Challenges Of Small Poultry Farms In Layer Production In Ibadan Oyo .

Challenges of Small Poultry Farms in Layer Production in Ibadan Oyo State NigeriaII.HypothesisThere is no significant relationship between thesocio-economic characteristics of the small-scalepoultry farmers and the constraint to increasedproduction among the small-scale poultry farmers.III.Material and MethodYear 2013a) Study AreaGlobal Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XIIIXII Issue II Version I6Oyo state is one of the states in South westNigeria, Ibadan is the capital of Oyo state and thelargest single city in southwest Nigeria. At Nigerianindependence, Ibadan was the largest and mostpopulous city in the country and the third in Africa afterCairo and Johannesburg. Ibadan is located in southwestern Nigeria, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos and530 km southwest of Abuja, the federal capital, and is aprominent transit point between the coastal region andthe areas to the north. Ibadan has a population of1,338,659 according to the 2006 census. Ibadan has atropical wet and dry climate, with a lengthy wet seasonand relatively constant temperatures throughout thecourse of the year. Ibadan’s wet season runs fromMarch through October. The mean total rainfall forIbadan is 1420.06 mm, falling in approximately 109days. There are two peaks for rainfall, June andSeptember. The mean maximum temperature is 26.46C, minimum 21.42 C and the relative humidity is 74.55%.b) Sampling Procedure and Sample SizeFrom the four agricultural zones in Oyo stateIbadan/Ibarapa zone was purposively selected becauseof the presence of small-scale poultry farmers in thezone. From the selected zone, 3 blocks was randomlyselected. 2 cells was selected using simple randomtechnique to make up 6 cells. Two villages wasrandomly selected from each of the 6 cells to make up12 villages, from each of the 12 villages 10 small-scalepoultry farmers was randomly selected to make up 120small-scale poultry farmers. The total sample size for thestudy was 120 small-scale poultry farmers.c) Measurement of VariablesSome of the important variables measured were:Daily routine management practices: this wasmeasured using 3 point scale ranging from Always 3,sometimes 2, Never 1.Perceived benefit was measured as StronglyDisagree 1, Disagree 2, Undecided 3, Agree 4,Strongly Agree 5.Constraints to increased layers production wasmeasured with 3 point scale: Major constraint 3, Minorconstraint 2, Not constraint 1.d) Data AnalysisData collected was subjected to descriptive andinferential statistics; frequency, percentages and means 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)was used to describe data collected, while PPMC wasused to test the hypothesis; to ascertain for cteristics of respondents and their constraints toincreased layers productionIV.Result and Discussiona) Socioeconomic Characteristics of the RespondentsTable 1 indicates that most (62.5%) of therespondents were between the ages of 21-40 yearswhile 15.8% are between the ages of 41-60. This impliesthat small scale layers poultry farming is commonamong younger farmers unlike those who are above 60years which represent 1.7% of the respondents in thisstudy. The ages ranges from 21 to 40 years indicatesthat majority of the respondents were within theeconomically active age category and this is in line withYinusa (1999) who observed that this age bracketcontains the innovative, motivated and adaptableindividuals. Table 1 indicates that 63.3 percent of therespondents were married while 29.2% and 7.5% aresingle and widowed respectively. Most (77.5%) of therespondents had higher education which could probablyhave encourage them to choose poultry farming notregarding the technicality involved in it although at asmall-scale level. Most (63.3%) of the respondents hadmore than 2 people in the household. It implies thatrespondents with family size above 2 people would havemore hands to work in their poultry which could aidincrease in their output. Sonaiya (2007) stated thatfamily poultry contributing 68.9% of the total poultrymeat produced in Nigeria. Only 2.5 percent of therespondents generate above 60,000 naira per monthfrom their poultry business. This agree with Akanni(2007) who stated thatlow income from poultrybusiness is one of the constraints to increasedproductions faced by small scale poultry farmers.Table1 also indicated the level of experience ofthe respondents; 65% of the