Nternational Handbook Of Academic Research And Teaching - Anahuac

EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL BOARD (EEB) AND REVIEWERS TASK PANEL (RTP) (Continued)Dr. Larry K. BrightUniversity of South Dakota, USADr. M. N. TripathiXavier Institute of Management – Bhubaneswar, IndiaDr. Barbara MescherUniversity of Sydney, AustraliaDr. Ronald De Vera BarredoTennessee State University, USADr. Jennifer G. BaileyBowie State University, USADr. Samir T. IshakGrand Valley State University, USADr. Julia WilliamsUniversity of Minnesota Duluth, USADr. Stacie E. Putman-YoqueletTennessee State University, USAMr. Prawet UeatrongchitUniversity of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, ThailandDr. Curtis C. HowellGeorgia Southwestern University, USADr. Stephen SzygendaSouthern Methodist University, USADr. E. Kevin BuellAugustana College, USADr. Kiattisak PhongkusolchitUniversity of Tennessee at Martin, USADr. Simon S. MakSouthern Methodist University, USADr. Reza VarjavandSaint Xavier University, USADr. Ibrahim KargboCoppin State University, USADr. Stephynie C. PerkinsUniversity of North Florida, USAMrs. Donnette Bagot-AllenJudy Piece – Monteserrat, USADr. Robert RobertsonSaint Leo University, USADr. Michael D. JonesKirkwood Community College, USADr. Kim RiordanUniversity of Minnesota Duluth, USADr. Eileen J. ColonWestern Carolina University, USAMrs. Patcharee ChantanabubphaUniversity of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, ThailandMr. Jeff EyansonAzusa Pacific University, USADr. Neslon C. ModesteTennessee State University, USADr. Eleni Coukos ElderTennessee State University, USAMr. Wayne BrownFlorida Institute of Technology, USADr. Brian HeshizerGeorgia Southwestern University, USADr. Tina Y. CardenasPaine College, USADr. Thomas K. VogelStetson University, USADr. Ramprasad UnniPortland State University, USADr. Hisham M. HaddadKennesaw State University, USADr. Thomas DenceAshland University, USAIntellectbase International Consortium and the Conference Program Committee express their sincere thanks to the following sponsors: The Ellzy Foundation The King Foundation Tennessee State University (TSU) International Institute of Academic Research (IIAR)vi

FOREWORDIntellectbase International Consortium (IIC) is a professional and academic organization dedicated to advancing andencouraging quantitative and qualitative, including hybrid and triangulation, research practices. This Volumecontains articles presented at the Fall 2012 conference in Atlanta, GA – USA from October 18-20, 2012.The conference provides an open forum for Academics, Scientists, Researchers, Engineers and Practitioners from awide range of research disciplines. It is the twenty fourth (24th) Peer-Reviewed Volume produced in a unique format.The theme of Intellectbase Academic conferences is“MULTI-DISCIPLINARY FOUNDATIONS andINTELLECTUAL PERSPECTIVES”Intellectbase International Consortium is responsible for publishing innovative and refereed research work in thefollowing hard and soft systems related disciplines – Business, Education, Science, Technology, Music, Arts,Politics, Sociology (BESTMAPS), as designed on the back cover of the proceeding. These subsequent disciplines:Law, Anthropology, Theology and Entrepreneur (LATE) will be included in the next Volume.The scope of the proceeding (International Handbook of Academic Research & Teaching - IHART) highlights thefollowing philosophical format: original research titles, abstracts, introductory concepts, literature reviews and datacollection, choice of methodology, hypothesis-based composition, creative and convincing arguments, researchdesign, data reliability and evaluation, findings and analysis, data interpretation, conclusion with intellectualcontribution, research limitations (weakness) acknowledgement, etc.The theme “multi-disciplinary foundations and intellectual perspectives” of the proceeding is related to pedagogy,research methodologies, organizational ethics, accounting, management, leadership, marketing, economics,administration, policies and political issues, health-care systems, engineering, multimedia, music, arts, sociology,psychology, eBusiness, technology information science, law, theology and other disciplines . IntellectbaseInternational Consortium promotes broader intellectual resources and exchange of ideas among global researchprofessionals through a collaborative process.To accomplish research collaboration, knowledge sharing and transfer, Intellectbase is dedicated to publishing arange of refereed academic Journals, book chapters and conference proceedings, as well as sponsoring severalannual academic conferences globally.Senior, Middle and Junior level scholars are invited to participate and contribute one or several article(s) to theIntellectbase International conferences. Intellectbase welcomes and encourages the active participation of allresearchers seeking to broaden their horizons and share experiences on new research challenges, researchfindings and state-of-the-art solutions.SCOPE & MISSION Build and stimulate intellectual interrelationships among individuals and institutions who have interest in the researchdiscipline. Promote the collaboration of a diverse group of intellectuals and professionals worldwide. Bring together researchers, practitioners, academicians, and scientists across research disciplines globally - Australia,Europe, Africa, North America, South America and Asia. Support governmental, organizational and professional research that will enhance the overall knowledge, innovationand creativity. Present resources and incentives to existing and new-coming scholars who are or planning to become effectiveresearchers or experts in a global research setting. Promote and publish professional and scholarly journals, handbook, book chapters and other forms of refereedpublications in diversified research disciplines. Plan, organize, promote, and present educational prospects - conferences, workshops, colloquiums, conventions —for global researchers.vii

