KHON KAEN AGR. J. 43 SUPPL. 2 : (2015).249KHON KAENKHONKAENAGR.AGR.J.J.4343SUPPL.SUPPL.2 :2(2015).: (2015).The role of family poultry production systems in developing countriesYusuf L. Henuk1*ABSTRACT: Poultry plays a key role in many households across the globe. Family poultry makes a significantcontribution to poverty alleviation, food security, HIV/AIDS mitigation, empowerment of women and wildlifeconservation in many countries. Poultry can include a wide range of birds from indigenous and commercial breedsof chickens to muscovy ducks, mallard ducks, pigeons, guinea fowl, geese, quail and turkeys. Chickens are the mostfrequently commercialized of all these birds. In most developing countries, indigenous poultry genotypes constitutebetween 80 and 99% of the poultry populations that are kept in villages. The birds largely subsist on scavenging ingardens, village alleys and surroundings of the farms by feeding on crop residues, insects, worms and green forage.While for the poor members of society this system provides a subsidiary income, the present dimensions of traditionalbackyard poultry production have changed drastically and crossed the boundaries of the economically weaker sectors.Keywords: Role, Family poultry production systems, Developing countriesIntroductionThe United Nations has launched the 2014International Year of Family Farming (IYFF) tostress the vast potential family farmers have toeradicate hunger and preserve natural resources.The 2014 IYFF aims to raise the profile of familyfarming and smallholder farming by focusingworld attention on its significant role in eradicatinghunger and poverty, providing food security andnutrition, improving livelihoods, managing naturalresources, protecting the environment, and achiev-ing sustainable development, in particular in ruralareas. Family farming includes all family-basedagricultural activities, and it is linked to severalareas of rural development. It is a means of organ-izing agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral andoping and developed countries (FAO, 2014a).Family poultry is an integral component of thelivelihoods of poor rural households, and is likelyto continue playing this role for the foreseeablefuture. It makes a substantial contribution to foodsecurity and poverty alleviation in many countriesaround the world and thus represents a major contribution towards achieving Millennium Develop-ment Goal (MGG) (halve the number of poorpeople in the world by 2015). It also contributes toachieving the MDGs with respect to gender equityand women’s empowerment and promoting thewell-being of rural populations (FAO, 2014b). Therole of family poultry production systems in de-veloping countries are described in the followingsections.aquaculture production which is managed andDefining family poultry productions systemsfamily labour, including both women’s and men’s.the full variety of small-scale poultry productionculture in the food production sector in both devel-urban areas of developing countries. Rather thanoperated by a family and predominantly reliant onFamily farming is the predominant form of agri-1The term “Family poultry” used to describesystems that are found in rural, urban and peri-Faculty of Animal Science, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, ENT, INDONESIA.* Corresponding author: yusufhenuk62@live.com
250KHON KAEN AGR. J. 43 SUPPL. 2 : (2015).defining the production systems per se, the term isbers of the society with intensification accordingby individual families as a means of obtaining foodFPD/FAO/IFAD, 2011). There are four broad wellused to describe poultry production that is practisedsecurity, income and gainful employment (FAO,2014b). Being called ‘Family poultry’, ‘Small-holder poultry’, ‘Scavenging poultry’, or “Villagepoultry” the different systems of poultry rearingwith various levels of intensification are nowadopted by poor, marginal as well as richer mem-to their economical status and requirements (IN-recognized family poultry production systems asidentified from INFPD/FAO/IFAD (2011) andFAO (2014b) are: (1) Free-range extensive system,(2) Backyard extensive system, (3) Semi-scaveng-ing system, and (4) Small-scale intensive system(Tables 1 and 2).Table 1 The four broad well recognized family poultry production systems (after INFPD/FAO/IFAD, 2011;FAO,2014b).ProductionsystemsGeneral descriptionFree-rangeThe birds are not confined and can move over a wide area for scavenging. Shelters may or mayextensivenot be used. The birds usually roost in trees and nest in the bush. It is nowadays getting lesssystemcommon.extensivegrains, grain by-products and kitchen waste etc. in the morning and/or evening to supplementsystemscavening. This is the most widely followed by farmers of Asia, Africa and Latin America.engingfor instance, 6 – 8 hours for scavening. Supplementary feeding is a must which is usuallysystemcarried out with homegrown grains, grains by-products, kitchen waste etc. It has become anBackyardSemi-scav-Poultry are housed at night and are allowed to scavenge during the day. Farmers usually provideBirds are confined to a certain area with access to shelter. They are allowed a part of the day,issue for debate since achieving biosecurity of the birds reared under the system is difficult andSmall-scalethey may contribute to the spread of diseases like Avian Influenza (AI).Birds are totally kept confined under this system. Home-made feeds or commercial feeds areintensivesupplied in the poultry house. Small scale commercial layers and broilers are produced withinsystemthis system. In some countries, productive native breeds or cross-breeds are reared. This systemis important for self-employment, maintenance of livelihood and to ensure food and nutritionsecurity. The number of birds to be raised (flock size) in this system varies depending on perception and priorities, financial capacity and facilities of the poultry producers.In general, for a husbandry system to be con-kept in smaller groups and with more floor area pershould be: (1) less confining – birds kept in cagesperching requirements (Bailey et al., 2010). Insidered as less intensive or ‘alternative system’, itshould have more room to get up and lie downfully; (2) less crowded – birds in pens should bebird; and (3) better able to meet the bird’s food andother words, family poultry can also be consideredas less intensive or ‘alternative system’ (Figure 1).
