IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS: SYSTEMS 1 Systems .
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited andcontent may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSMC.2020.3043192IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS: SYSTEMS1Systems Science and Engineering Research in theContext of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics:Recollection, Trends, and Future DirectionsEdward Tunstel, Fellow, IEEE, Manuel J. Cobo, Enrique Herrera-Viedma, Fellow, IEEE, Imre J. Rudas, LifeFellow, IEEE, Dimitar Filev, Fellow, IEEE, Ljiljana Trajkovic, Fellow, IEEE, C. L. Philip Chen, Fellow, IEEE,Witold Pedrycz, Fellow, IEEE, Michael H. Smith, Senior Member, IEEE, and Robert Kozma, Fellow, IEEEAbstract—To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the IEEETransactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, thispaper examines and reports on its past to current topicalcoverage of systems science and engineering toward exploringthe evolving focus of the research community. Results of asystematic bibliometric analysis are presented with associatedconclusions, implications, and summary of topical areas. Inaddition, respective views regarding the current state of the fieldand where it is headed are offered by recent leaders of the IEEESystems, Man, and Cybernetics Society, including its continuedrelevance and role in the advancement of systems technology.Index Terms—Systems engineering, systems science, researchtrends, Bibliometrics, Science mapping analysis, co-word analysis, SciMAT, H-classics, h-indexI. I NTRODUCTIONFor the past half-century, this journal has served as a conduitfor dissemination of new research findings and for scholarlydocumentation of scientific progress in the field of systemsengineering. This 50th anniversary issue of the journal offersan appropriate moment to reflect on the treatment of a rangeof topics within systems engineering and across the breadthof systems science, including topics covered in the journalregarding human information processing concerns in systemsand organizations.Past leaders of the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics(SMC) Society have occasionally reflected on the state ofE. Tunstel is with the Autonomous & Intelligent Systems Department,Raytheon Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT 06108 USA (email: tunstel@ieee.org).M. J. Cobo is with the Department of Computer Science and Engineering,at the University of Cádiz, Spain.E. Herrera-Viedma is with the Department of Computer Scienceand Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Spain (e-mail:viedma@decsai.ugr.es).I. J. Rudas is with Óbuda University, Budapest, 1034 Hungary (e-mail:i.rudas@ieee.org).D. Filev is with Research & Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company,Dearborn, MI 48126 USA.L. Trajkovic is with the School of Engineering Science at Simon FraserUniversity, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada.C. L. P. Chen is with the Faculty of Science and Technology, The Universityof Macau, Macau SAR, 999078 China.W. Pedrycz is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3 Canada.M. H. Smith is with the Center for Neural Engineering & Prostheses,University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA.R. Kozma is with the Department of Computer Science and Mathematics,University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152 USA.the Society and the evolution of its three principal areas oftechnical activity – systems science and engineering, humanmachine systems, and cybernetics [1]–[5]. Its acknowledgedbroad scope has always been considered a strength, deliberately retained over the years while persistently reflected in allaspects of the Society. This paper follows suit with a focus onthe systems science and engineering area at the core of thisjournal’s scope.Nearly 3 decades ago, in a paper commemorating the 20thanniversary of the SMC Society [1], past Society leadersasserted that an objective supporting the multifarious natureof its broad technical scope is the ongoing development ofsystems engineering as an information-science and information systems-based discipline. This alludes to a contrast witha view of traditional engineering based on physical sciences,and a realization that systems science and engineering complements information science and systems, in that the formerallows for the integration of physical and information bases ofengineering that enables system designs that support humans.As noted nearly 2 decades ago in a paper commemoratingthe Society’s 30th anniversary [3], this journal has publishedarticles in a broad range of areas since its inception, allof which are based on Norbert Wiener’s interdisciplinarycybernetics concepts. It was acknowledged at that time thatthe techniques and concepts underpinning SMC Society fieldsof interest were evolving with the evolution and emergenceof new technologies. That work considered the frequency ofuse of primary words in paper titles published in the journalyears prior to offer a sense for how the technical focus haschanged over the years. For example, in the early 1990s,major words used were systems and robot and by the early2000s major words including systems, fuzzy, and controlbecame prominent. This was seen to signify a