POULTRY - AgriSETA
POULTRYSub-Sector Skills Plan2020-2021
CONTENTSENABLING A SKILLED AND PROSPEROUSAGRICULTURAL SECTOR
iABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. iiCHAPTER 5: SKILLS PRIORITY ACTIONS.33EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. ivRESEARCH PROCESS AND METHODS. v5.1 INTRODUCTION. 34SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS. vi5.2 KEY FINDINGS FROM OTHER CHAPTERS. 345.3 RECOMMENDED ACTIONS. 34CHAPTER 1: SECTOR PROFILE.15.4 CONCLUSION. 351.1 INTRODUCTION. 2LIST OF REFERENCES . 361.2 SCOPE OF COVERAGE. 21.3 KEY ROLE-PLAYERS. 41.4 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE. 61.5 EMPLOYER PROFILE. 71.6 LABOUR MARKET PROFILE. 81.7 CONCLUSION. 12CHAPTER 2: KEY SKILLS ISSUES.132.1 INTRODUCTION. 142.2 CHANGE DRIVERS. 142.3 ALIGNMENT OF SKILLS PLANNING TO NATIONAL .STRATEGY AND PLANS . 152.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR SKILLS PLANNING. 172.5 CONCLUSION. 17CHAPTER 3: OCCUPATIONAL SHORTAGESAND SKILLS GAPS.193.1 INTRODUCTION. 203.2 EXTENT AND NATURE OF DEMAND. 203.3 EXTENT AND NATURE OF SUPPLY. 223.4 SECTORAL PRIORITY OCCUPATIONS (PIVOTAL) LIST. 253.5 CONCLUSION. 28CHAPTER 4: PARTNERSHIPS.294.1 INTRODUCTION. 304.2 EXISTING PARTNERSHIPS. 304.3 EMERGING PARTNERSHIPS. 314.4 CONCLUSION. 31GENERAL INFORMATION
iiAGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLANABBREVIATIONS AND n Farmers Association of South AfricaAGOAAfrican Growth and Opportunity ActAGRISETAAgricultural Sector Education and Training AuthorityATRAnnual Training ReportCoSCentres of Specialisation*DAFF[DALRRD]*Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry[changed to Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development in June 2019]*DHET[DHEST]*Department of Higher Education and Training[was merged with Department of Science and Technology and became Department of HigherEducation, Science and Technology in June 2019]*dti[dtic]*Department of Trade and Industry[was replaced by the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition in June 2019 through theincorporation of the Department of Economic Development (EDD) into the Department of Trade andIndustry (the dti)]GDPGross Domestic ProductHEMISHigher Education Management Information SystemHTFVHard-To-Fill VacanciesIDPIntegrated Development PlanIRRInstitute of Race relationsKZNKwaZulu-NatalKZNPIKwaZulu-Natal Poultry InstituteNAFUNational African Farmers UnionPOULTRYSUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLAN
iiiNDPNational Development PlanNGPNew Growth PathNPONon-Profit OrganisationNQFNational Qualifications FrameworkNSDPNational Skills Development Plan 2030NCVNational Certificate VocationalQLFSQuarterly Labour Force SurveyRPLRecognition of Prior LearningPESTELPolitical Economic Social Technological Environmental and Legal factorsSAPASouth African Poultry AssociationSAQASouth African Qualifications AuthoritySARSSouth African Revenue ServiceSDLSkills Development LevySICStandard Industrial ClassificationSIPStandard Integrated ProjectSSPSector Skills PlanStats SAStatistics South AfricaSWOTStrength Weakness Opportunity ThreatsTVETTechnical Vocational Education and TrainingWSPWorkplace Skills PlanZARSouth African Rand* The references and information in the SSP was obtained before the merging and renaming of national government departments in June 2019.GENERAL INFORMATION
ivAGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLANEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Poultry sub-sector, as demarcated to the AgriSETA,consists of three producer types, namely: Commercial poultry producers that are generally large corporates producing poultry (and eggs) on avery large scale and controlling the supply chain fromproduction (breeding) to growing, slaughtering (largeabattoirs) and packaging. Out-growers (also called contract growers) thatare mainly small to medium-sized operations whichenjoy contracts to grow and deliver products (suchas broilers and eggs) to the abattoir/pack station (ofmainly commercial poultry producers). Small-scale poultry and egg farmers that arenormally classified into the SMME category and arefrequently family operations.Poultry is a large levy payer exceeding R46 million annually.The poultry meat industry made the largest contribution to thegross value of animal products, which contributed 48.5% tothe total gross value of agricultural production in 2018 (DAFF,2018). The commercial poultry sector employs more than100 000 