respondents had less than5 years’ experience while 10% had above 10 years ofexperience. Little years of experience could be thereason for low layer production among the small-scalelayer farmers. The knowledge on management, which isa key to profitable poultry production, is gained throughyears of experience of the poultry farmer (Fetuga 1992).Majority (99.2%) of the respondents were raising below50 birds as the time of this research. According toAkanni (2007) most small-scale poultry farmers havelimited finance to raise larger number of flocks.b) Daily Routine Management PracticesTable 2 shows that 73 percent of therespondents always sweep and pack dirt’s within andoutside the layers house, 56 percent of them alwaysclean the water troughs and refill it daily, 45.5 percentsometimes weigh and measure the quantity of feed

Challenges of Small Poultry Farms in Layer Production in Ibadan Oyo State Nigeriagiven to the layers. Although, 65.5 percent of therespondents sometimes cull unhealthy birds but61.5percent of the respondents do not practice foot dipsystem at the layers house. This implication of this isthat small scale poultry farmers sometimes ignore somemanagement practices as not important which couldhave hazards effect on their layers productionperformances. Most (61%) of the respondents keeprecords of egg laid for the day, this will help them tohave adequate knowledge of the number of eggproduced and also know the likely number of layer thatare yet to produce after reaching the laying age.Separation of cracked egg was one of the daily routinemanagement practices carried out by 71 percent of therespondents. This is necessary so as to prepare theeggs that were not cracked for sale each of the day.Since, cleaning and preparing the egg for sale willgenerate income; most of the layers farmers wouldalways be willing to engage in such managementpractices. Good management practices are theminimum care that is required to humanely maintain thebirds. Caring for the birds and tending to their basicneeds is a constant responsibility-24 hours a day, 7days a week (Claucer, 2010).Marital statusSingle 20.814.28.312More than 2Monthly incomeLess than 20,00020,000 – 40,00041,000 – 60,000Above 60,0000YearsexperienceofLess than 5 years5 – 10 yearsAbove 10 yearsNumber of 5.81.720 – 3031 – 4041 – 5051 – 60Age (years)Source : Field Survey (2012)Table 2 : Daily Routine Management Practices(A)%(S)%(N)%Sweeping and packing dirts within and outside the layer house.Daily Routine Management Practices73.020.07.0Thoroughly clean water troughs and refill with clean water.Weigh/measure the quantity of feed given to the layers.Add fresh feed into the feed troughs.Collect eggs at least three times a day.Keep records of eggs laid for the day.Check for sick layersCull unhealthy layers from others.check for mortality and remove themChange the foot dip.Record number of unhealthy birds and drug administeredSeparate cracked eggs, leakers and thin-shelled eggs after 62.42.85.67.76.31.061.558.51.0NB: A Always. S Sometimes. N Never.Source: Field Survey (2012) 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)Year 2013Family sizeSexLess than 2021 – 4041 – 60Above 60311767Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XIIIXII Issue II Version INo formal educationAdult literacyPrimary educationSecondaryeducationHigher educationrespondentsMaleFemale29.263.37.5Level of educationTable 1 : Socio -economic characteristics ofVariables35769

Challenges of Small Poultry Farms in Layer Production in Ibadan Oyo State NigeriaYear 2013c) Perception of the Layers Farmers on Benefit ofIncreased layer ProductionGlobal Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XIIIXII Issue II Version I8From Table 3 most (60%) of the respondentsstrongly agreed that the increases in the number oflayers will help to increase profit that will be made fromthe poultry business. More than half of the respondentsperceived that increase in the layers production willincrease the egg production, poultry meat availabilityand more poultry droppings would be produced whichcould be used as manure to boost agriculturalproduction. They also agreed that increase in layerproduction will improves well-being of the farmer’shousehold. Village chickens play a very important role inthe livelihoods of those people keeping them. Thesechickens have a multitude of functions, and theseinclude the many cultural and traditional roles, food andincome generation (Scoones 