251KHON KAEN AGR. J. 43 SUPPL. 2 : (2015).Figure 1 Housing systems for 'alternative systems' of poultry husbandry (from Bailey et al., 2010: 336).Figure 1 Housing systems for ‘alternative systems’ of poultry husbandry (from Bailey et al., 2010: 336).TheTheroleof family poultry production systemsthey offer great potential for improving the nutrirole of family poultry production systems in developing countriesin developing countriestional levels of all the world’s peoples. They havePoultry plays a key role in many households across the globe. As reported by FAO (2014b) worldwide, thisPoultry plays a key role in many householdsbeen utilized for so many centuries that in mostpoultry sector consists of chickens (90.55%), ducks (5.53%), geese and guinea fowl (1.67%), turkeys (2.09%), andacrossglobe.As reportedby FAO(2014b)societiestheir tousepovertyis ingrained(Baileyal., 2010).otherthepoultry(0.15%).Family poultrymakesa worldwide,poultryempowermentsector consistsof chickensmost developingcountries,HIV/AIDSthismitigation,of womenand wildlife Inconservationin many countries.Theyindigenousmakes up to poultry80%of poultrystocks(5.53%),in low-incomecountriescountriswhere betweenowners raisein small(90.55%),ducksgeesefood-deficitand guineafowl of developinggenotypesconstitute80poultryand 99%of thenumbers ranging from single birds up to a few hundred. Poultry can include a wide range of birds from indigenous(1.67%),turkeys (2.09%), and other poultrypoultry populations that are kept in villages. Theand commercial breeds of chickens to muscovy ducks, mallard ducks, pigeons, guinea fowl, geese, quail and(0.15%). Family poultry makes a significant con-birds largely subsist on scavenging in gardens,turkeys. Chickens are the most frequently commercialized of all these birds.tribution to poverty alleviation, food security, HIV/village alleys and surroundings of the farms byWithout doubt, chickens are found everywhere around the world; every culture knows them and how toAIDS mitigation, empowerment of women andfeeding on crop residues, insects, worms and greenhusband them. They are the world’s major source of eggs and are a meat source that supports a food industry inwildlife conservation in many countries. Theyforage. While for the poor members of society thisvirtually every country. They are extremely useful on a worldwide basis because they offer great potential formakesup to 80%of poultrystockslow-incomeprovidesa subsidiaryincome,thethatpresentimprovingthe nutritionallevelsof allintheworld’s peoples. systemThey havebeen utilizedfor so manycenturiesinfood-deficitcountriesdimensionsof traditionalbackyardpoultrypoultryproducmost societiestheir ofusedevelopingis ingrainedcountris(Bailey whereet al., 2010).In most developingcountries,indigenousgenotypes80 numbersand 99% ofrangingthe poultry populationsare kept drasticallyin villages. Thelargelytheownersraiseconstitutepoultrybetweenin smalltion havethatchangedandbirdscrossedsubsiston birdsscavenginggardens,village Poultryalleys andcansurroundingsof the farmsby feedingon crop residues,insects,fromsingleup toina fewhundred.boundariesof theeconomicallyweakersectorsworms and green forage. While for the poor members of society this system provides a subsidiary income, theincludea wide range of birds from indigenous and(Table 2; FAO, 2014b). In many Asian countries,present dimensions of traditional backyard poultry production have changed drastically and crossed the boundariescommercial breeds of chickens to muscovy ducks,for example, are beset with many problems includ-of the economically weaker sectors (Table 2; FAO, 2014b). In many Asian countries, for example, are beset withmallardducks, pigeons, guinea fowl, geese, quailing unemployment and malnutrition. The majoritymany problems including unemployment and malnutrition. The majority of these countries boost their meat andandeggturkeys.Chickensareincreasingthe mostfrequentlyof theseboostgrowththeir meatand eggtoproproductionto meet an“proteingap” in humanfood ascountriestheir populationrates continuecommercializedof allbirds.production of these countriesductionto meetanmeetincreasing“proteingap”increase. The foodandtheseagriculturehowevercan notthe increasingdemandfor ues to bestrangledeconomic