workers, of whom about 60 000 are permanentemployees. Poultry is the second largest consumer of maizeand has a major impact on upstream companies in the valuechain, such as the animal feed industry. In short, poultryhas a formidable place in the South African agriculturaleconomy.However, the sub-sector is susceptible to economic strain.It is heavily affected by avian influenza and more recentlylisteriosis, as well as imports from the USA, Europe andSouth America. Concerns have been raised that some of thePOULTRYimports are being ‘dumped’ here. As a large consumer ofmaize, the increase in the maize prize has a direct impact onthe poultry industry.Poultry is a popular subsistence farming activity amongsmall-scale farmers as it is relatively easy to engage with,has low unit costs and the input costs are low (if free ranging).It is one of the most important natural sources of protein forimpoverished rural people.Key drivers of change in the sub-sector are the following: The growth of small-scale farmers Transformation of the sector Extension advisors Recurring avian Influenza and recently the outbreakof listeriosis The green economyIn turn, these change drivers impact on skills and the followingthree factors stand out:– Develop small-scale farmers’ business and broilermanagement skills.– Train small-scale farmers in better understandingof animal health, hygiene and medicine and theapplication thereof in order to minimise the spreadingof avian influenza and other diseases such as Listeriaand Salmonella infections.– In the commercial sector, emphasis should be placedon creating an optimal environment for the breedingand growing of birds and layers. This relates to germfree environments, hygiene and safety.SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLAN
vRESEARCH PROCESS AND METHODSAgriSETA carried out various research projects to producethe Poultry Sub-sector Skills Plan 2020-2021. The researchwas conducted through a mixed methodology of qualitativeand quantitative techniques. The table below summarises theresearch process and methods used to construct this subsector skills plan. The table summarises the research processand methods used to construct this sub-sector skills plan.TABLE 1: RESEARCH PROCESS AND METHODSResearch TopicNature (Design)of the studyPurposeData CollectionSample SizeTimeframeChapter 1: Sector ProfileScope of coverage ofQuantitativethe sectorGives an overview ofthe sectorAgriSETAemployer dataAll AgriSETAemployer data for May–July 20192018/19Key role-players inthe sectorQuantitativeInvestigate key roleplayersWSPs/ATRsdataAll WSPs receivedMay–July 2019for 2019EconomicperformanceQuantitativeExamine economicperformance in thesectorWSPs/ATRsdataAll WSPs receivedMay–July 2019for 2019Employer profileQuantitativeExamine employmenttrendsWSPs/ATRsdataAll WSPs receivedMay–July 2019for 2019QuantitativeExamine employmenttrendsWSPs/ATRsdata, StatisticsSAAll WSPs receivedMay–July 2019for 2019Labour market profileChapter 2: Key Skills IssuesDrivers of change forthe agricultural sectorPolicy frameworksaffecting skillsdemand and supplyQualitativeIdentify skills prioritiesInterviews andand change drivers infocus groupsthe agricultural sector60 SSC members,August 20194 focus groupsQualitativeAnalyse sectorialpolicy frameworks60 SSC members,August 20194 focus groupsInterviews andfocus groupsChapter 3: Occupational Shortages and Skills GapsCritically evaluate theAgriSETA critical andscarce skills list andQuantitativeprovide an overviewof the skills gapTo provide thesectoral occupationaldemand, extent andnature of supplyIdentification ofSectoral PriorityOccupations(PIVOTAL)Formulate SectoralPriority Occupations(PIVOTAL)QualitativeFocus groups,WSPs/ATRsdataAll WSPS/ATRsdata receivedfor 2019 , 60 SSC August 2019members, 4 focusgroupsWSPs/ATRs,interviewsAll WSPs/ATRsdata receivedfor 2019, 11August 2019employer surveys,60 SSC membersGENERAL INFORMATION
viAGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLANResearch TopicNature (Design)of the studyPurposeData CollectionSample SizeTimeframeChapter 4: PartnershipsAnalysis of plannedand existing SETApartnershipsQualitativeAscertain theAgriSETApartnershipsInterviewsAll AgriSETAdepartmentsMay–July 2019NONEOn-goingChapter 5: Skills Priority ActionsKey skills findingsfrom previouschaptersQuantitativeProvide synthesis ofprevious chaptersin the SSP andrecommendations ofpriority actionsDOCUMENT REVIEWA document review was conducted to establish theeconomic performance and trends of the Poultry sub-sector,geographic concentration and employers. Governmentpolicy and strategy documents as well as key statistical andindustry publications were reviewed and these are includedin the bibliography. A thematic analysis was conducted tosynthesise the key economic, policy and training issuesaffecting the sub-sector, and to identify key skills issues.NONESCARCE AND PIVOTAL LISTFORMULATIONThe scarce skills, skills gaps and PIVOTAL skills lists werearrived at through both secondary data analysis and thenumbers made available in previous sector skills plans, largeand small workplace skills plans (WSPs), large and smallannual training reports, (ATRs), and primary data analysisobtained at the two-day AgriSETA Stakeholder Conference(28 February to 1 March 2019), interviews and datacollection.SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGSSkills priorities in the Poultry sub-sector entail the following: Business acumen (such as identifying and startinga new business) and basic business planning (suchas setting targets, resource planning, financial andoperational plans). The existing NCV programmescan be considered as a basis for developing poultryspecific programmes. Technical skills focusing on practices relating tohatcheries, broilers and layers. Artisan development as current artisan population isageing and needs to be replaced. Bio-security skills and knowledge.POULTRYSUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLAN
viiLIST OF TABLESTABLE 1:TABLE 2:TABLE 3:TABLE 4:TABLE 5:TABLE 6:TABLE 7:TABLE 8:TABLE 9:TABLE 10:TABLE 11:TABLE 12:RESEARCH PROCESS AND METHODSACTIVITIES IN THE POULTRY SUB-SECTOR BY STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONKEY AGRICULTURAL ROLE PLAYERSKEY POULTRY ROLE-PLAYERSBROAD REMUNERATION CATEGORIES OF THE POULTRY INDUSTRY WORKFORCEKEY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES IN THE POULTRY INDUSTRYPESTEL FACTORS IN THE POULTRY SUB-SECTORGENERAL PRIORITY SKILLS FOR THE POULTRY SUB-SECTORPLANNED AND REPORTED TRAININGNUMBER OF EMPLOYEES TRAINED BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY AND GENDERTHE AGRISETA 2019/20 PIVOTAL LISTKEY PARTNERSHIPS IN THE POULTRY SUB-SECTORv246911162122252630LIST OF FIGURESFIGURE 1: DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL ENTITIES BY SUB-SECTOR3FIGURE 2: SKILLS DEVELOPMENT LEVIES3FIGURE 3: PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POULTRY ENTITIES7FIGURE 4: RELATIVE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF POULTRY ENTERPRISES8FIGURE 5: PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES9FIGURE 6: EMPLOYEES BY GENDER10FIGURE 7: EMPLOYEES BY RACE10FIGURE 8: AGE OF POULTRY SUB-SECTOR EMPLOYEES11FIGURE 9: PUBLIC UNIVERSITY GRADUATES BY MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY23FIGURE 10: NUMBER OF ENROLMENTS AND GRADUATES FROM PUBLIC UNIVERSITIESAND TECHNIKONS BY CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL SUBJECT MATTER(CESM) 2000–201624GENERAL INFORMATION
1AGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLANCHAPTER 1SECTOR PROFILEPOULTRYSUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLAN
21.1. INTRODUCTIONsector is explored. Overall, the chapter is intended to set thescene for the skills issues that are delved into in subsequentchapters.Chapter 1 of this report provides an overview of theagricultural sector, paying particular attention to the Poultrysub-sector in South Africa. The first section of this chapterlooks at the scope of the Poultry sub-sector’s coverage. Thesecond section describes the AgriSETA stakeholders and keyrole-players in the Poultry sub-sector.The third section looks at the economic performance of theoverall agricultural sector, zooming into the contribution ofpoultry to the South African economy. The fourth sectionexplores the employer profile, based on the AgriSETA WSP/ATR data submitted for 2019/20.1.2. SCOPE OFCOVERAGEThe scope of AgriSETA covers the agricultural sector, frominput services to a farm, activities on a farm and first levelprocessing activities from a farm. The Poultry sub-sector isclassified into a single economic activity. The table belowoutlines the formal demarcation of the Poultry sub-sectoraccording to standard industrial classification (SIC) codesand focus areas.The last section provides a labour market profile wherethe number and demographics of people employed in theTABLE 2: ACTIVITIES IN THE POULTRY