PV/Diesel/ESS In Ship Power System - Semantic Scholar
inventionsArticleModeling and Stability Analysis of HybridPV/Diesel/ESS in Ship Power SystemHai Lan 1 , Yifei Bai 1 , Shuli Wen 1, *, David C. Yu 2 , Ying-Yi Hong 3 , Jinfeng Dai 1 andPeng Cheng 1123*College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China; lanhai@hrbeu.edu.cn (H.L.);baiyifei405@126.com (Y.B.); daijinfeng1004@163.com (J.D.); chengpeng040703@aliyun.com (P.C.)Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; yu@uwm.eduDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li 32023, Taiwan;yyhong@dec.ee.cycu.edu.twCorrespondence: wenshuli2010@126.com; Tel.: 86-451-82519400Academic Editor: Josep M. GuerreroReceived: 23 January 2016; Accepted: 3 March 2016; Published: 9 March 2016Abstract: Due the concern about serious environmental pollution and fossil energy consumption,introducing solar generation into ship power systems has drawn greater attention. However, thepenetration of solar energy will result in ship power system instability caused by the uncertaintiesof the solar irradiation. Unlike on land, the power generated by photovoltaic (PV) modules on theshipboard changes as the ship rolls. In this paper, a high-speed flywheel energy storage system(FESS) is modeled to smooth the PV power fluctuations and improve the power quality on a large oiltanker which contains a PV generation system, a diesel generator, a FESS, and various types of shiploads. Furthermore, constant torque angle control method combined with sinusoidal pulse widthmodulation (SPWM) approach is proposed to control the FESS charging and discharging. Differentship operating situations and the impact of the ship rolling is taken into consideration. The simulationresults demonstrate the high efficiency and fast response of the flywheel energy storage system toenhance the stability of the proposed hybrid ship power system.Keywords: flywheel energy storage system; hybrid ship power system; photovoltaic (PV) modules;ship rolling; constant torque angle control methodPACS: J01011. IntroductionOwing to the ever increasing amount of greenhouse gas and the consumption of fossil energyby ship systems, strict restrictions have recently been imposed by the International Convention forthe Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) [1] to limit the collective emissions of greenhousegas produced by ships. The application of solar energy in ship power system provides a new wayto reduce emissions, improve energy efficiency and enhance ship power system stability [2]. Withthe rapid development of renewable energy, photovoltaic (PV) generation systems have drawn moreattention in many areas [3–6]. However, a high penetration of solar energy will result in a risk offrequency stability and an increase of undesired power cost caused by the uncertainty of the solarirradiation. According to the previous studies [7–10], the utilization of an energy storage system (ESS)is one of the best solutions for ensuring the reliability and power quality of power systems and favorsthe increased penetration of distributed generation resources. Compared with the flexibility of thediesel generator and natural gas turbine, an energy storage system is easier to install to enhance thestability of the power system, especially in a microgrid.Inventions 2016, 1, 5; inventions
Inventions 2016, 1, 52 of 16Among various types of ESSs, a FESS has many advantages, as follows:‚‚‚‚‚high energy density and long working lifecycle;fast response to smooth the frequency fluctuations;high efficiency with a lower loss;flexible for an application as a decentralized power supply unit;wide operating temperature range, and so on.The FESS stores mechanical energy in a rotating flywheel and this energy can be converted backto the electrical energy by means of an electrical machine [11]. Similarly, the the flywheel transformsthe electrical energy into mechanical energy through versa the electrical machine. FESSs are suitablefor numerous charge and discharge cycles (hundred of thousands), which are used for the short-timeapplication (seconds to minutes) in medium to high power systems (kW to MW). Compared with theultracapacitor and superconducting magnetic energy storage technologies, FESSs have a higher energydensity and efficiency.Recently, a wide range of investigations [12–18] have been performed regarding the application ofFESSs. In [12], the authors analyzed a hybrid energy system performance