Mechanical Investigation Of Crane Hook Using AISI 4340 Alloy . - CORE

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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.ukbrought to you byCOREprovided by MAT JournalsJournal of Automation and Automobile EngineeringVolume 4 Issue 3Mechanical Investigation of Crane Hook using AISI 4340 AlloySteel with Various Proportions of VanadiumV Chandran*1, T Manvel Raj2, N Lenin3, A Subramanian41,3Associate Professor, 2Professor, 4Assistant ManagerDepartment of Automobile Engineering, Velammal Engineering College,Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Veltech Dr. RR & Dr.SR R&D Institute of Science &Technology, Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India4Department of Mechanical Division, Integral Coach Factory, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaEmail: chandran1979mt@gmail.comDOI: http://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.34969581AbstractCrane hook is very significant component used for lifting the load with the help of chain ormetal ropes or hoists. Crane hooks failure is always occurred due to bending stresses actedupon it. To minimize the failure of crane hook, the stress induced portion in it must be analyzed.In this work, the different proportions of AISI 4340 alloy steel with Vanadium samples wereprepared and its mechanical properties were carried out. As compared with other proportionsof vanadium, 99.95% of AISI 4340 Alloy steel along with 0.05% of Vanadium was preferredsince the better mechanical properties. SEM analysis reveals that .05% of vanadium plays vitalrole in the AISI 4340 alloy steels and creates the fine form of grains structure which leads tobetter mechanical properties. This project concludes that, usage of 99.95% of AISI 4340 Alloysteel along with 0.05% of vanadiumin the crane hook; it canachieve reliability andsustainability with high strength. It could be used where heavy load shipment is needed.Wrought iron and AISI 4140 also studied for the comparison with AISI 4340 in differentproportions of vanadium.Keywords: Alloy steel, crane hook, mechanical properties, SEM, vanadiumINTRODUCTIONA crane could be a machine, equipped witha hoist, wire ropes or chains and sheaveswont to carry and move serious material.Crane hooks are the vital load liftingcomponent whichis generally used to raisethe heavy load in construction andengineering sectors.Few studies only havebeen recorded related to the probablecauses of crane hook which led to a failurein service. The brittle fracture wasoriginated from a crack in the material,generated during the welding performed onthe lifting hook. Brittle fracture of a cranehook, Y. Torres et al. (2010) [1].The stresspattern in the hook in a loaded conditionanalysis was carried out in two steps firstly1by FEM stress analysis of approximatemodel and results were validated againstphoto elastic experiment. Assumptive hookas a sinusoidal beam and its verificationvictimization FEM of tangible hook. Basedon the strain concentration space, the shapemodifications were introduced in order toincrease strength of the hook. Stressanalysis of crane hook and validation byphoto-elasticity, Rashmi Uddanwadiker[2]. For reducing the failures of hooks theestimation of stresses, their magnitudes andpossible locations are very important. Fromthe stress analysis, they have observed thecross section of max stress area. If theinduced area on the inner side of the cranehook at the portion of maximum stress isPage 1-6 MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Automation and Automobile EngineeringVolume 4 Issue 3broadened then the bending stresses willget minimized [3]. The stress concentrationfactors were used to evaluate the strengthand durability of structures and engineeringmachine elements. The lifting hooks designrules require using ductile materials toavoid brittle failure; in this regard, cranehooks were investigated the strain-basedcriteria for failure [4]. Finite ElementManagement(FEM) concept is used in thelocking system of the crane hook withuniformly distributed stress factor [5]. Thecrane hooks calculated load conditions andthe critical load condition was estimated asa statistical distribution based on theBayesian approach[6]. They considered thecases of loaded and unloaded trolley andbased on that, the equations of dynamicloads and angular frequency, as essentialelements of the dynamic stability of thesystem, were obtained.Dynamic analysis ofthe crane with loading-unloading trolley onthe slewing Platform [7]. The aim of thisproject mainly focuses on to extend thelifespan of a crane hook by means ofdeveloping crane hook with new materialwhich acts as a suitable replacement to theexisting material.