SOLID BROILER MANAGEMENT Training Manual

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SOLIDBROILERMANAGEMENTTrainingManual

This training manual has been produced by the SupportingOpportunities in Livelihoods Development (SOLID) Project, fundedby the United States Agency for International Development.(USAID).Content Authors: Dr. Sumith Atapattu andAndrew BakerDesign/Layout: Renu WarnasuriyaDisclaimer: The contents of this booklet do not necessarily reflect the views ofUSAID or the United States Government.

BROILER MANAGEMENTTRAINING ManualOverviewSupporting Opportunities in Livelihoods Development (SOLID) is a projectfunded by the United States Agency for International Development. Theproject is designed to strengthen the livelihoods of vulnerable populationsin selected areas of Sri Lanka. SOLID project activities complement theeconomic development efforts of the Government of Sri Lanka by creatingand enhancing economic opportunities for women, youth and vulnerablepopulations in the country. SOLID’s Broiler Management Training Program,supports current and new poultry farmers with caged broiler production.The objective of the SOLID Broiler Management Training Program is toprovide livelihood support to new and current producers by conducting aformal training course on raising broilers poultry for commercial gains.Training modules1ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND BASICS OF BROILER FLOCK MANAGEMENT2BROODING LIFECYCLE AND FLOCK BIOSECURITY345COOP DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENTPOULTRY BUSINESS BASICSSUPPORT TOOLS FOR POULTRY FARMERS

Contents2List of Support Tools4List of Important Definitions5Module One: Animal Husbandry and Basics of Broiler FlockManagement61A: Background to Broiler Production71B: Getting Started10IC: Understanding Animal Husbandry121D: Intensive Coop Production System161E: Broiler Nutrition201F: Main Challenges in Broiler Production22Module Two: Brooding Lifecycle and Flock Biosecurity232A: Brooding242B: Growing Phase352C: Benefits of a Lighting Program402D: Litter Management422E: Harvesting432F: Health and Biosecurity452G: Vaccinations492H: Farm Sanitation502I: Safe Use and Handling of Pesticides and Disinfectants55Module Three: Coop Design, Construction and Equipment603A: Coop Design, Construction and Equipment613B: Construction of a 100 Bird Broiler Coop64

3C: Stage One – Foundation Work (1st Week)683D: Stage Two – Framework (2nd Week)743E: Stage Three – Wire Mesh, Roofing, Door Work (3rd Week)783F: Equipment Required for a 100 Bird Poultry Coop83Module Four: Poultry Business Basics864A: Overview of Business Terms and Principles874B: Potential Broiler Business Models90Module Five: Support Tools for Poultry Farmers963

List of Support Tools45A: Weekly Space Requirement per Bird975B: The Recommended Temperature Profile975C: How to Interpret Chick Behaviour975D: Recommended Lighting Program985E: Feed Type According to Bird Age985F: Suggested Transition from One Type of Feed to Another995G: Suggested Transition from One Type of Feed toAnother995H: Broiler Performance1005I: General Broiler Vaccinations, Application and Timing1015J: Prevalent Diseased and their Symptoms1025K: Weekly Management and Performance1035L: Broiler Pen/Batch Card1045M: Broiler Budget106

Important definitionsBroilersBroiler/ poultry farmingChickens that have especially been raised formeat production.Domestic or commercial raising of chickens,turkeys, ducks, quails and other selected birdtypes for meat and eggs, either on a small orlarge scale.Caged broiler productionSuperior to a free range system in terms ofprofitability and predictability but comes with itsown set of risksFree range systemA poultry management system where birds areallowed to roam freely and find their own food.Coop/cage systemA poultry management system where birds areraised in coops or cages.Animal husbandryThe management and care of farm animals byhumans for profit.5

1:Module One: AnimalHusbandry andBasics of BroilerFlock ManagementModule one will provide anoverview of animal husbandrypractices and techniques and givereaders an insight into what isrequired to achieve optimumperformance levels of a flock ofbroilerchickens.Successfulbroiler management requires thecarefulconsiderationofacombination of several factors andneglecting even one factor couldcompromisetheoverallperformance of the flock. A broilerfarmer must always remember thatwell cared for birds are more likelyto meet production targets andthus improve profits.6