with PV modules and dieselsystems as well as an ESS, and the FESS is equipped to store excess energy from the PV generationsystem. The research in [13,14] developed a FESS model to smooth the power fluctuations of a windenergy conversion system, and a comparison without energy storage-based power smoothing methodswas also conducted. A global supervisory strategy for a micro-grid power generation system thatcomprises wind generation systems, PV generation systems, and FESS, a flywheel storage system,was proposed in [15] to reduce energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions and to extend the life ofthe flywheel. A FESS based on a doubly-fed induction machine was utilized in [16] to supply anexponentially decaying current to the grid during the fault. Studies in [17] and [18] established adetailed FESS model for vehicular applications in order to meet the societal demand and ecologicalneed for clean transportation.To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the hybrid PV/diesel/ESS ship power system has not beenextensively discussed [19–21]. The optimal size of a hybrid PV/diesel/battery ship power system waspresented in [19] but the impact of ship roll is not taken into account. The research in [20] explored a fuelcell power plant for small ships and underwater vehicles. In [21], a hybrid PV/diesel green ship wasdiscussed but the research was only in the experimental stage. In this paper, a hybrid PV/diesel/FESSship power system is set up based on the project “Study on the Application of Photovoltaic Technologyin the Oil Tanker Ship” in China [22]. Unlike a PV system on land, a shipboard PV system is changingat all times with the ship rolling even though the magnitude of solar irradiation is fixed. Therefore,a high-speed flywheel energy storage system is modeled for smoothing the fluctuations generated bya shipboard PV system, including a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and a bidirectionalconverter. Furthermore, in order to achieve a fast response to mitigate the influence of ship rolling,a constant torque angle control strategy is employed for FESS charging and discharging. In addition,various types of ship loads are considered.The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the configuration andmathematical model of the hybrid ship power system. Section 3 proposes the control strategy. Section 4analyzes the stability of the hybrid ship power system and Section 5 draws conclusions.2. Hybrid Ship Power System Configuration and Components2.1. Hybrid Ship Power System StructureThe focus of this work is to analyze the behavior and stability of a hybrid PV/diesel/ESS systemon a large oil tanker ship which is based on the project named “Study on the Application of PhotovoltaicTechnology in the Oil Tanker Ship” [22]. The detailed parameters of this oil tanker are that the length,width, and height are 332.95, 60.00 and 30.50 m, respectively. The deadweight of this oil tanker is
Inventions 2016, 1, 5Inventions 2016, 1, 53 of 163 of 16100,000Additionally,the system,witha scaleof generator440V and and60 Hzconsistingoneis290kW PV290 kW tons.PV generationsystem,one 1219kVAdieselone110 kW ofFESSshowningenerationFigure1. system, one 1219 kVA diesel generator and one 110 kW FESS is shown in Figure 1.Inventions 2016, 1, 53 of 16290 kW PV generation system, one 1219 kVA diesel generator and one 110 kW FESS is shown inFigure 1.Figure 1.1. HybridHybrid shipship powerpower systemsystem configuration.configuration.FigureFigure 1. Hybrid ship power system configuration.2.2. Models of System Components2.2. Models of System Components2.2.1. PVPV GenerationGeneration SystemSystem2.2.1.2.2.1. PV Generation System(1) Solar Irradiation Simulation(1) SolarSimulation(1) IrradiationSolar IrradiationSimulationUnlike PV system on land, the output power produced by shipboard PV modules varies with theUnlikePV systemon ulesUnlikePV systemon land,outputpowerpower producedPV PVmodulesvariesvarieswith withship rolling even though the magnitude of solar irradiation is fixed. Consequently, a dynamic modelthe rollingship rollingthoughmagnitudeofof solarsolar irradiationfixed.Consequently,a dynamicthe shipeveneventhoughthethemagnitudeirradiationis isfixed.Consequently,a dynamicfor solar irradiationis built consideringthe impactof theofshiprollingandFigure22showsthe solarfor solarirradiationis builtconsideringthe impactimpactrollingandFigureshowsthemodelmodelfor solarirradiationis e2 eoiltankership.solar irradiation received by PV panels on a large oil tanker ship.105010501000Solar radiaiton (W/m2)Solar radiaiton 4446464850Time/s4850525254565458566058Figure2. Modifiedsolarsolarirradiationirradiation consideringship rolling.Figure2. ModifiedTime/s considering ship rolling.Figure 2. Modified solar irradiationconsidering ship rolling.3360