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORSFirst NameLast NameInstitutionStateAlam ZebAamirKing Saud UniversityFissehaAbebeClark Atlanta UniversityEmmanuelAcheampongNorwegian University of Science and dor-DumoisUniversity of Puerto Rico - MayagüezMuhammadAmanullahInternational Islamic University MalaysiaMaría D. VargasArenasUniversity of Puerto Rico - MayagüezPRUSAJong DeukBaekSan Diego State UniversityCAUSAMatthewBlumbergKutztown UniversityPAUSAYvetteBolenAthens State UniversityALUSARhondaBowronTroy UniversityALUSALeeRoyBronnerMorgan State UniversityMDUSAJanellBryantAmerican InterContinental UniversityCAUSADarrell NormanBurrellBellevue University and Walden UniversityLara D.CassidyPerkins CoieElizabethChaseDell, Inc.USALiqinChenGuangxi Teachers Education UniversityChinaGaryChungClark Atlanta UniversityGAUSACraigClevelandSaint Leo UniversityGAUSAKamara K.ConyetteMorgan State UniversityMDUSATammyCookUniversity of MontevalloALUSAMario J.Córdova-ClaudioUniversity of Puerto Rico - MayagüezPRUSAHollyCostUniversity of MontevalloALUSAWilliamCrosbyJacksonville UniversityFLUSASaudi ArabiaGAUSANorwayPRUSAMalaysiaUSADCviiiCountryUSA

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS (CONTINUED)First NameLast NameInstitutionStateCountryLatina E.DavisMorgan State UniversityMDUSARodneyDavisTroy UniversityALUSACoreyDickensMorgan State UniversityMDUSASamadDimbie-MumuniTennessee State UniversityTNUSAEvangeline O.Elijido-TenSwinburne University of TechnologyWilliamEmanuelMorgan State UniversityPAUSAEdgarFerrer-MorenoUniversidad del TuraboPRUSAAikynaFinchStrayer UniversityALUSAChristophFischerKutztown UniversityPAUSAKentonFlemingSouthern Polytechnic State UniversityGAUSALorenGarnerStrayer UniversityALUSALinGeMississippi State UniversityMSUSAVanessaGrahamStrayer UniversityThomasGriffinNova Southeastern UniversityFLUSAOrisGuillaumeShorter UniversityGAUSAKayHamiltonAlabama Agricultural and Mechanical UniversityALUSAHarrison C.HartmanEmory UniversityGAUSAChristopherHineKutztown UniversityPAUSAAnneHoelUniversity of Wisconsin-StoutWIUSAElmer R.HumbertIAP Worldwide Services Inc.FLUSARebeccaIngramTroy UniversityALUSAPeggy D.JacksonStrayer UniversityALUSAKhawajaJehanzebKing Saud UniversityLouis F.Jourdan Jr.Clayton State UniversityGAUSAAuroreKamssuTennessee State UniversityTNUSAAustraliaUSAixSaudi Arabia

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS (CONTINUED)First NameLast NameInstitutionStateCountryNityaKarmakarCurtin UniversityNSWAustraliaJianNanKeKutztown UniversityPAUSATemesgenKebedeClark Atlanta UniversityGAUSATaylorKentKutztown UniversityPAUSAMontierKessMorgan State UniversityMDUSAJoshuaKesterKutztown UniversityPAUSADenisKirumbaMorgan State UniversityMDUSAThomasLangdonRoger Williams UniversityRIUSACarlosLebrónUniversity of Puerto Rico - Río PiedrasPRUSAJeffreyLeeTroy UniversityALUSASloan T.Letman IIIAmerican Intercontinental UniversityILUSASaritLevyUniversity of MiamiFLUSAAngel LamberttLobainaUniversidad Anáhuac NorteJaneaLoweryMorgan State UniversityMDUSABarbaraLyonsTroy UniversityALUSAKristenMaehrerKutztown UniversityPAUSAEricMaherKutztown UniversityPAUSAGeorgeMarkertKutztown UniversityPAUSAJosé Gerardo MartínezMartínezUniversity of Puerto RicoPRUSAKellseyMaxwellKutztown UniversityPAUSAThomas A.MazzuchiThe George Washington UniversityDCUSAOuidaMcAfeeStrayer UniversityALUSARobertMcCarthyKutztown UniversityPAUSADavidMcGonigalKutztown UniversityPAUSARonMesiaNova Southeastern UniversityFLUSAxMexico