move fromnon-perceptive and non-adaptive systems toward intelligentsystems, that deal with uncertainty and vagueness, as a focalarea for the SMC Society [3].About a decade ago, a view of the SMC research outlook [4]considered service systems, infrastructure and transportationsystems, environmental and energy systems, and defense andspace systems as important application domains for the decadeleading to the present time. It was noted that systems researchmethods can be supported and broadened in scope with continued attention to systems design, interface, and integrationas a foundation. That work concluded that systems research 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See l for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited andcontent may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSMC.2020.3043192IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS: SYSTEMSmethods must be re-developed to meet changing needs. Thiscontinues to be the perpetual case thus far.This paper presents an analysis of systems science andengineering research as gleaned from a bibliometrics-basedlook at publication history and presents perspectives on thefield as seen by recent leaders of the IEEE SMC Society.Section II provides contextual remarks about the systems fieldand current focal topics followed by a look back in timeat topics covered in this journal via a bibliometric analysisand summary of thematic areas in in Section III. Finally, inSection IV, respective views of trends and future directionsfrom SMC Society Presidents of the past decade are covered.II. S YSTEMS S CIENCE AND E NGINEERINGGrounded in methodology for systematic problem formulation and analytical solutions regarding large and complexsystems, systems engineering and systems science remainrelevant to multiple industry sectors and problem domains.As systems of increased complexity continue to emerge andevolve, the challenge persists for research-driven innovationsto keep pace. Fundamentally, systems are still considered tobe comprised of multiple entities that could be components,subsystems, or additional systems viewed holistically throughunderstood interrelationships and their influences on overallsystem behavior. The interdisciplinary field of systems scienceand engineering offers means to model, design, synthesize,deploy, operate, manage, study, improve and retire systems.Much of the field is concerned with the practice of systemsengineering to deliver products, but it is the underlying research that sustains and advances the field, particularly whenlimitations in its practice are encountered.Presently, the field is facing many challenges due in part toaccelerated technology advancement and increased complexityin problems to be solved [6]. A sense for the broad topicareas drawing attention of the research community today canbe gleaned from the scopes of Technical Committees focusedon systems science and engineering within the IEEE SMC Society. They include autonomous and bio-inspired robotic andunmanned systems, blockchain, conflict resolution and groupdecision making, enterprise systems, infrastructure systems,intelligent systems, model-based systems engineering, servicesystems, system of systems, and system biology. Cuttingacross each of these research focal areas are recent advancesin cybernetics-related techniques of artificial intelligence (AI),including systems science advances in dynamical systemstheory, emergent behavior, and swarm engineering, not tomention methods enabling consideration of humans as integralsystem elements and advanced modeling and simulation.To offer insight and appreciation of how the field hasevolved to this point, the next section presents a recollectionand evolution of topics published in this journal during thepast 25 years.III. B IBLIOMETRIC A NALYSIS OF IEEE TSMC-SIn this section, a complete bibliometric analysis of thejournal IEEE Trans. on Sys. Man & Cyb.: Systems (IEEETSMC-S) is developed. The time window to be analyzed is21996-2020. Then, three complementary analyses are carriedout: i) a performance analysis based on bibliometric indicators,ii) the most cited articles, and iii) a science mapping of thejournal to show the main research topics it has covered andits conceptual evolution.A. DatasetIn order to retrieve the documents published by IEEETSMC-S in the whole period, an advance query was performedin the Web of Science, taking into account the different journalnames: “IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and CyberneticsPart A: Systems and Humans” and “IEEE Transactions onSystems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems”. Then, a total of3,124 documents (articles and reviews), was retrieved inOctober 2020.B. Performance bibliometric analysis of IEEE TSMC-SFirstly, a performance bibliometric analysis of IEEE TSMCS is carried out by analyzing the evolution of the publications,their impact (received citations) across the years, and theevolution of the journal impact factor.In Fig. 1 the distribution of publications by year, and thecitations achieved are shown. As we can observe, the journalpresents a growing publication pattern, publishing each yearmore works than in the previous one, and currently publishingthree times more works than at the beginning, reaching almost350 papers in 2020. We should point out that the year 2020has not been fully taken into account, since the download wascarried out in the last quarter of 01004000502000001996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020DocumentsCitationsFig. 