Inventions 2016, 1, 54 of 16InventionsInventions 2016,2016, 1,1, 554 of 16Due to the typical navigation route for this oil tanker ship from Dalian in China to Aden inYemen,for the shipis 16the shipsailsinin Chinathe ocean.A worstDuetheto maximumthe typicalanglenavigationrouterollingfor thisoildegreestanker whenship fromDalianto rformcasestudy.Yemen, the maximum angle for the ship rolling is 16 degrees when the ship sails in the ocean. A worstthe maximumforperiodthe shipis 16rollingdegreeswhenship sailsin the ocean.A worst casecasewith a 20 sanglerollingandrolling16-degreeangleis theselectedto performcase study.(2) PVModelwitha 20s rolling period and 16-degree rolling angle is selected to perform case study.(2) PVAsModelthe only renewable energy featured in the hybrid ship power system, the PV generation(2) PV Modelsystemplaysan renewableessential rolein reducingCO2hybridemissionsso system,a detailedwithAs theonlyenergyfeatured thein theship [23],powerthe PVPV modelgenerationAs thepoweronly renewableenergyfeaturedin thehybridship epaper.Thesystem plays an essential role in reducing the CO2 emissions [23], so a detailed PV model withplaysanPVessentialrolereducingthe COemissions[23], soa detailedPVmodel with maximumof 2000panelspointwithintheratedpowerof2290a boostconverteranda ethodiskW,developedinthe paper.ThePV developedinthepaper.ThePVgenerationconsists of 2000 PVThestructureof thePV themodelis describedin Figureof2000PV panelswithratedpower of 290kW, a3.boost converter and a bidirectional converter.panels with the rated power of 290 kW, a boost converter and a bidirectional converter. The structureThe structure of the PV model is described in Figure 3.of the PV model is described in Figure 3.Figure 3. PV generation system.Figure 3.3. PVPVgenerationgeneration system.system.Figure2.2.2. Diesel Generator2.2.2.Diesel GeneratorGenerator2.2.2. AsDiesela main electrical energy source in a hybrid ship power system, a diesel generator [24] is usedto maintaintheelectricalwhole system’sandmeet theloaddemandin casethe totalpowergeneratedAs aa mainmainelectricalenergy voltagesource ininhybridshippowersystem,dieselgenerator[24]is usedusedAsenergysourceaa hybridshippowersystem,aa dieselgenerator[24]isbymaintainboth thethePVwholemodulesand theESS isinsufficient.In hewholesystem’svoltageandmeet thethe loadloaddemandinacasecasethetotalpower totalpowergenerationis establishedcontrolis implementedtokVAregulatethe speeddieselof thebyboth thethesystemPV modulesmodulesand thetheandESSaisisgovernorinsufficient.In thisthispaper, aa n system is established and a governor control is implemented to regulate the speed of thegenerator, Theanddieseldieselinternalcombustionengine,is consistsshown4. It shouldthat whichconsistsinofofFigurean edthatthegenerator, and a diesel internal combustion engine, is shown in Figure 4. It should be noted erentfrompowersystemsonland.diesel generatorgenerator mustmust bebe ableable toto supplysupply thethe wholewhole loadload allall thethe timetime becausebecause thethe ship’sship’s powerpower systemsystemdieselalways operatesoperates inin stand-alonestand-alone mode,mode, whichwhich isis different from power systems on land.alwaysVrefVrefWWWrefWref0.2 s 10.02s 2 0.1s 10.2 s 10.02s 2 0.1s 140400.25s 10.039 s 10.25s 10.039 s 1IfUVWIEf fUVWEf WTmWTm10.009 s 110.009 s 1W1s1sFigure 4. Diesel generation system.Figure 4. Diesel generation system.Figure 4. Diesel generation system.44ee sT sTWFLFLTmTm