1a. Background to Broiler ProductionWhy Broiler?Broilers are specifically bread to achieve very fast growth, reaching theirmarket weight (2.2 kg) in 38 to 40 days. Broiler production is an idealincome generating activity since it allows for the rotation and growth ofrevenue in a very short period of time.Broiler Production Vs Layer Production:In broiler production chickens areraised to be sold as meatBroiler production: Generates income in a muchshorter time. If managed properly under acaged system it takes 38 – 40days to raise a set of chickensto be sold as broilers. The big risk with raising broilerchickens is that it is essential tosell the chicken as soon as itreaches its market weight. Thefarmer must have a buyer linedup to ensure a sale at thecorrect time. Each day that passes after abroiler has reached its marketweight is an additional cost tothe farmer who has to continueto feed and care for the bird.In layer production chickens areraised to produce and sell eggsLayer production: Takes a longer time togenerate an income. It takes around 16 - 24 weeks(4-6 months) before a chickenis mature enough to lay its firstegg. Within this time a broilerproducer can raise almostthree cycles of birds.7

Cage/Coop System Vs Free Range Broiler Production:Free Range System: In a free range system the weight gain of a flock isdependent on land size and on the natural availability of food for the birds.As such, the timing of weight gain is unpredictable and can fluctuate, makingit difficult for farmers to time the sale. In general, birds in a free rangesystem only reach market weight after 40 days. While the inputs requiredfor a free range system are minimal it is difficult for farmers to producelarge flocks of chickens at the correct weight, at predictable times. Birdsraised under a free range system are also more susceptible to disease.Cage/Coop System: A poultry farmer maintains more control over the flockin a cage or coop system. The farmer is able to ensure better health, controlthe birds’ diet and ability to gain weight, and control the timing of the sale.In a well-managed caged system birds are better protected from pests anddiseases. While a cage/coop system requires more inputs it also bringsbetter returns, and is more consistent and predictable. A cage/coop poultryoperation can be run as a business and a farmer can time his/her need forinputs, management of capital and sales.Under a cage/coop system a farmer can raise a flock of 10,000 plus birds reaching a market weight between 2 to 2.5 kg – within a limited space, inapproximately 40 days. If properly managed, a farmer can calculate thefeed/input requirement, plan a date of sale and project the potential income.It is important to remember however, that a cage/coop system requiresdiscipline and good management. A farmer must have the ability to: Provide timely and adequate feed and water Construct a proper coop Find a suitable buyer Be disciplined with funds.Farmers must adopt a business approach and understand the cost of inputsin line with the potential profits from a well-managed operation.The table below provides a basic picture of the gross costs and projectedreturns of a broiler business.8

Cost of productionFixed HousingTools andequipmentLand useDepreciationReturnsVariable FeedDay-old chicksMedicines andvaccinationsElectricity /fuelLitterTransportation LivechickensalesLitter asfertilizerFeed sacksProblems associated with caged broiler production Profitability of small scale broiler productionOutbreak of diseasesHigh price of feedHigh price of day old chicksPoor weight gainEnvironmental concerns and natural calamitiesPoor power supplyLimited availability of clean waterLack of knowledge and trainingLack of funds and credit facilitiesPoor veterinary servicesFluctuating market price for live chickensLate paymentsTime sensitivity (losses if not birds are not sold in time)Predator attacksThieves9

1b. Getting StartedRequirements Needed to Run a Successful Cage Broiler Operation1. Land and suitable locationSelecting a suitable land area is the first important step in establishing apoultry operation. A farmer should have at least 10 perches of landavailable to build a broiler coop. In selecting the location, the followingfactors should be taken into consideration: The selected location should have enough space to house thepoultry coop. For a 100 bird flock the dimension of the coop are 12feet X 14 feet (3.65 x 4.26 meters). The land should be in the East - West direction. The coop should be located away from drinking water sources,toilets, kitchens and neighbouring houses. It should be a quiet area with plenty of fresh air and ventilation.Locating the coop in an environment which is closed off, withlimited access to fresh air and ventilation will increase the amountof heat and stress among the birds and negatively impact weightgain. The location should, as much as possible, be secure from naturaldisasters. Farmers should avoid selecting locations that aresusceptible to floods and other disasters.2. Electricity for lighting and heatingLighting is an essential element of a broiler operation. Whileelectrically powered light is ideal, farmers who do not have electricitymust find an alternative light and heat source. Light control isimportant throughout the production process as it encourages healthyweight gain since birds need to be awake and able to see in order toeat. Heat is also important, particularly during the brooding stages.Alternative lighting options include LED bulbs for light and possiblykerosene/Petromax lamps for heat.10