1. Documents and citation per year.The citations received also show a growing pattern (Fig.1), receiving from 2018, more than one thousand citations byyear.Regarding the impact factor of IEEE TSMC-S (Clarivate’sJCR), it could be analyzed taking into account the raw measure, and also the relative position in the different categorieswhere the journal is indexed. Fig. 2 shows the impact factor ofIEEE TSMC-S published by Clarivate in the Science CitationReport, from 1997 to 2019. The changes in the impact factorhave been very positive, starting in the first years below 1, andgrowing rapidly from 2015, reaching 9.309 in 2019.On the other hand, using the impact factor we can analyzethe relative evolution by quartiles. IEEE TSMC-S is indexed 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See l for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited andcontent may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSMC.2020.3043192IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS: 01720182019Fig. 2. Impact factor evolution.in both WoS scientific categories, “Automation & ControlSystems” and “Computer Science, Cybernetics.” The journalpresents an evolutionary growth by quartiles, and currently, itis a Q1 journal in both categories.As we can observe, the evolution of the impact factor hasbeen a little irregular, although maintaining a positive trend.Thus, in the first years, the journal was between the third andsecond quartiles. In 2009, the journal managed to get into thefirst quartile for the first time, but it fell back into the secondquartile in 2013. Finally, in 2017, the journal is once again inthe top positions in both categories, and is in the top decile inthe automation category in 2019. It should also be mentionedthat in the early years the journal was better positioned in theautomation category, but since 2007 it has reached a higherlevel in the computer science category.C. Most cited articlesThe previous subsection has shown the merely positivetrend of the IEEE TSMC-S, in terms of both productionand scientific impact. Now we analyze which papers havecontributed the most to that success. That is, we will identifythe most cited articles of the journal. To do that, we will usethe H-Classics method [7] which is based on the application ofthe h-index. H-Classics states that it is possible to use h-indexnot only to measure the scientific performance of a scientistbut also of a journal, i.e., IEEE TSMC-S. Taking into accountthe whole period, IEEE TSMC-S achieves an h-index of 1131 182019Fig. 3. Distribution of most cited paper by year.1 In the supplementary material, the reader could find the whole list of mostcited articles3The distribution of most cited articles by year for the wholeperiod is shown in Fig. 3. According to the citation window,an article needs between 3-7 years to achieve the majority ofcitations [8]. Therefore, the highly cited articles are locatedin the most remote years. However, IEEE TSMC-S presentshighly cited articles in every single year of the whole period,reaching the peak in 2017. In fact, with the exception of someyears, in each year more than 4 highly cited articles have beenpublished. We should take into account that 2018 and 2019are very recent to achieve the necessary impact, but even so,they have some most cited articles.Regarding the geographic distribution of the most citedarticles, Tab. I shows the countries with more than 4 mostcited articles. We should mention that Peoples Republic ofChina and United States stand out as the countries with moremost cited articles.TABLE IC OUNTRIES WITH HIGHEST NUMBER OF MOST CITED PAPERS .NameNumber of documentsPeoples Republic of ChinaUSAUnited 41076444D. Science mapping analysis of IEEE TSMC-SIn order to analyze the most important themes covered bythe journal across the years, a conceptual science mappinganalysis [9]–[12] based on co-words networks was carriedout using SciMAT [13], [14] as the software tool. The wordsare the keywords of the papers published in the journal. Thewhole period (1996–2019) was divided into three consecutiveslices: 1996–2004, 2005–2012 and 2013–2019.The separationto these specific three periods is motivated by changes in structure and names of the SMC sister Transactions. Specifically,TSMC-S started in 2013, so it was natural to break the analysisaccordingly.Then, in this section we analyze the themes covered by thejournal by means of SciMAT in two different ways:1) Showing the themes in each period and their performance measures. SciMAT provides a strategic diagramper period, where the themes discovered are classifiedinto four categories according to two network structuremeasures: centrality and density. The former, measuresthe degree of interaction of a network with other networks. On the other hand, the density measures theinternal strength of the network (we are working withnetwork of words). Thus, the themes could be classifiedin the following categories:a) Themes in the upper-right quadrant are both welldeveloped and important for the structuring of a 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See