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS (CONTINUED)First NameLast NameInstitutionStateCountryCharlotteMinnickTroy UniversityALUSAJimMirabellaJacksonville UniversityFLUSASamuel VélezMirandaInter American University of Puerto RicoPRUSAHadiMohammadiGeorge Washington UniversityDCUSAGail D.MooreLander UniversitySCUSAElhamMousavidinUniversity of St. ThomasTXUSAAbdur-RahmanMunajjHunter CollegeNYUSAAbdul-WaajidMunajjBorough of Manhattan Community CollegeNYUSARichardMurphyJacksonville UniversityFLUSAAriane S.NarainTennessee State UniversityTNUSAAniNkangUniversity of CalabarRosarioOrtiz-RodríguezUniversity of Puerto Rico - MayagüezPRUSACharlesPierreClark Atlanta UniversityGAUSAJoyce W.PompeyUniversity of South Carolina AikenSCUSABarbaraPooleRoger Williams UniversityRIUSAJoan E.PopkinTennessee State UniversityTNUSAWilliamQuisenberryMid-Continent UniversityUSAAnwarRasheedKing Saud UniversitySaudi ArabiaMazen F.RasheedKing Saud UniversitySaudi ArabiaDonaldRatchfordUniversity of MontevalloALUSAJonathanRatliffAthens State UniversityALUSADanaRatliffAthens State UniversityALUSAJamesReidLane CollegeTNUSATonyRicksAthens State UniversityALUSAIsabelRivera-RuizUniversidad del TuraboPRUSAxiNigeria

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS (CONTINUED)First NameLast NameInstitutionStateCountrySherryRobinsonPenn State UniversityPAUSAMinnaRollinsUniversity of West GeorgiaGAUSAPeterRossMercer UniversityGAUSACarolyn S.RussellTroy UniversityALUSAArthur L.RutledgeMercer UniversityGAUSARanaSalmanChasse ConsultingTXUSADoreenSamsGeorgia College and State UniversityGAUSAAmarilisSantiago-RiveraUniversity of Puerto Rico - MayagüezPRUSAShahramSarkaniThe George Washington UniversityRyan N.SchmidtLander UniversitySCUSAMarco AntonioSegura MoralesInter-American Development BankVAUSAPaulShapiroThe George Washington UniversityDCUSAAlanShawKennesaw State UniversityGAUSAMary V.SheltonTennessee State UniversityTNUSAEdSherbertNorth Greenville UniversitySCUSAJeffreySiekpeTennessee State UniversityTNUSABrett A.SimsBorough of Manhattan Community CollegeNYUSAJeremySmithFlorida State College at JacksonvilleFLUSAUma V.SridharanLander UniversitySCUSAHermanStrydomNorth-West UniversitySouth AfricaCorinneStrydomNorth-West UniversitySouth AfricaJo LynnSuellUniversity of MontevalloALUSAAlbertSweetsMorgan State UniversityMDUSAThomasSywenskyKutztown UniversityPAUSABruceThomasAthens State UniversityALUSAxiiUSA

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS (CONTINUED)First NameLast NameInstitutionStateCountryKennethTilleryMiddle Tennessee State UniversityTNUSAJamesTucciAir UniversityUSADaleenvan BiljonRegional Manager of KhulisaSouth AfricaSanet Jansenvan RensburgPotchefstroom Service Centre for the AgedSouth AfricaVictor A.Vega-LozadaUniversidad de Anahuac/University of PhoenixMexico andUSAIsabelle L.WarrenTroy UniversityALUSAPatWarrenTroy UniversityALUSABlairWelchGeorgia College & State UniversityGAUSAGleeWhitsettUniversity of MontevalloALUSAJ. D.WilliamsKutztown UniversityPAUSAJiaqingYangGeorgia College & State UniversityGAUSAEric Jen-HsiangYangThe George Washington UniversityDCUSAxiii

LIST OF INSTITUTIONS, STATES AND COUNTRIESInstitutionStateAir UniversityCountryUSAAlabama Agricultural and Mechanical UniversityALUSAAmerican InterContinental UniversityCAUSAAthens State UniversityALUSABellevue University and Walden UniversityUSABorough of Manhattan Community CollegeNYUSAChasse ConsultingTXUSAClark Atlanta UniversityGAUSAClayton State UniversityGAUSACurtin UniversityNSWAustraliaDell, Inc.USAEmory UniversityGAUSAFlorida State College at JacksonvilleFLUSAGeorge Washington UniversityDCUSAGeorgia College & State UniversityGAUSAGuangxi Teachers Education UniversityChinaHunter CollegeNYUSAIAP Worldwide Services Inc.FLUSAInter American University of Puerto RicoPRUSAInter-American Development BankVAUSAInternational Islamic University MalaysiaMalaysiaJacksonville UniversityFLUSAKennesaw State UniversityGAUSAKing Saud UniversitySaudi ArabiaKutztown UniversityPAUSALander UniversitySCUSAxiv