3. Clean waterA poultry farmer should have access to clean water throughout theyear. The quality of the water should be equal to home drinking water.A flock of 100 chickens requires 700 litres of water per cycle.4. Time, dedication and sense of responsibilityManaging livestock is a time consuming activity that involves manyresponsibilities including feeding, medicating, cleaning, providingwater, buying supplies observing the cage environment, andobserving bird health conditions. Farmers interested in taking onpoultry operations should first calculate their time availability basedon family needs and other livelihood activities and consider whetheror not they have the time to take on these activities. If a farmer doesnot have the time to take care of his/her coop consistently andresponsibly he/she should not engage in broiler production.5. Ability to keep the coop cleanAnyone interested in poultry farming must be comfortable workingwith animals. A poultry farmer must be able to handle chickenswithout fear and in a calm and gentle manner. He/she must becomfortable handling waste, specifically bird droppings and be able tokeep the coop clean.6. Availability of litterA farmer should have access to paddy husks or wood shavings sinceeach batch of birds may need up to ten bags of paddy husks.7. Approval from local authorities/ regulatory bodies:Poultry farmers are required to obtain relevant approvals from localauthorities, specifically the District Secretariat and the CentralEnvironment Authority, in order to engage in poultry production.8. Separating/ getting rid of other animals:11

A poultry farmer should not have other animals roaming on thepremises or near the coop. Having backyard chicken, pigeons andother birds is a risk because they can carry disease that may causesbig losses to the flock.1c. Understanding Animal HusbandryIntroduction to Animal HusbandryAnimal husbandry is the management and care of farm animals by humansfor profit.Animal husbandry draws from the five freedoms for animal welfare:1. Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access to fresh water and adiet to maintain full health and vigour.2. Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environmentincluding shelter and a comfortable resting area.3. Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosisand treatment.4. Freedom to express (most) normal behaviour by providing sufficientspace, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind.5. Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatmentwhich avoid mental suffering.Just because the chickens will be eventually sold andslaughtered it does not mean that they should be treatedbadly. It is important to remember that a happy flock is aprofitable flock.To meet the five freedoms of animal welfare and raise a happy, healthy andprofitable flock a farmer must attend to several key requirements. In a cagepoultry system the performance of the birds is almost entirely dependenton the attitude of the farmer. It is the farmer’s responsibility to maximizebird performance by attending to the birds’ needs and by providing thenecessary conditions. A farmer’s attention to detail has a major impact onthe performance of the flock and thereby the profitability of the business.12

The Role of ‘Stock Sense’ in Poultry FarmingA good poultry farmer is constantly aware of the welfare, health andenvironment of his flock. A farmer must closely observe the conditionswithin the coop and he/she must know how to spot any unusual behaviour.To monitor his flock a farmer can use ‘stock sense,’ which relies on thefollowing senses: Hearing: The sounds made by the birds is a good indication of whatthey are feeling. The chirpiness of the birds and their vocalization couldindicate if they are hungry or cold. Respiratory sounds could mean the birds are sufferingfrom an ailment. If a knocking noise is heard when the birds are pecking atthe feeders, it could mean that the containers are empty. A sudden excitable noise from the coop could signal apredator attack or other cause of stress among the birds. Sight: Watching bird behaviour can help a farmer identify problems inthe coop. Bird distribution: The way the birds are gathered in coopis important.- If the birds are huddling together or are confined to acertain area it could mean there is a cold draft in the coop.- If they are huddled under brooder it means it is too cold.- If they are standing away from the brooder lamp it meansit is too hot.- If they are crowded on to one side of the coop it could betoo sunny. Bird respiration: If the birds are panting or breathingabnormally it could be suggestive of heat stress or arespiratory disease. Bird behaviour: When behaving normally birds divide theirtime between feeding, drinking and resting. Anythingoutside this can be seen as abnormal behaviour. Litter conditions: Farmers should look out for:- Water spillage from drinkers, spilled feed, and otherproblems in the coop.- It is also important to observe the nature of faeces.Faeces tinged with blood or undigested feed particles orunusual in nature (melena, diarrhoea, bile) should be acause for concern.13