1992; Kusina and Kusina1999). At least 40 percent concurred that increase inlayer production could create job opportunity because itwill require more labour to handle the increase in thepoultry business. Among the respondents (26.7%).strongly disagree that there is adequate governmentpolicy for that could support them to boost their layerproduction and 33.3% of the respondents also disagreethat loans are easily accessed when their layerproductions increases. This implies that the fact that onehas a large number of egg producing birds do notguarantee that one will have access to loan. Some(20%) of the respondents strongly agree that withincrease in layer production there is more possibility thatthey will have access to loan because their largenumber of birds can encourage the funders to financetheir business.Table 3 : Perceived Benefit to Increased production of Layers in the study eing of the farmer and his family improves when thenumber of layers increases.Less amount of money is spent in transporting of thelayers and eggs when the number of layers increases.Increase in the number of layers reared will improve theprotein consumption rate in the economy.Loans and credits are easily accessed when the numberof layers reared 17.5108.31310.8108.39.There is adequate government policy intervention forpoultry farmers rearing an increased number of layers.3226.72823.31915.82520.81613.310.Job opportunities increases with the increase number oflayers reared.43.386.760502420.02420.0S.NPerceived Benefits1.Increase in number of layers increases profit/income.2.Increase in number of layers increases egg production.3.Poultry meat production increases with the increasednumber of layers reared.There is more supply of poultry droppings for manure withthe increased number of layers reared which can boostorganic agriculture.4.5.6.7.8.NB: SD Strong Disagree, D Disagree, U Undecided, A Agree, SA Strongly Agreed) Constraints to Increase of Layers ProductionTable 4 Shows that 76.7% of the respondentspoultry was faced with diseases and pest attack as amajor constraint, this is probably because most of smallscale poultry farmer could not identify the symptoms ofdisease earlier enough to prevent disease outbreakwhich is a major threat that wipe out many of the poultryin developing countries. Most (73.3%) of therespondents were also faced with uneasy access toloan and credit procurement; this was in line with reports 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)of Agbato,1997; Akeeb, 1997; Adebayo and Adeola(2005) also confirmed that credit facilities or loans fromfinancial institutions are not accessible to the poultryfarmers in the rural area. Market price fluctuation andnon availability of land and space were also pointed bythe respondents as constraints to increase of layerproduction. Meanwhile, 56 percent of the respondentslack technical knowledge required in the poultrybusiness, Olaniyi et al. (2008) opined that lack oftechnical knowledge is a major constraint that militates

Challenges of Small Poultry Farms in Layer Production in Ibadan Oyo State NigeriaTable 4 : Constraints to Increase in Production of LayersConstraintsDisease and pest attackCost of drugs and vaccinationMarket/price fluctuationAccessibility of feedAvailability of labourUnavailability of land/spaceDifficulty in credit and loan procurement processesPurchase of healthy day old chicksCost of feedRate of mortality of the layersPacking and disposal of the layers droppingsLack of quality ingredient for feed formulationLack of technical know-how in handling poultryMajor ConstraintsFreq 073.354.251.755.846.755.856.7MinorConstraintsFreq 516.730.041.740.840.036.729.2NotConstraintsFreq .86.73.313.37.514.2Source: Field Survey (2012)e) Possible Solutions to the Constraints to IncreaseLayers ProductionTable 5 indicates the respondents’ likelysolution to the various constraints that affect theincrease in production of layers. About 50 percent of therespondents indicated that provision of easy access toloan procurement will proffer solution to the constraintsthey are facing in increasing layer production. This is inline with Haruna et al.