LIST OF INSTITUTIONS, STATES AND COUNTRIES(CONTINUED)InstitutionStateCountryLane CollegeTNUSAMercer UniversityGAUSAMid-Continent UniversityUSAMiddle Tennessee State UniversityTNUSAMississippi State UniversityMSUSAMorgan State UniversityMDUSANorth Greenville UniversitySCUSANorth-West UniversitySouth AfricaNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyNorwayNova Southeastern UniversityFLUSAPenn State UniversityPAUSAPerkins CoieDCUSAPotchefstroom Service Centre for the AgedSouth AfricaRegional Manager of KhulisaSouth AfricaSaint Leo UniversityGAUSASan Diego State UniversityCAUSAShorter UniversityGAUSASouthern Polytechnic State UniversityGAUSAStrayer UniversityALUSASwinburne University of TechnologyAustraliaTennessee State UniversityTNUSAThe George Washington UniversityDCUSATroy UniversityALUSAUniversidad Anáhuac NorteMexicoUniversidad de Anahuac/University of PhoenixMexico andUSAUniversidad del TuraboPRxvUSA

LIST OF INSTITUTIONS, STATES AND COUNTRIES(CONTINUED)InstitutionStateUniversity of CalabarCountryNigeriaUniversity of MiamiFLUSAUniversity of MontevalloALUSAUniversity of Puerto RicoPRUSAUniversity of Puerto Rico - MayagüezPRUSAUniversity of Puerto Rico - Río PiedrasPRUSAUniversity of South Carolina AikenSCUSAUniversity of St. ThomasTXUSAUniversity of West GeorgiaGAUSAUniversity of Wisconsin-StoutWIUSAxvi

TABLE OF CONTENTLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .VIIILIST OF INSTITUTIONS, STATES AND COUNTRIES .VIIISECTION 1: BUSINESS & MANAGEMENTCompetitive Intelligence Process and Customer Service Assessment: SMEs WesternRegion of Puerto RicoSamuel Vélez Miranda and José Gerardo Martínez Martínez . 1Senior Leadership and Middle Management Impact on Lean Enterprise InitiativesElmer R. Humbert, Ron Mesia, Thomas Griffin and Ed Sherbert . 9Poise - The 6th ‘P’ in the New Marketing MixJ. D. Williams. 21The Relationship Between Self Efficacy, Project Leadership Outcome and Future Intentionsto Engage in Organizational Business Process Improvement OpportunitiesJim Mirabella and Elizabeth Chase . 39Leadership Within Business Systems Thinking, and Ethical Dilemma in Today’s WorkplaceOris Guillaume and Craig Cleveland . 46Exploring the Determinants of Sustainability Commitment Level among Australia’s LargestListed FirmsEvangeline O. Elijido-Ten . 53Could Mind-Stimuli Improve Sales Aptitude?J.D. Williams. 68Employee Development, Customer Satisfaction and Financial Performance in a HighContact Service Environment in Puerto RicoMaría D. Vargas Arenas, Mario J. Córdova and Carlos Lebrón. 79An Organizing Structure for Personal Income Tax Planning Updated for the 2012 Tax YearBarbara Poole and Thomas Langdon . 90Technical Aspects and Psychological Stress of Federal Government ContractingPeggy Jackson, Loren Garner and Aikyna Finch. 102More About the Decrease in the Velocity of Money in the United States: Some PotentialCauses and Policy ImplicationsHarrison C. Hartman. 108Integrity and Ethics in LeadershipRichard Murphy, William Crosby and Jim Mirabella . 125Evaluating Export Market DestinationsAmarilis Santiago-Rivera, María Amador-Dumois, Mario J. Córdova-Claudio and Rosario Ortiz-Rodríguez . 134Sales Engineers Impact on New Product DevelopmentJ. D. Williams, Christoph Fischer, David McGonigal and Eric Maher . 147The Relationship Between the Type of Endorser and Patients’ Attitudes and Behaviors inDirect to Consumer AdvertisementRana Salman and Jim Mirabella . 163What to do When a Salesperson Fails?J.D. Williams. 168My Personal Take on Business EthicsPeggy Jackson . 174Ethics:

Lamar University, USA Tennessee State University, USA Dr. Michael Alexander Dr. Greg Gibbs University of Arkansas at Monticello, USA St. Bonaventure University, USA . Stetson University, USA Augusta State University, USA Dr. Virgil Freeman Dr. William A. Brown Northwest Missouri State University, USA Jackson State University, USA . vi