l for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited andcontent may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSMC.2020.3043192IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS: SYSTEMSresearch field. They are known as the motor-themesof the speciality, given that they present strongcentrality and high density.b) Themes in the upper-left quadrant have welldeveloped internal ties but unimportant externalties and so are of only marginal importance forthe field. These themes are very specialized andperipheral.c) Themes in the lower-left quadrant are both weaklydeveloped and marginal. The themes in this quadrant have low density and low centrality and mainlyrepresent either emerging or disappearing themes.d) Themes in the lower-right quadrant are importantfor a research field but are not developed. Thisquadrant contains transversal and general, basicthemes.It should be mentioned that the diagrams could beenriched giving a volumen to each sphere, and forexample, the volume of the spheres can be proportionalto the number of documents associated with the or themesCentralityEmerging ordeclining themestific impact, five themes achieved more than one thousandcitations: Neural-Networks, Petri-Nets, Obstacle-Avoidance,Human-factor, and OL18DensityHighly developedandisolated themes4Basic andtransversal themesFig. 4. The strategic diagram.2) Determining the conceptual evolution of the themes ofeach period by means of detecting the thematic areas ofthe journal.First period (1996–2004). According to the strategic diagram shown in Fig. 5, during this period the journal pivots on fourteen themes, with the following eight majorthemes (motor plus basic themes shown in both, upper-rightand lower-right quadrants, respectively): Optimization, Multiattribute-decision-making, Human-factors, Computer-Vision,Obstacle-avoidance, Decision-making, Sliding-mode-controland Neural-Network. Furthermore, the performance measures(number of documents, citations achieved and h-index) ofeach theme is shown in Tab. II. According to the scien-Fig. 5. Strategic diagram for the 1996–2004 period.The theme Neural-networks achieved the highest impactrate (citations and h-index) and number of documents in thisperiod. It is related with pattern, adaptive systems, dynamicalsystems, and also related with uncertainty systems based onfuzzy logic.Human-factors is the second theme in terms of receivedcitations. It is focused on the interaction between the humanand computer, collaborative working, medical systems, andsafety.Petri-nets, in this period, is classified as an isolated theme,with a very low density, and medium centrality. However, thistopic got a lot of citations, and as we will see in the followingperiods, it becomes an important theme in the journal. Mainly,it focuses on aspects related with manufacturing systems,deadlock avoidance and prevention, and discrete event systems.Obstacle-avoidance collects the research conducted onrobotics, path planning, and navigation. It presents a goodimpact rate and number of documents.Multiattribute-decision-making and Decision-making are thebeginning of an important topic in the journal. Althoughboth themes are important in the global evolution of thistopic, in this period mutliattribute-decision-making got betterimpact rate. Thus, it is related with evidential reasoning,and uncertainty, whereas decision-making is more focused onincomplete information and the analytic hierarchy process.Second period (2005–2012). According to the strategicdiagram shown in Fig. 6, during this period the journaldelves into twenty-four themes, with the following elevenmajor themes (motor plus basic themes): Warranty-cost, 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See l for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited andcontent may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSMC.2020.3043192IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS: SYSTEMS5impact rate, both in citations and h-index. It is an evolutionof the theme Petri-nets of the previous period, covering topicsrelated with allocation of resources and deadlock preventionh-index by means of petri nets.Neural-Networks represents the research conducted on time27series and forecasting, and specific thematics such as elec19tromyogram. It is the theme with more documents, but in terms21of citations it got the second position in citations received, and16the fourth in h-index.TABLE IIP ERFORMANCE OF THE THEMES IN THE 1996–2004 PERIOD -ROBOTLIKELIHOOD-RATIONumber ofdocumentsNumber dmanufacturing-systems, Networked-control-systems, Linearmatrix-inequalities, Ranking, Conflict, Genetic-algorithm,Discrete-event-systems, and Neural-Networks. Moreover,taking into account the performance measures shown in Tab.III, ten themes stand out achieving more than two thousandcitations: Neural-network, Genetic-algorithm, Automatedmanufacturing-systems, Discrete-event-systems, Decisionmaking, Ranking, Classification, Tracking, Evidentialreasoning, and ICT19TABLE IIIP ERFORMANCE OF THE THEMES IN THE 2005–2012 PERIOD .Number ofdocumentsNumber NG50MULTIAGENT-SYSTEMS51Fig. 6. Strategic diagram for the 2005–2012 period.Automated-manufacturing-systems is the theme with highestDiscrete-event-systems is the second theme with betterimpact rates. It is focused on fault diagnosis, diagnosis,supervision control, etc.Genetic-algorithm encompassed topics related with bioinspired algorithms, such as ant colony, particle swarm, amongothers. Particularly, it is focused on optimization and heuristics. Regarding the performance measures, it got a really highimpact rate, being the third one in citations and h-index.Decision-making achieves more than two thousand citations,and an h-index of 28. In this period, this theme collectsthe research conducted on the analytic hierarchy process,combinatorial optimization, and case based reasoning. 