SUB-SECTOR BY STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONSUB-SECTORPoultrySIC CODESIC Description11220Other animal farming, production of animal products (not elsewhere classified)11221Ostrich farming30114Source: AgriSETA, 2019/20Poultry and egg production including the slaughtering, dressing and packing of poultryThe Poultry sub-sector is comprised of three major sections: Commercial poultry producers – These are largeentities and large corporates producing poultry(and eggs) on a very large scale and controlling thesupply chain from production (breeding) to growing,slaughtering (large abattoirs) and packaging. Out growers (also called contract growers) – Theseare mainly small to medium-sized operations thatenjoy contracts to grow and deliver live product(broilers or eggs) to the abattoir/pack station (ofmainly commercial poultry producers). They aregenerally supplied by growing stock (chicks), feedand other inputs and once delivered to the abattoir/pack station, the cost of production is deducted andthen paid a pre-agreed amount per bird/egg. Small-scale farmers – These are normally classifiedinto the SMME category and are frequently familyoperations. Live birds and eggs are generally sold onCHAPTER 1a daily basis at the gate or through hawkers (live birdsales represent a biosecurity risk). Generally, theseare survivalist businesses.Overall, the agricultural sector consists of 11 sub-sectorcommittees that represent their industry interest to AgriSETA.These are 1) Red Meat; 2) Horticulture; 3) Grains andCereals; 4) Fibre; 5) Aquaculture; 6) Poultry; 7) Milling, PetFood, and Animal Feed; 8) Pest Control; 9) Seed; 10) Sugar;and 11) Tobacco. The total number of employers registeredin the employer database for 2019/20 is 26 181. The RedMeat sub-sector remains the biggest on the AgriSETAemployer data, followed by the Horticulture sub-sector, Grainand Cereal, and Fibre. The lowest percentages are found inMilling, Pet Food & Animal Feed (2%), and Pest Control, Seed,Sugar (1%) and Tobacco (0.3%). The graph below outlinesthe relative size of membership number by sub-sectors, ascaptured in the AgriSETA employer database of 2019/20.SECTOR PROFILE
3AGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLANFIGURE 1: DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL ENTITIES BY SUB-SECTORRed MeatHorticultureGrains and CerealsFibrePoultryAquacultureBlanksMilling, Pet Food and Animal FeedPest rce: AgriSETA Employer Data, 2019/20Note: Tobacco is not reflected as it reflects 0% (although large, the total sector consist only of a very few enterprises)REVENUE FROM SKILLSDEVELOPMENT LEVIESIn 2019/20, there was a total of 1 260 poultry entities onthe AgriSETA employer database contributing 5,0% of totalentities in the agricultural sector registered with AgriSETA.Of these 1 260 entities (as shown in the figure below), 34%contribute to the Skills Development Levy (SDL). A total ofR51 731 063 SDL was generated by the Poultry sub-sector.It is clear that the Poultry sub-sector is one of the key subsectors demarcated to the AgriSETA. If one is to simultaneouslytake into account the myriad of micro and survivalistproducers who survive from poultry and egg production (justabout every rural household own chickens either for ownconsumption or aimed at the informal or hawker market),one realises that this sub-sector needs focused attention fromthe AgriSETA.FIGURE 2: SKILLS DEVELOPMENT LEVIES80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Percentagelevy payingNon-levy paying34%66%Source: AgriSETA Employer Data, 2019/20POULTRYSUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLAN
41.3. KEY ROLE-PLAYERSThere are public and private key role-players in the agricultural sector that contribute towards its functioning. They includenational government departments, sector representatives and industry bodies. The table below groups these role-playersaccording to their strategic contribution to the sector. Please note that while it is comprehensive, this list is not exhaustive.TABLE 3: KEY AGRICULTURAL ROLE PLAYERSStrategic contributionDepartment or organisationDepartment of Basic EducationRelevance to agricultural skills developmentQuality of education of entrants to labour market, careerawareness programmes to highlight agriculture as apossible career choice.Department of Higher Education andTraining[was merged with Department ofResponsible for TVETs, HETs, agricultural colleges andScience and