Inventions 2016,2016, 1,1, 55Inventionsof161655of2.2.3. Flywheel Energy Storage System2.2.3. Flywheel Energy Storage SystemA flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is a power storage device that stores or releasesA flywheelstorageenergysystem[25].(FESS)is aenergypower isstoragedevicethatstoresor releaseselectricalelectricalpower energyas rotationalWhenextractedfromthesystem,the speedof edfromthesystem,thespeedoftherotorrotor (flywheel) is reduced as a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy, and adding(flywheel)is reduceda consequence ofthe principleof energy,andMoreaddingenergy toenergy to thesystem ascorrespondinglyresultsin a rise ofof conservationthe speed of theflywheel.specifically,theresults inflywheela rise ofisthespeedthe systemenergy correspondinglyE stored in a high-speedgivenby:of the flywheel. More specifically, the energyE stored in a high-speed flywheel is given by:1Jω 212 2E “ JωE (1)(1)22is the angular speedwhere J r r dm denotes the moment of inertia of flywheel rotor (kg*m2);where J “ r2 dm denotes the moment of inertia of flywheel rotor (kg*m2 ); ω is the angular speed ofof flywheel (rad/s).flywheel (rad/s).In this paper, a high-speed FESS is modeled to smooth the power fluctuations generated by PVIn this paper, a high-speed FESS is modeled to smooth the power fluctuations generated by PVmodules and to improve the energy efficiency of the hybrid ship power system. The structure of themodules and to improve the energy efficiency of the hybrid ship power system. The structure of theproposed FESS is displayed in Figure 5.proposed FESS is displayed in Figure 5.ω Figure 5. Flywheel energy storage system.Figure 5. Flywheel energy storage system.The proposed FESS comprises a flywheel,flywheel, bearings,bearings, permanent magnet synchronous machine(PMSM), and a bidirectional power converter associated with a capacity of 110 kW.kW. Furthermore, dueto the important role of PMSM, a mathematical model related to Eqations 2–4 is established in detailfor further advanced control strategy to managemanage thethe statestate ofof chargecharge (SOC)(SOC) ofof FESSFESS effectively.effectively. dψsddψ & ωr ψsq usdsd“ Rωs irsdu sd Rs isd ’ψ sq dt dtStatorvoltageequation(2)dψStator voltage equation’(2) % usq “ Rs isq sq ωr ψsddψsqdt u R i ω rψ sds sq sqdt #ψsd “ Ld isd ψ fStator flux linkage equation(3)ψsq “ Lq isq ψ sd Ld isd ψ fStator flux linkage equation Electromagnetic torque equation ψ sq LqisqTe “(3)(4)3n p pψsd isq ψsq isd q2where usd and usq denote the direct-axis and quadrature-axis voltage of stator winding(V); isd and3isq denote the direct-axisand quadrature-axisof stator winding (A); ψsd and ψsq denote theElectromagnetictorque equationTe ncurrent(4)p (ψ sd isq ψ sq isd )2direct-axis and quadrature-axis flux linkage of stator winding (Wb); Ld and Lq denote the direct-axisand quadrature-axis inductance of stator winding (H); ωr is the angular speed of rotor (rad/s); Rs iswhere usd and usq denote the direct-axis and quadrature-axis voltage of stator winding(V); isd and isqthe resistanceof stator (Ω); ψ f is the flux linkage of rotor (Wb); n p is the pole pairs; and Te is theelectromagnetictorqueandof rotor(N m).denote the direct-axisquadrature-axiscurrent of stator winding (A); ψ andψ denote thesddirect-axis and quadrature-axis flux linkage of stator winding (Wb);and quadrature-axis inductance of stator winding (H);5sqLd and Lq denote the direct-axisωr is the angular speed of rotor (rad/s); Rs is
Inventions 2016, 1, 56 of 16the resistance of stator (Ω);ψf is the flux linkage of rotor (Wb); np is the pole pairs; and Te is theelectromagnetic torque of rotor (N·m).Inventions 2016, 1, 56 of 162.2.4. Converter2.2.4. TheConvertermain circuit of the grid-connected converter is detailed in Figure 6, and consists of a r and controlconverterblock. ThevoltagecontrolledandconsistsmaintainedThemain circuitof atheis DCdetailedinisFigure6, andofVref, which isset to 410 circuit,V.aatthree-phasefull-bridgea LC filter and control block. The DC voltage is controlled andmaintained at V ref , which is set to 410 V.VrefVdcIqId 0I a Ib chronousasynchronousmotors,loadandandthe reactiveload withto 350 HP,400 kWmotors,thetheresistiveresistiveloadthe reactiveload respectwith respectto 350HP,and400240kWkVar,andseparately.240 kVar,Thevariationsofvariationsthe ship loadsarealsoloadsconsidered.separately.Theof theshipare also considered.3.3. ControlControl StrategyStrategy forfor thethe HybridHybrid ShipShip PowerPower redirect connection to the electric networks. Therefore, these renewable energy generation systems areinterfacedloadsandthethemaingridgridby powerelectronicsconverters(AC/DCor y powerelectronicsconverters(AC/DCor ercontrolisthesalientissue.Inaddition,FESS[26]. In general, in ship power system operation, converter control is the salient issue. In addition,playssignificantrole in mitigatingthe negativeeffect of thePVofgenerationsystem so itis necessaryFESSaplaysa significantrole in mitigatingthe negativeeffectthe PV generationsystemso it istonecessaryapply a dintelligentoperation.to apply a developed control strategy to the FESS to achieve stable and intelligentThis paper proposes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach for the PV boostoperation.converter;DQ decouplingon PQ controlfor bidirectionalgrid-connectedThisa paperproposes baseda maximumpower strategypoint tracking(MPPT) approachfor theconverter;PV MforFESS.converter; a DQ decoupling based on PQ control strategy for bidirectional grid-connected converter;and a constant torque angle control combined with SPWM for FESS.3.1. Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm3.1. TheMaximumPower PointTrackingAlgorithmPV modulegeneratedpowerfeeding to the load is going through a regulated converterand a boost DC/DC converter is used between PV and load. This converter tracks the maximumThe PV module generated power feeding to the load is going through a regulated converter andpower point of the PV system based on PWM signal generated by control unit [27]. Figure 7 presentsa boost DC/DC converter is used between PV and load. This converter tracks the maximum powerthe MPPT algorithm for PV arrays, which is developed on the incremental conductance algorithm.point of the PV system based on PWM signal generated by control unit [27]. Figure 7 presents theAdditionally, Table 1 shows the control parameters. Through controlling duty cycle T of the boostMPPT algorithm for PV arrays, which is developed on the incremental conductance algorithm.DC/DC converter, PV modules keep operating at the maximum power point.Additionally, Table 1 shows the control parameters. Through controlling duty cycle T of the boostDC/DC converter, PV modules keep operating at the maximum power point.6
Inventions 2016, 1, 5Inventions 2016, 1, 5Inventions 2016, 1, 57 of 167 of 167 of 16Figure 7. Control strategy for PV forPVPVsystem.system.FigureTable 1. Control parameters for PV forforPVPVsystem.system.TableMPPT ControlPISPWMOpen-circuit MPPTShort-circuitSamplingControlPISPWMMPPT ControlSPWMPI PI ircuitSamplingOpen-circuit voltageShort-circuit currentSampling intervalIFrequencyPI P Frequency450 V847 A0.001 s30.0110 kHzvoltagecurrentinterval450 V847 A0.001 s3 0.0110 kHz450 V847 A0.001 s30.0110 kHz3.2. P-Q Decoupled Control StrategyStrategy3.2.A P-Q decoupledcontrol scheme using DQ transformation is utilized in this paper to realize ormationisutilizedpaperto realizebidirectionalpower flowfor thegrid-connectedconverter,whichdepictedin thisFigure8.to realizeAAP-Qcontrolschemeusingtransformationis isutilizedin nal power flow for the grid-connected converter, which is depicted in Figure 8.IaθθIIIcIbabIcId 0Id 0VabcVabcVabcVabcI dsI dsVdsVdsI qsI qsIqIqI qsI qsω Lω LI dsI dsVqsVqsθθθUdθUdUqUqU abcU abcFigure 8. General control block diagram for the grid-connected inverter.inverter.Figure 8. General control block diagram for the grid-connected inverter.The basicbasic conceptconcept ofof thethe proposedproposed methodmethod isis thethe regulationregulationofof D-axis/Q-axisD-axis/Q-axis currentThecurrent correspondscorrespondsto f activepowerbeingPV currentarrays,the referenceThe basic conceptof theproposedmethodis dstopower.DuetotothetheonlysupplypowerPV arrays,the ivepowerbeingPVarrays,thereferenceD-axis (Id ) is set to be zero herein. Moreover, an LC filter is applied to the grid-connected converterconverterfor er.grid-connectedcurrenton smoothing.D-axis(Id) issmoothing.set to2 ppliedforto thegrid-connectedforbetterTablepresentsthe2 controlparameterstheinverter. for better smoothing. Table 2 presents the control parameters for the grid-connectedconverterTable 2. Control parameters for grid-connected inverter.inverter.Table 2. Control parameters for grid-connected inverter.LCTableFilter2. Control parametersCurrent ControlVoltage Controlfor grid-connectedinverter.SPWMLC FilterCurrent ControlVoltage ControlSPWMInductance CapacitancePIPIFrequencyInductanceCapacitance CurrentP ControlIP ControlIFrequencyLC FilterVoltageSPWMmH500 uF 500 uF P50 50 0.00112kHz0.5 mH 0.5Capacitance1201200.00112 kHzInductanceI 0.001 PI0.001Frequency0.5 mH500 uF500.0011200.00112 kHz3.3.3.3. Constant TorqueTorque AngleAngle ControlControlMethodMethod3.3. thodquicklyrespondingto thetopowerfluctuationscausedcausedby shipbyrolling,In orderorderachievethegoalof quicklyrespondingthe hmwhichmadeusemadeof ueangleIn orderto achievethe goalof quicklyrespondingtothe usepowerfluctuationscausedbycontrolshiprolling, a double closed-loop control algorithm which made use of constant torque angle control77