sfoundeverywherehumanfoodbyasvarioustheir populationcon-Theirtheimportbill everyfor foodgrains knowsis currentlyincreasing,to increase.heavy loansandfooddepletingforeign exchangearoundworld;culturethemand leadingtinue toTheand agricultureproducreserves. Many such countries in Asia are carrying huge foreign debts of billions of US dollars to be settled byhow to husband them. They are the world’s majortion of these countries however can not meet thea food industry in virtually every country. They arecause their economy continues to be strangled bysource of eggs and are a meat source that supportsextremely useful on a worldwide basis becauseincreasing demand for these nutritious foods be-various economic and political crises. Their importPrint to PDF without this message by purchasing novaPDF (http://www.novapdf.com/)
252KHON KAEN AGR. J. 43 SUPPL. 2 : (2015).bill for food grains is currently increasing, leadingsettled by future generations. Fortunately, thereserves. Many such countries in Asia are carryingfood situation amongst many poor nations in de-to heavy loans and depleting foreign exchangepoultry sector has been of great help in easing thehuge foreign debts of billions of US dollars to beveloping countries (Bailey et al., 2010).Table 2 Charateristics of the four family poultry production systems (from FAO, 2014b).CriteriaProduction/farming systemOther livestock raisedFlock size(adult birds)Poultry breedsSource of new chicksFeed sourcePoultry housingSmall intensive scaveng- Extensive scav- Semi-intensiveingMixed, poultry andcrops, often landlessRarely1–5LocalengingMixed livestockUsually poultry onlyUsuallySometimesand crops5 – 50Local orcrossbreedNoCommercial orCommercialCommercialcrossbreed or localCommercial DOC orScavenging; almost noScavenging;Limited scavenging;Seldom; usually madePoultry only 200 broilersNatural incuba-supplementationternsive50 – 200Natural incubationtionSmall-scale in- 100 layersnatural incubationDOC or pulletsoccasionallyregular supplementa-balanced rationSometimes;Yes; conventionalYes; conven-supplementa-tiontionfrom local materials orusually madeRarelySometimesYesVery high 70%Very high 70%Medium to high 20%Low to mediumAccess to reliableNoNoYesYesExistence ofNoRarelyYesYesRarelyRarely or indirectYesYesLive birds, meatLive birds, meat,Live birds, meat,Live birds, meat, 30 minutes 1 hour 1 hour 1 hourkept in the houseAccess to veterinaryservices andfrom localmaterialsmaterials; houses ofCommercialvariable qualitytional materials;good qualityhousesYesveterinary pharmaticalsMortalityelectricity supplyconventional coldchainAccess to ubanmarketsProductsTime devoted eachday to poultrymanagementeggsto 50%eggs 20%eggs
253KHON KAEN AGR. J. 43 SUPPL. 2 : (2015).ConclusionsFamily poultry makes a significant contribu-tion to poverty alleviation, food security, HIV/AIDS mitigation, empowerment of women andwildlife conservation in many countries. Theymakes up to 80% of poultry stocks in low-incomefood-deficit countries of developing countrieswhere owners raise poultry in small numbers ranging from single birds up to a few hundred.ReferencesBailey, C.A., S.Y.F.G. Dillak, S. Sembiring, and Y.L.Henuk. 2010. Systems of Poultry Husbandry. Pp.335 – 341. In: Proceedings of the 5th InternationalSeminar on Tropical Animal Production, (ISTAP),October 19 – 22, 2010. Faculty of Animal Science,Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.FAO. 2014a. What is family farming? Available: sfamily-farming/en/. Accessed Dec. 8, 2014.FAO. 2014b. Decision tools for family poultry development. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 16. Rome, Italy.INFPD/FAO/IFAD. 2011. Opportunities of poultrybreeding programmes for family production indeveloping countries: The bird for the poor. Proceedings of an e-conference held 24 January-18February 2011.
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role of family poultry production systems in de-veloping countries are described in the following sections. Defining family poultry productions systems The term "Family poultry" used to describe the full variety of small-scale poultry production systems that are found in rural, urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries. Rather than
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