based habitat supply model (HSM) for the Chinchaga Range;and management recommendations for restoring caribou populationswithin BRFN territory.BRFN community members report they no longer hunt caribou in theirterritory in response to declining populations (Leech et al. 2016a).Caribou hide is culturally important to the BRFN, including for drummaking. Knowledge-holders indicate that caribou drums sound differentthan those made from the hide of other species.
Boreal Caribou in BC: 2017 Science Review - Culling and Cichowski iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Boreal Caribou (Rangifer tarandus; Woodland Caribou - Boreal population) are listed as Threatened in Schedule 1 of Canada's Species at Risk Act and are on the Red list (indigenous species or subspecies that have/are candidates for Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status) in
caribou nutritional condition, as adult female caribou experience the greatest depletion of body reserves from spring to mid-summer. Predation mortalities followed the same temporal pattern as total mortalities, whereas non-predation mortalities (i.e., starvation) were clustered in the weeks between peak calving and mid-summer.
6. Caribou are smart and can adapt: they learn to avoid people and predators, they know where to go for good food, etc. 7. Youth must be taught how to respect caribou and given opportunities on-the-land to learn the caribou way of life. 8. People predicted caribou populations would decline. 9.
To import sheep or goats into the State of Alaska To own sheep or goats within 15 air mile of wild sheep . – Maggie Highland Washington State Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory – Jim Evermann, David De Avila . Dall Sheep, Ovis dalli, Mountain Goat, Oreamnos americanus, Caribou, Rangifer tarandus, Moose, alces alces .
32 33 BOREAL Technical Drawings / Planimetría Boreal 7.32 in 186 mm 7.32 in 186 mm Boreal Dash Decor 7.32
(A) boreal forest º temperate forest º tropical rain forest º tundra (B) boreal forest º temperate forest º tundra º tropical rain forest (C) tundra º boreal forest º temperate forest º tropical rain forest (D) tundra º boreal forest º tropical rain forest º temperate forest 22. Based on the
DAVID R. KLEIN, Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska, College Abstract: Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), introduced to St. Matthew Island in 1944, increased from 29 animals at that time to
BIOMES: AS03: North-east Asian temperate forest IMPORTANCE TO OTHER FAUNA AND FLORA: Animals include Rangifer tarandus, Alces alces and Gulo gulo. IBA CODE: CN065 NAME: Hanma Nature Reserve CRITERIA: A1 A3 AREA: 107,348 ha COORDINATES: 51 35'N 122 42'E ALTITUDE: 1,000-1,466 m
The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test standards with which automobile manu - facturers must comply are determined by bodies such as ISO, SAE and JASO. Additionally, most manufacturers also develop and specify their own custom EMC tests to meet a wideranging – and fast evolving – set of requirements. The need for a flexible test resource has never been greater Automotive .