(2007) who opined that small-scalelayer farmers do not have adequate capital andresources to expand their scale of operations. Some(24.2%) of the respondents pointed out that stablemarket price for the sale of egg could also encouragepoultry farmers to increase their production since theyare assured that they will be able to sell there eggs at agood price to the people irregardless of season theyproduce more egg because there is stable market pricefor the sale of egg. Provision of adequate land andspace for poultry production was suggested as asolution by 16.7 percent of the respondents, although itis a few proportion that indicated that provision ofland/space will assist in increasing layers poultryproduction but it is a vital suggestion because withoutland, poultry farms cannot be established and where itis proposed to be sited close to residential buildingsmost of the times the residents of such area protestabout the location of poultry in their neighbourhood.Knowledge and technical know-how in any business isvery important so as to be able to handle such businessproperly and efficiently, 10.8 percent of the respondentsindicated that adequate training should be provided soas to educate and enlighten the farmers. Meanwhile,only 4.2% of the respondents indicated that theprovision of quality ingredients for poultry feed willproffer solutions to the constraints faced by the farmers.It is probably because many of the small-scalepoultry farmers mostly at times purchase feed theyutilized for their birds. So if there is more supply of thequality ingredient for formulation and compounding,then the constraint of high cost of feed may reduce andthe respondents will be able to buy either more of theingredient for feed compounding or buy more feed tonourish their laying poultry birds production. 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)Year 2013could be linked also to the lack of quality ingredient forfeed formulation because the available quality ingredientmay be costly and thereby affecting the price of thefeed. The implication of this is that if the cost of feed ishigh and small scale poultry farmer could not afford itthen it will affect the number of birds they can keep.Lack of feed for the mother hen and the chicks was themain reason for not confining poultry birds, chickconfinement has been known to reduce losses frompredators; however, it comes at a cost to the farmer interms of increased feed (Sonaiya and Swan, 2004).9Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XIIIXII Issue II Version Iagainst poultry production. More than 55.8 percent ofthe respondents indicated that rate of mortality of theirlaying is a major constraint to increase their layerproduction. This concurs with Chitate and Guta (2001)and Smith (1992) who also observe that mortality wasthe major constraint to village chicken productivity. Lackof quality ingredient for feed formulation was alsoindicated by 55.8 percent of the respondents to be amajor constraint while 51.7 percent believed that thehigh cost of feed for their layering birds was a majorconstraint encountered which prevented them fromincreasing their layers production. The high cost of feed

Challenges of Small Poultry Farms in Layer Production in Ibadan Oyo State NigeriaTable 5 : Possible Solutions to the Constraints to Increased Layers ProductionPossible SolutionsEasy access to credit/loan procurementStable market price for sale of egg.Provision of adequate land/space for poultry productionProvision adequate training in handling poultryProvide quality feed .84.2Year 2013Source: Field Survey (2012)Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XIIIXII Issue II Version I10f)Result of Correlation AnalysisThe result of correlation analysis shows thatthere was significant relationship between number ofbirds raised, income from sale of eggs and constraintsto increased layer production. The implication is that thelarger the size of layers raised by the poultry farmersimpinge on the constraints encountered in increasingtheir layers poultry production. Likewise, if the incomefrom sale of eggs is much and increasing, there istendency that the small sale poultry farmers would bewilling to increase their layer production regardless ofthe constraints to increased poultry production. The age,years of experience and family size of the respondentswere not significantly related to constraints to layersproduction. The age of the small scale poultry farmersand years of experience in the layer poultry businesscannot prevent or reduce the kind of constraint them willencounter whenever they intend to increase their layersproduction.Table 6 : Result of Correlation AnalysisVariableCoefficient .9040.0140.0160.405NSNSSSNSAgeYears-of experienceNumber of Birds raisedIncome from