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See l for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited andcontent may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSMC.2020.3043192IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS: SYSTEMSRanking is another theme focused on decision making andrelated concepts. In that case, this theme concerns aspectsconnected to multi-criteria decision making, fuzzy preferencerelations, and also partial information. It got similar impactrates to the decision making theme.Evidential-reasoning evolves from the theme Multiattribute-decision-making of the previous period. It is focusedon aggregation operators, uncertainty and incomplete data,decision analysis, etc.Third period (2013–2019). According to the strategicdiagram presented in Fig. 7, during this period the journalwas focused on twenty-six themes, with the followingthirteen major themes (motor plus basic themes): Petri-nets,Multiagent-systems, Dynamic-surface-control, Adaptivedynamic-programming, Analytical-models, Nonlinear-systems,Time-varying-delay, Robot, System-recovery, Actuators,Sliding-mode-control, Time-delay, Tracking. Taking intoaccount the performance measures, the following tenthemes stand out due to their high citations (more thanthree thousand): Nonlinear-systems, Multiagent-systems,Sliding-mode-control, Optimization, Dynamic-surface-control,Actuators, Adaptive-Dynamic-Programming, State-estimation,Time-delay and ACK60TABLE IVP ERFORMANCE OF THE THEMES IN THE 2013–2019 PERIOD IBRATION-CONTROLNumber ofdocumentsNumber TEM466TRACKING140Fig. 7. Strategic diagram for the 2013–2019 period.In this period, the theme Nonlinear-systems collects theresearch conducted on h-infinity control, stability, time delaysystems, adaptive systems, and also neuronal networks. It isthe theme with highest citations and h-index.Multiagent-systems encompasses the research focused onagents and their control, such as, distributed, cooperation,topology, consensus, synchronization, protocols, etc. Takinginto account the performance indicators, it is the second onewith more documents, and the third one in citations achieved.Dynamic-surface-control is related with adaptive systems,based on neural networks, or fuzzy systems, among others. Itis the second theme with highest impact rates.Time-delay is focuses on predictive control, stochastic systems, and others techniques able to manage time systems, andtheir constraints.Petri-nets is the theme better positioned in the strategicquadrant. That is, it is the theme with best density andcentrality, so it plays a central role in this period. Specifically,it encompasses the research conducted on manufacturing systems, deadlock, discrete event systems, and scheduling. On thecontrary, its good structural position does not correlate withits impact rate, being placed in the middle of the ranking.Robot deals with the techniques and problems related inthe design and operation of a robot, such as, path planning,constraint, kinematics, scheduling, etc. Regarding its numberof documents, it is placed in the middle of the ranking, butobtains better impact rates than themes in similar positions.Tracking is focused on how to track different systems, suchas vehicles, using cameras, containment control, or dynamicalnetworks.Once each period has been analyzed separately, a wholemap showing the conceptual evolution of IEEE TSMC-S in the 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.See l for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems. This is the author's
on systems science and engineering within the IEEE SMC So-ciety. They include autonomous and bio-inspired robotic and unmanned systems, blockchain, conflict resolution and group decision making, enterprise systems, infrastructure systems, intelligent systems, model-based systems engineering, service systems, system of systems, and system biology.
IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 28 December 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society IEEE Std 81 -2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) Authorized licensed use limited to: Australian National University. Downloaded on July 27,2018 at 14:57:43 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.File Size: 2MBPage Count: 86Explore furtherIEEE 81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .standards.ieee.org81-2012 - IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity .ieeexplore.ieee.orgAn Overview Of The IEEE Standard 81 Fall-Of-Potential .www.agiusa.com(PDF) IEEE Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC .www.academia.eduTesting and Evaluation of Grounding . - IEEE Web Hostingwww.ewh.ieee.orgRecommended to you b
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