- A farmer should check if feeders and drinkers areempty, if the quality of the feed is normal, if theequipment is clean with no fungal residues or leakages.It is also important to ensure that feeders and drinkersare at the correct height. Smell: The odours from the coop can be a telling sign of the conditionswithin. The feed should smell fresh and not have a strong rancidsmell or smell of mildew. A smell of ammonia in the coop could be due todiarrhoea or water spillage in the coop. Dead birds must be collected and taken out of the coopas soon as possible. Taste and Touch: Touch and taste is another good method of checkingcoop conditions. A farmer should check the water and feed qualityregularly. He/she should check the ventilation in the coop andmake sure there is a comfortable air flow. The feed should be checked to see if the crumbs are toodusty or pellets too hard. The litter conditions can be checked by picking up ahandful of litter, compressing and releasing to see if itis free flowing or clumpy. Clumping suggests that thelitter is too moist.Relying on stock sense will help a farmer become familiar with normal birdbehaviour and he/she will gradually be able to identify any changes inbehaviour. While observing bird behaviour a farmer must regularly maintainand analyse farm records on growth, feed and water consumption, birdmortality, feed conversion ratio (FCR) etc. A combination of observation andrecord keeping will help the farmer to identify and correct any shortfalls inperformance. Stock sense combined with the farmer’s knowledge,experience and skills in husbandry will produce a well-rounded farmer whowill have the personal qualities such as patience, dedication and empathywhen working with the birds.14

Key Points to Remember: The flock environment and behaviour should be observedthroughout the day by the same person. When entering the coop the farmer should take care not to excitethe birds as excitement can cause stress which in turn can lead toa lack of growth. The farmer should walk through the coop and get down to the birdslevel to assess the comfort level of the flock. While in the coop he/she should use stock sense (hearing, sight,smell and touch) to assess the conditions. Remember that healthy birds will scramble away from your path.Pick up the birds that do not move away and inspect them closelyto identify other symptoms of disease. If a sick bird is found seehow many other birds may also be sick.Anatomy of a Chicken:15

A farmer shouldhealthy. periodically assess the birds to ensure that they areEyes should be clear, not tearing or cloudySkin should be unblemished with no burn or hock marksBreast should be unblemished with no blistersFeathers should be cleanLegs and feet should be firmly planted with no signs ofbumble foot. Vent/Butt should be clean with no signs of loosedroppings Beak should have no nasal discharge A healthy bird should be alert1d. Intensive Coop Production SystemWith the primary objective of facilitating fast growth and obtaining maximumprofit, the intensive coop system is based on:(a) Controlled monitored environment(b) No outdoor access.This system requires the confinement of birds in specially designed andconstructed coops. The birds are totally dependent on the farmer for theirsustenance. An intensive coop production systems facilitates easier flockmanagement and gives farmers the ability to consistently reach productiontargets. The slatted floor system and the deep litter system are the twomain intensive systems currently used in broiler production and the SOLIDprogram will be using the deep litter system.1. Deep litter system: In this system the floor is covered with littermaterial such as wood shavings or paddy husks. It is a fullyconfined system and the space allowance per bird is between 1 to1.2 square feet. This allows the birds to move freely within thecoop. The fully enclosed system safeguards biosecurity andprotects the birds from thieves, predators and vectors.16

The Importance of Environment in Poultry FarmingProviding a conducive environment for broilers is essential in order tomaximize their potential. To ensure the optimal performance of the flock itis essential to select an environment that allows the birds to achieve theiroptimal growth rate, and maintain uniformity, feed efficiency and yield. Thelocation must not compromise the health and welfare of the birds. Thefollowing factors should be considered when selecting a location:1. Ventilation: Ventilation is the main means of controlling the birds’environment. It provides fresh air, removes moisture, limits build-upof harmful gases, controls relative humidity and helps maintain goodlitter conditions. Good ventilation is essential in maintaining the fullgenetic potential of flock. Dust, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, CarbonMonoxide and excessive moisture are the main contaminants of coopair. Continued exposure to these contaminants can: Damage the birds’ respiratory tracts. Expose birds to diseases includingrespiratory disease, E.coli and ascites.chronic Contribute to poor litter quality. Reduce bird performance and weight gain and affectprofitability.2. Temperature: One of the main aims of ensuring appropriate ventilationis to maintain a comfortable coop temperature. The behaviour of thebirds (judged using stock sense) is the most practical indicator of thebirds’ comfort levels.3. Lighting: Lighting is an essential requirement in broiler production andis a key factor that contributes to flock welfare and goodperformance. Uniform distribution of light throughout the coop isessential. Broiler activity depends on the intensity and distribution oflight.4. Litter: Litter is the substance the flock is in contact with throughoutits life cycle in the coop and as such it plays a very important role inbroiler production. Litter helps to control and absorb moisture (wateror dropping) and helps in building immunity against diseases. Litter isonly removed or replaced during the introduction of a new flock, or17