Technology and became skills development, sets the national skills developmentDepartment of Higher Education,agenda through regulation of SETAs.Science and Technology in June2019]Statistics SAProvision of updated statistics on agricultural sectoreconomics & labour force.Agricultural Research CouncilScientific research on agricultural production issues.Department of Trade and Industry &Skills Development and Provincial Departments of EconomicResearchDevelopment[was replaced by the Department ofIndustrial strategy, international trade agreements,Trade, Industry and Competition inagricultural sector strategy and policy implementationJune 2019 through the incorporationdesk.of the Department of EconomicDevelopment (EDD) into theDepartment of Trade and Industry (thedti)]Department of Agriculture Forestryand Fisheries[changed to Department ofAgriculture, Land Reform and RuralDevelopment in June 2019]Sector regulatory framework, strategy and leadership,provision of extension services, Broad EconomicEmpowerment funding of development interventionsincluding provision of bursaries for scarce skills.National Treasury & SARSFinancial planning, incentives, accountability of LandBank, skills levies.CHAPTER 1SECTOR PROFILE
5AGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLANStrategic contributionPlanningDepartment or organisationRelevance to agricultural skills developmentDepartment of LabourLabour legislation, wage determinations, employmentequity.Department of EconomicDevelopment[changed to Department of EconomicDevelopment nd Tourism]Sector economic strategies.National Planning CommissionIdentification of inter-departmental overlaps and gaps.Department of Environmental Affairs[was changed to Department ofEnvironment, Forestry and Fisheries inJune 2019]Policy and guidelines on environment protection andnatural resource management, partner in environmentaleducation.Department of TransportPlanning for transport needs in rural areas.Department of Rural Development andLand ReformPartnering with AgriSETA in mobilising funds for capacity[changed to Department ofbuilding of claimants.Rural Development and Agriculture, Land Reform and RuralDevelopment in June 2019]Land ReformDepartment of CooperativeGovernance and Traditional Affairsplus municipalitiesLinking agricultural and rural development to IDPsand LED, infrastructure and services to agriculturalenterprises.Department of Water AffairsWater boards manage local irrigation schemes.Department of EnergyStrategy to supply electricity to rural areas.South African Police ServiceCollaboration with agricultural community to addressissues of farm security, including attacks, stock andproperty theft.Land and Agricultural DevelopmentBank of South AfricaFinancial services to commercial farming sector,agribusiness, and emerging farmers.Micro-Agricultural FinancialInstitutions of South Africa (MAFISA)Production loans to smallholder operators.Agri South Africa (AgriSA)Agricultural Union serving some 32 000 large and smallcommercial farmers.National African Farmers’ Union ofSouth Africa (NAFU)Represents emerging farmers to increase access into theagricultural value chain.The African Farmers’ Association ofSouth Africa (AFASA)Represents commercial African farmers to bring blackcommercial farmers into mainstream agribusiness.Transvaal Agricultural Union SouthAfrica (TAU SA)A national agricultural union serving commercialfarmers.Food and Allied Workers Union(FAWU)Representing unionised workers in the farming and foodprocessing industries.Agricultural Business ChamberFosters a favourable agribusiness environment.ServicesCredit and assistanceUnion and SectorrepresentativesConglomerate organisation providing commodityGrain SAstrategic support and services to South African grainproducers to support sustainability.Source: 2015 GCIS Handbook, Agriculture and AgriSETA SSP 2011-2016AgribusinessPOULTRYSUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLAN
6While the above is relevant to the agricultural sector at large, certain key role-players need special mention when one considersthe Poultry sub-sector. These are summarised in the table below.TABLE 4: KEY POULTRY ROLE-PLAYERSStrategic contributionRepresentation,research, advocacyand lobbyingHuman developmentTransformationDepartment or organisationRelevance to agricultural skills developmentSouth African Poultry Association(SAPA)SAPA serves as the industry’s collective voice to thepublic and to government.It plays an active role in protecting the industry fromforeign ‘dumping’ of poultry products.Onderstepoort Veterinarian School,University of PretoriaAdvanced veterinary training.KZN Poultry Institute (KZNPI)Short courses and information sharing.South African Poultry Association(SAPA) Transformation CommitteeLooking at issues/interventions required pertaining tothe transformation of the Poultry sector.1.4. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCEOVERVIEWThe gross domestic product (GDP) forecast for South African’stotal, annual growth rate had an increase 1% from 2018 to2019 (OECD, 2019). GDP from agriculture in South Africaamounted to R69 690.51 million in the second quarter of2019 (down from R70 443.35 million in Q1: 2019). Lookingat the period 1993-2019, GDP from agriculture averagedR59 779 million (Tradingeconomics, 2019).Notwithstanding the relatively small share of the totalGDP , agriculture plays an important role in the process ofeconomic development and can contribute to householdfood security (DAFF,2018). In addition, the sector plays animportant role in job creation, especially in the more ruralparts of the country.The Poultry sub-sector, although only representing 5% of SDLpayers, is critical to the agricultural sector at large. Poultryremains one of the largest contributors in the agriculturalsector in South Africa; it contributed R60 232 million togross income of animal products (which amounted to R140028 million) in 2018 (DAFF, 2018).The sub-sector provides direct employment for over 54 000people and indirect employment to a further 58 000 people.CHAPTER 1It is the second largest consumer of maize and supportsmany peripheral businesses as well as those downstream inthe value chain. The impact of the Poultry sub-sector on thesuccess of the South African feed industry is considerable(SAPA, 2017).South Africa consumes about 3.6 million tons of poultry,beef, lamb and pork meat per annum, with poultry meatconsumption representing more than 60% of total meatconsumption. As poultry meat is relatively inexpensive andubiquitous, it has grown to be the most important proteinsource in the diet of the majority of South Africans.The consumption of poultry meat (of which most is broilermeat) increased by more than 80%, from 22 kg per personper year in 2000 to almost 40 kg per person per year in2015 (export.gov, 2019)ECONOMIC OUTLOOK OF THESUB-SECTORIn 2018, the poultry industry experienced substantialincrease in broiler production from 17.775 million in 2017 to18.851 million broilers produced, (SAPA, 2018). However,during the past eight years, production costs have increased,SECTOR PROFILE
7AGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLANslowdown in consumer demand and the large-scale import ofpoultry products (South Africa imported approximately 560000 tons of chicken in 2018), has placed the industry undersevere pressure. Indications are that the industry will remainunder pressure for the next few years and it is expected thatit will shed jobs in order to survive commercially. As of 9January 2018, no new outbreaks have been reported oncommercial farms.disposable income of consumers has declined and theimportation of poultry meat products at low prices haseroded the demand for locally produced broiler products.In the egg industry, annual population growth between2008 and 2017 (in terms of the number of layer replacementpullets housed per annum and egg production) was around1.8 % per annum (SAPA, 2017).The total gross value of agricultural products was estimated atR288 643 million in 2018 and the total income from animalproducts amounted to R140 028 million (compared to R135789 million in 2017). Animal products contributed 48.5% tothe gross value of total agricultural products. Income frompoultry meat showed an increase of 8.9% to R47 964million and income from egg production, at R12 268 million,was 14% higher than in the previous year (DAFF, 2018).1.5. EMPLOYER PROFILEAccording to SARS, there are 1 260 registered poultryemployers in South Africa. Of these, 427 pay skillsdevelopment levy. Using the SDL paying companies as aproxy, it is clear from the following graph that approximately40% of all poultry enterprises in the country are found inGauteng and KwaZulu-Natal. Mpumalanga has 16% of allpoultry enterprises (third place), while the Northern Capehas 11% (fourth place). The other provinces have less than10% representation.Since June 2017, there has been a steady decline in