sale of eggsFamily sizeS Significant NS Not Significant Source: Field Survey (2012)V. Conclusion and RecommendationChallenges facing the small poultry farmsespecially the layers poultry farms impede thewillingness of the poultry farmer to increase theirproduction. The study established that majority of therespondents in the study area were young andeducated which could help them to be innovative. Theyalso perceived that there would be increase profit if theycan increase their layer production which could helpthem to improve their wellbeing and raise their standardof living. Meanwhile some of the daily managementpractices that could promote hygiene were ignored andthe major constraints that militating the increase of layerproduction as identified by this study were disease andpest outbreak, non availability of credit/loan facilities aswell as the lack of technical know-how to handle thepoultry profitable. It is therefore recommended thatsmall-scale layer poultry farmers should be encouragedto form cooperative societies or join the existing one tobe able to access loan to their business andgovernment could also make fund available to assist thelayers poultry farmers. Capacity training of poultryfarmers to enable them to cope with the challenges ofmodern poultry farming and commercialization of smallscale layers poultry production should be carried out. 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)Government should make policies specificallyfor transformation of the small scale poultry industry.This will assist in removing the challenges of smallpoultry farms and thereby creating a favourableenvironment to increase layer production among smallholder poultry farmers.References Références Referencias1. Adebayo, O.O. and R.G. Adeola 2005. SocioEconomic factors Affecting Poultry farmers inEjigbo local Government Area of Osun State.Journal of Human Ecology 18 (1): 39-41.2. Agbato, O. A. 1997. Effective Strategies for EggMarketing in Nigeria. Paper Presented At AWorkshop Organised by The Nigeria Society ForAnimal Production (NSAP), Ogun State, Nigeria.3. Akanni, I.A., 2007. “Effect of micro-Finance onSmall Scale Poultry business in South WesternNigeria” Emirate Journal of Food and Agriculture.19(2): 38-47 http://www.cfa.uaeu.ac.ae4. Akeeb, S.1997 Problems of Poultry Production inNigeria. Paper Presented At Workshop A Organ-ised By The Nigeria Society For Animal ProductionNSAP), Ogun State, Nigeria.

Challenges of Small Poultry Farms in Layer Production in Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria19. Oladeebo J.O. and A.I. Ambe-Lamidi 2007.Profitability, Input Elasticities and EconomicEfficiency of Poultry Production among YouthFarmers in Osun State,Nigeria InternationalJournal of Poultry Science 6 (12): 994-99820. PSN 2009. Poultry site News: http://’poultry 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)Year 2013newsdesk.com.21. Scoones, I. 1992. The Economic Value of Livestockin a Communal Area in Southern Zimbabwe.Agricultural Systems, 39: 339–359.22. Sonaiya, E. B. and Swan, S. E. J. 2004. Small-ScalePoultry Production. Technical guide. FAO AnimalProduction and Health Manual 1, Rome, Italy.23. Smith A. J. 1992. Integration of Poultry Productioninto the Agricultural Systems in the TropicalAgriculturist: Poultry. CTA; Macmillan. Pp 176- 19124. Sonaiya, E.B 2007. Family Poultry Food Securityand the Impact of HPAI. World Poultry ScienceJournal, 63: 132-138.25. Yinusa. M.B 1999. North farms alone: A study ofrural livelihoods in the middle belt of Nigeria. DAREASLD working paper 38.11Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XIIIXII Issue II Version I5. Branckaert 1999. “Constraints in poultry productionamong smallholders”. Journal of AgriculturalScience, 38,387-996. Branckaert 1999. “Constraints in poultry productionamong smallholders”. Journal of AgriculturalScience, 38,387-997. Central Bank of Nigeria 2010. Central Bank ofNigeria. Annual ReportStatement of AccountStatistical Bulletin.8. Chitate F and Guta M 2001 Country report:Zimbabwe. In: SADC Planning Workshop onNew-castle Disease Control in Village Chickens(Alders R G a

poultry site news 2009). In poultry production small-scale poultry production represents one of the few opportunities for saving, investment and security against risks. It accounts for approximately 90% of total poultry production (Branckaert 1999). Despite the acknowledge importance of poultry production Akanni (2007) opined that it is .