when parts of the coop have been effected by water spillage. Goodlitter should be: Light in weight Soft and compressible to ensure bird comfort Have low dust levels Biodegradable Highly absorbent, non-caking and dry rapidly Does not heat up quickly Non-contaminated Readily available, inexpensive and able to be sold asfertilizerThe types of litter recommended for broiler production in Sri Lanka include:-Wood shavings: This is an ideal choice because it has thehighest rate of absorbency. A by-product commonlyavailable at timber depots/ mills, it is usually given free ofcharge or at minimal cost. The shavings should be collectedand stored in feed/ gunny bags and should be protected frommoisture. This material is also the preferred choice offertilizer post coop usage.-Paddy husks: While this is also a good choice of litter youngchicks may be prone to consuming it and usage may have tobe minimized during the brooder stage. It is freely availableas a by-product at rice mills and is usually sold at minimalcost. The husks are slow to decay and can be sold asfertilizer after its coop life. It should be stored away frommoisture.Saw dust is NOT recommended as litter because itcan lead to respiratory problems in birds. It alsoclumps up the litter and does not dry quickly.18

5. Stocking density: The correct provision of space is essential to thesuccess of a broiler production business. Ensuring adequate roomallows the broilers to attain their genetic potential. Incorrect stockingdensity could result in poor uniformity in the batch as a consequenceof having to compete for food and water. Inadequate space alsocompromises the health of the birds due to poor litter conditions, heat,and poor weight gain. In the worst case scenario high density stockingcan cause extreme stress within the flock leading to bird death andheavy economic losses for the farmer.In open sided coops the following space provision is recommended:WeekRequired Space (Square Feet)10.2520.4030.5041.251.261.219

1e. Broiler nutritionFeed represents the largest component of broiler production costs. Tooptimize performance broiler ration should be formulated to provide thecorrect balance of energy, protein, amino acids, minerals, vitamins andessential fatty acids. Nutrition is the most important factor contributing tobroiler productivity and growth and thereby to profitability. As such, farmersneed to pay close attention to the formulation of feed to ensure that thebirds receive a balanced diet.The main ingredients of broiler feed are listed below.IngredientWheat/ Maize40 - 60 percentRice Polish15 – 25 percentBroken Rice10 – 15 percentSoya20 – 30 percentFish Meal5 - 10 percentOil / Fat2 - 4 percentDi Calcium Phosphate9 - 12 kgVitamin Mineral Premix0.5 - 1kgMin1kgSalt2 - 3 kgA Biotic Growth Promoter20Approximate Proportion0.25 - .5kg

The main components of broiler nutrition are:Nutrition ComponentEnergyProteinBenefitsSourceHelps tissue growth,maintenance andactivityCereal grains, fatsand oilsSupports theconstruction of bodytissue specificallyCereal grains,soya bean and fishmealmuscle, nerve, skinand feathersSupporting growth,skeletal and immunesystem developmentMacro minerals (Calcium,and help maintain thePhosphorus, Magnesium,feed conversion rateSodium, Potassium, Chloride FCRand Sulphur)Chickens need theseminerals in largeamounts.Trace minerals and vitamins(Copper, Chromium,Fluoride, Iodine, Iron,Molybdenum, Manganese,Selenium, and Zinc)Trace Minerals areinorganic matter thatcannot be destroyedby cooking or heat andare essential for avariety of bodilyprocessesAdditives to feedAdditives to feedChickens need theseminerals in smallamounts.21