theproduction of eggs and chicken. Due to the outbreak ofavian influenza in South Africa, birds were culled resultingat a loss of R 954 million and approximately 1 300 peoplelost their jobs (SAPA, 2018). The epidemic, combined with aFIGURE 3: PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POULTRY nCapeNorth West5%Free State2%2%LimpopoBlanksSource: AgriSETA Employer Data, 2019/20Western Cape was the most represented province at 26% inthe database, followed by Gauteng (16%), KwaZulu-Natal(13%) and Mpumalanga (11%), and the Eastern Cape (9%),Northern Cape (7%) and the Free State (7%). The lowestnumbers of For planning purposes, it is important for theSETA to have a clear understanding of the distribution ofPOULTRYenterprises by size as it helps in decisions regarding grantsand special grants aimed at certain categories (such asSMMEs).However, data sources are limited. SAPA’s membership doesnot reflect the total industry as it is a voluntary organisation.SUB-SECTOR SKILLS PLAN
8Furthermore, the quality of employer data provided by SARSand DHET remains poor and is only used to indicate relativesize rather than absolute numbers per size category.figure indicates that majority of entities on AgriSETA databaseare small (94%) and the medium and large accounts for 3%each.The following figure shows the distribution of poultryenterprises that are registered with AgriSETA by size. TheFIGURE 4: RELATIVE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF POULTRY ediumLarge0%SmallAgriSETA Employer Data, 2019/20The Poultry sub-sector is one of the largest contributors ofskills development levy to AgriSETA. An analysis of SDLconfirms that the vast majority of the SDL is generated by afew large corporates.The indication is that poultry, livestock and vegetablefarming are the most popular farming activities in SouthAfrica – noticeably so in the poorer provinces namleyEastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, followed by Limpopoand Mpumalanga.SUBSISTENCE FARMINGPoultry is one of the most popular subsistence farming activitiesas it is relatively easy to engage with, has low unit costs andhas low input costs (if it is free range). It is one of the mostimportant natural sources of protein for impoverished ruralpeople. This explains why the graph above shows that poultryis one of the most popular comm
mainly commercial poultry producers). Small-scale poultry and egg farmers that are normally classified into the SMME category and are frequently family operations. Poultry is a large levy payer exceeding R46 million annually. The poultry meat industry made the largest contribution to the gross value of animal products, which contributed 48 .
supply of quality poultry feeds, high veterinary and poultry feed costs and lack of poultry processing industries. The poultry sector is also suffering from chaotic and unorganised distribution system and lack of third-party logistics cold chain for poultry and poultry pro
poultry site news 2009). In poultry production small-scale poultry production represents one of the few opportunities for saving, investment and security against risks. It accounts for approximately 90% of total poultry production (Branckaert 1999). Despite the acknowledge importance of poultry production Akanni (2007) opined that it is .
AgriSETA - AGRICULTURE SECTOR EDUCATION TRAINING AUTHORITY
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Small scale poultry coops seem to be built in almost every possible shape and size. Those building a new coop often ask for plans for the perfect chicken coop. However, few plans for small poultry houses are available. Many existing buildings can easily be adapted to accommodate poultry. Poultry housing
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and research reports also confirm experiences documented in the poultry industry. A recent study of poultry plant workers reported that the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome was 2.5 times higher in poultry workers than in non-poultry manual laborers (9). The authors found th
Black Hat Python: Python Programming for Hackers and Pentesters Justin Seitz Published by No Starch Press. To Pat Although we never met, I am forever grateful for every member of your wonderful family you gave me. Canadian Cancer Society www.cancer.ca. About the Author Justin Seitz is a senior security researcher for Immunity, Inc., where he spends his time bug hunting, reverse engineering .