Inventions2016,2016,1,1,5 5Inventions8 of8 of1616integrated with SPWM is proposed to optimal manage the FESS operating mode, and is presented inFigure9. Throughcontrollingthe charging/dischargingpower ofmode,FESS (Pref),istheoutput powerfor thewithSPWMis proposedto optimalmanage the FESS operatingandpresentedin Figure9.PV systemcan be smoothedto a specific value (250kW).Throughcontrollingthe charging/dischargingpowerof FESS (Pre f ), the output power for the PVsystem can be smoothed to a specific value (250 kW).IcIbIaRotor PositionsignalθABC/DQω*I qs I dsXdω*ψ6 pulsessignalMultiplierPFESSXqPrefPI**Hard LimiterUdPIUqId 0θU he torquetorque degrees.a result,FromFigureFigure9,9,itit cancan bebe seen that theAsAsa result,thethedirect-axiscurrentto beandzerotheoftorqueis only determinedbydirect-axiscurrentId is Imadeto be zerotheandtorquePMSMofis PMSMonly determinedby quadratured is madequadrature-axisIq . torqueThus, theforspeedingflywheel upspeedingup ordownslowingcan beaxis current Iq. currentThus, thefor torqueflywheelor slowingcandownbe controlledcontrolledindividuallythrough adjustingPMSM quadrature-axisIq . Thecontrolwhole blockcontrolisblockindividuallythrough adjustingPMSM quadrature-axiscurrent Icurrentq. The wholemadeisupmadeupinnerof ancurrentinner currentloopandactiveouter poweractive powerloopfor determiningthe amounttheof anloop andouterloop fordeterminingthe amountof the ofoutputoutputfromthe FESS,andthe controlparametersthe areFESSare shownin Table3.powerpowerfrom theFESS,and thecontrolparametersfor theforFESSshownin Rated VoltageRated FrequencyRated200 V Rated250 HzVoltageFrequency200V4. Simulation Analysis 250 HzMoment of Inertia JMoment58.824kg*m2ofInertia J58.824 trolActive PowerControlP100P100II0.0010.001The establishedhybrid PV/diesel/FESS ship power system shown in Figure 1 is selected to4. SimulationAnalysisconduct the proposed control algorithm. The impacts of the integration of PV generation and FESSThe established hybrid PV/diesel/FESS ship power system shown in Figure 1 is selected tointo the ship power system in three cases are studied and compared to demonstrate the effectivenessconduct the proposed control algorithm. The impacts of the integration of PV generation and FESSof the proposed control method. The voltage profiles and the output power of PV modules, dieselinto the ship power system in three cases are studied and compared to demonstrate the effectivenessgenerator and FESS are shown as follows.of the proposed control method. The voltage profiles and the output power of PV modules, diesel‚generatorFirst Case:consideringand StabilityFESS areanalysisshown asfollows. PV connection and ship load fluctuations;‚ ng; and ship load fluctuations;First Case: Stability analysis consideringconnection‚ nchanges of solar grolling;the Case:study,Stabilitytotal simulationbe clearlythedividedintothree stages.Thefirst stage (First Case) ForThirdanalysiscanconsideringsuddenchangesof solarirradiation.starts ethetransientprogresscausedbyFor the study, total simulation can be clearly divided into three stages. The firststage (FirstCase)2grid-connectionandat a specificthattheis 1000W/mprogress. The secondstarts from 0 s to40 loads andfluctuationsthe main purposeof thissolarstageirradiationis to simulatetransientcaused2. The secondstage(Second Case) isto loadstudythe impactatofashiprollingonirradiationthe PV generationsystem40 toby grid-connectionandfluctuationsspecificsolarthat is 1000W/mduring60stages. entresponsewhensolarirradiation(Second Case) is to study the impact of ship rolling on the PV generation system during 40 tovariessuddenly,whichstartsfromis60totostudy85 s. hybrid system transient response when solar irradiation60 s. Thelast stage(ThirdCase)FirstCase:varies suddenly, which starts from
2. Hybrid Ship Power System Configuration and Components 2.1. Hybrid Ship Power System Structure The focus of this work is to analyze the behavior and stability of a hybrid PV/diesel/ESS system on a large oil tanker ship which is based on the project named "Study on the Application of Photovoltaic Technology in the Oil Tanker Ship" [22].
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Transformer PCS100 19- 03 C- 10 A 300. PCS100 ESS PCS100 ESS Technical Catalogue 3 Product Series . The PCS100 ESS allows control of both real power (P) and reactive power (Q) based on the . This sizing example is also shown in the
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