1F. MAIN CHALLENGES IN BROILER PRODUCTION1. Natural calamities: Natural disasters including cyclones, flash floodsand long drought periods could have a direct impact on poultryfarming.2. Predators and thieves: Under intensive farming systems the mostdangerous predator for broilers is the mongoose. If it gains entry toa week old 100 bird flock virtually the whole flock will be wiped outwithin minutes. Snakes, specifically pythons can also gain access tothe coop if not properly secured. Snakes cause less damage but it canbe a traumatic experience to see one inside. Rats are also a threatand can snatch away baby chicks and consume valuable feed.3. Dealing with neighbours: Running a successful broiler operation cancreate envy among some neighbours. It is important to maintain goodhygienic practices in order to minimize complains. It is also importantto be watchful of thieves.4. Diseases: This issue will be discussed in detail in the followingmodule.22

2:Module Two: Brooding,Lifecycle and FlockBiosecurityModule two looks at the broodingperiod and broiler life cycle, and howto manage flock biosecurity. Broodingrefers to the early stages of a chick’slife where the utmost care is requiredin order to ensure the health, safetyand growth of the flock. This modulewill cover the different developmentalstages of a broiler chick’s life, focusingon several important factors includingfeed, temperature, space, and otheressential requirements to successfullyraise and harvest a flock. This modulewill also address the issue ofbiosecurity and how to identify andprevent health risks. Attention to thethree aspects of brooding, life cycleand flock biosecurity are vital to afarmer’s success.23

2A. BroodingBrooding – Why is it Important?The brooding period – which lasts for seven to ten days -is the mostimportant time in a birds’ life. Several factors, primarily, temperature, light,water and food must be given special consideration when chicks are in theirbrooding stage. During this period a farmer must establish a suitable feedingand drinking routine that will allow birds to develop a good growth patternand reach their target body weight - with maximum uniformity within theflock. Establishing the correct temperature during brooding is also essentialbecause it is during this period that chicks move from a dependent bodyheating system to an independent one.Brooder Preparation:A farmer must prepare a special brooder area for young chicks. Thefollowing steps provide guidance on how to create and prepare a brooder.Equipment required for a 100 chick brooder:FeedersDrinkersHeating source (3 x 40 watt bulbs, shade)Height adjusterLight sourceBrooder guardsStep 1Select an 8’ x 12’ area in one corner of the coopStep 2Place a layer of clear plastic (polythene) covering the meshabove the short wall surrounding the brooder area. This isdone to prevent a draft or air flow.Step 324Suspend another piece of clear plastic 8’ feet above thebrooding area. Covering the sides and top of the broodingarea with plastic insulates the chicks, ensuring that they arekept warm. Some air flow should remain to allow the chicks’access to fresh air. This will also allow unwanted gasses(carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, etc.) to escape.

Step 4Cover the ‘8 x 12’ brooding area with litter consisting of woodshavings or paddy husks. The litter should be 5 inches indepth.Step 5Cover the litter with newspaper. Newspaper is kept in thebrooder for three days. If overly soiled or wet another layerof paper should be introduced on top of the existing layer.Newspaper is used to deter the birds from eating litter and totrain them to eat only the feed.Step 6Insert brooder guards in the brooder area. A brooder guardconsists of two 8 x 2 feet galvanized metal sheets that are puttogether to create a space with a diameter of 4 feet(expandable up to 6 feet) that is the brooding area.Step 7Fix three 40 watts electric bulbs under a large metal shadeover the middle of the brooder to serve as a heat source. Thebulbs should be placed one foot above the ground. The heatsupply required by the chicks is calculated at approximatelyone watt per bird. The heat source is turned on at least threeto four hours before the chicks arrive in order to provide acomfortable environment for the chicks to be brooded.Step 8Set attraction lights (general lighting) or a brighter bulb (11watt CFL) 4 feet over the coop to encourage chicks to feedand drink water over the first five days.Step 9Place two chick feeders filled with feed and two 4.5 litrewater drinkers filled with water in the brooder before thechicks arrive. Feeders and drinkers should be spread outaround the brooder area.Step 10Carry out an equipment check. This equipment should befunctional and ready when the chicks arrive.25

A chick brooderChick Pre-placement Check List:Once the brooder has been set up and before the chicks have arrived thefarmer should conduct the following checks. Heater checks: Ensure that the electricity supply to the coopand all three

meat production. Broiler/ poultry farming Domestic or commercial raising of chickens, turkeys, ducks, quails and other selected bird types for meat and eggs, either on a small or large scale. Caged broiler production Superior to a free range system in terms of profitability and predictability but comes with its own set of risks

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