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREMaterial SelectionIt is a medium carbon, low alloy steelknown for its toughness and strength. AISI4340 steel alloy is used primarily forstructural applications such as aircraftlanding gears. They comprise differentkinds of steels having compositionexceeding the limitations of B, C, Mn, Mo,Ni, Si, and Cr set for carbon steels. AISI4340 alloy steel is a heat treatable and lowalloy steel containing chromium, nickel andmolybdenum. It has high toughness andstrengthintheheat-treatedcondition.Vanadium chemical symbolVwith atomic number 23. Vanadium is asilvery grey, ductile, and malleabletransition metal, which is rarely used inengineeringapplication.Formation TableTable 1: Formation table of AISI 4340 alloy steel with different combinations ofvanadium.Alloy denumSiliconSulphurPhosphorousIronAISI 4340 Alloy n ProcessForging Process: Basic StepsIndustrial Process Description: The alloysteel forging process has been divided intothe following five major operations:Obtaining the Impression GeometryThe study of the geometry of parts andplans, so as to improve the life and quality2Sample 0349895.772Sample 4995.729Sample .0349495.6816of the forging is called as obtaining theforging geometry.Impression Die MakingIn die making, a physical model of finalproduct, in other words, a previously madecrane hook is used to make the die. Thedesign of the die is drawn in software and a3D model is generated using an integratedPage 1-6 MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Automation and Automobile EngineeringVolume 4 Issue 3CNC machine on a metal block. The die ismade in two halves the core half and thecavity half. The core is set into thepunching hammer and the cavity is set inthe base jig of a hammer punch. Therefore,when the two halves are withdrawn, itimprints or beats to form the shape of thecrane hook on to the hot alloy steel.Alloy Steel HeatingHeating is a process of preparing thematerial for punching. It is generally donein a specifically designated part of foundry.A gas forge using propane as fuel isemployed to heat the material. Thechamber of the forge is lined withrefractory materials such as refractoryceramic, firebrick and fibre glass. Theburner mixes propane and air which areignited at the tip, which protrudes a shortway into the chamber lining. The pressureinside the forge is develops due to theventuri effect created by the shape of thechamber. The steel is heated up to 1200 Cor until it turns red hot or soft for punching.The soheated steel is transported to thepunching area wherein the cavity half of thedie is filled with the red-hot sample.PunchingThe red-hot thick steel rod is placed abovethe cavity die after bending or curving it alittle bit in the middle in order to get thecurve of the crane hook. The punchingoperation is started and the rod is turnednow and then, using a set of tongs, isshaped into a crane hook. After 5-6punches from a 1.15 tonne punchinghammer, the red hot thick steel rod finallygets into a shape of a crane hook. It isremoved later and allowed to cool.CleaningCleaning is a process that refers to thedifferent activities performed for theremoval of dust or impurities (water wash),scale (acid bath), and excess metal(machining mostly grinding) from theforged crane hook. However, all theoperations may not apply to each forgingmethod but such processes play animportantroletocomplywithenvironmental guidelines.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFrom the above graph, wrought ironelongates 18.84% of its original length andAISI 4140 alloy steel elongates 31.36% ofits original length. AISI 4340 alloy steelelongates 17.04% of its original lengthwhich is lesser than the above twomaterials. So, from the graph it is clear thatthe percentage elongation of AISI 4340alloy steel is better than the rest.ELONGATION IN %35302520151050Wrought IronAISI 4140AISI 4340AISI 4340 & V AISI 4340 & V AISI 4340 & V 0.05%0.10%0.15%MATERIALSFigure 1:Percentage of elongation in different composition of alloy materials.3Page 1-6 MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Automation and Automobile EngineeringVolume 4 Issue 3REDUCTION OF AREA IN %80706050403020100Wrought Iron AISI 4140AISI 4340AISI 4340 & AISI 4340 & AISI 4340 &V 0.05%V 0.10%V 0.15%MATERIALSFigure 2:Percentage of reduction in different composition of alloy materials.From the above graph, wrought ironproduces 47.19% area reduction and AISI4140 alloy steel produces 67.62% of areareduction. AISI 4340 alloy steel produces53.76% of area reduction which isaffordable. Hence choosing AISI 4340 alloysteel can be used as a base metal.ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS IN MPa10008006004002000WroughtIronAISI 4140AISI 4340AISI 4340 & AISI 4340 & AISI 4340V 0.05%V 0.10% &V 0.15%MATERIALSFigure 3: Ultimate tensile stress in different composition of alloy materials.From the above graph, it is clearlyunderstandable that wrought iron has theleast ultimate tensile strength among thechosen materials, whereas our sample 1(AISI 4340 99.95% V 0.05%) has themost load withstanding ability. We can alsosee that the proposed base material AISI4340 Alloy Steel also has relatively sameUltimate tensile strength, but then from theprevious graph we see that it also has theleast elongation percentage. This proves thefact AISI 4340 is brittle in nature and will4form cracks upon loading. We can alsonotice that there is a gradual decrease inUltimate tensile strength upon excessaddition of vanadium. This is due to thedecrease in percentage of other alloyingelements that are being substituted byvanadium.From the Fig. 4, it is clear that thewrought iron has less yield strength whilesample 1 (AISI 4340 99.95% V 0.05%)has the highest yield strength. The basematerial and its samples clearly exceeds theexisting materials by more than 150MPa inPage 1-6 MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Automation and Automobile EngineeringVolume 4 Issue 3yield strength values. So, using the sample 1to manufacture crane hook is a good ideabecause of its high strength compared withother materials.YIELD STRESS IN MPa9008007006005004003002001000WroughtIronAISI 4140AISI 4340AISI 4340 & AISI 4340 & AISI 4340 &V 0.05%V 0.10%V 0.15%MATERIALSFigure 4: Yield strength in different composition of alloy materials.MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSISSEM images of 3000X for AISI 4140, AISI4340, Wrought Iron, and the samplesWrought iron lacks carbon contentnecessary for hardening and it contains slagfibres which reduces its strength. AISI 4140has austenitic microstructure with very lessimpurities and austenitic stabilizers. AISI4340 alloy steelhasmartensiticmicrostructure and carbide precipitationswhich gives high strength. Due to thepresence of vanadium (0.05%) in thesamples, the samples exhibit better strengththan the existing materials or base material.Figure 5: T1 AISI 4140 steel. Figure 6: T3 wrought iron. Figure 7: T2 AISI 4340 alloy steel.Figure 8: T4 AISI 4340 & 0.05% V.Figure 9: T5 AISI 4340 & 0.1% V. Figure 10: T6 AISI 4340 & 0.15% V.5Page 1-6 MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

Journal of Automation and Automobile EngineeringVolume 4 Issue 3CONCLUSIONThis researchwork focused on crane hookusing AISI 4340 Alloy steel along withdifferent proportions of Vanadium. Theresults indicated that, failure can beminimized by improving crane hookmaterial for more efficient lifting & loadingwith proof of good mechanical propertiesand extended lifespan. As compared withother proportions of vanadium, 99.95% ofAISI 4340 Alloy steel along with 0.05% ofVanadium was preferred since the bettermechanical properties. SEM analysisreveals that .05% of vanadium plays vitalrole in the AISI 4340 alloy steels andcreates the fine form of grains structurewhich leads to better mechanicalproperties. This project concludes that,usage of 99.95% of AISI 4340 Alloy steelalong with 0.05% of Vanadium in the cranehook; it can achieve reliability andsustainability with high strength. It couldbe used where heavy load shipment isneeded.REFERENCES1. Torres JM, Gallardo J, Domínguez FJ,Jiménez E (2015), “Brittle fracture of acranehook”,EngineeringFailureAnalysis,Volume 17,pp. 38–47.2. Rashmi U (2011), “Stress Analysis ofCrane Hook and Validation byPhoto-Elasticity”,Engineering,Volume3, pp. 935 941.3. Shaban M, Mohammad MI, AbuelezzA(2013), “Determination of stressdistribution in crane hook bycaustic”,pp. 435 443.4. Narvydas E, Puodžiūnienė N (2012),“Circumferential stress concentrationfactors at the asymmetric shallownotches of the lifting hooks oftrapezoidal cross-section”,Volume 18,Issue 2, pp.152 157, ISSN 1392 1207.Mechanika.65. JosephL,ArutPraneshK,BalasubramaniV (2016), “StructuralAnalysisofCraneHook”,IJETCSE,Volume 12 Issue 2,ISSN: 0976 1353.6. Takuma N, Takao M (2010), “DamageFactor Estimation of Crane Hook (ADatabase Approach with Image,KnowledgeandSimulation)”,4thInternational Workshop on ReliableEngineering Computing.7. Spasoje T, NebojšaRadić (March2017), “Stress analysis of crane hookusing FEM,” INFOTEH-JAHORINA,Volume 10, Ref. C-2, pp. 244 248.8. Huali HL, Huang X (2016),“Structure-strength of Hook withUltimate Load by Finite ElementMethod”,ProceedingsoftheInternational Multi Conference ofEngineersandComputerScientists,IMECS(18 20March,2009),Volume II,Hong Kong.9. Chikalthankar SB, Nandedkar VM,Surendra Prasad Bartram (2012),“Fatigue Numerical Analysis forConnectingRod”,InternationalJournal of Engineering Research andApplications, Volume 2, Issue 6, pp.628 632, ISSN: 2248-9622, Availablefromwww.ijera.com.10. Ramani JD, Sunil Shukla (2014), “FEAof connection rod using ANSYS formaterial optimization”, InternationalJournal of Engineering Research andApplications,Volume 4, Issue 3, pp.1 18,ISSN: 2248-9622.Cite this article as:V Chandran, T Manvel Raj, N Lenin, &A Subramanian. (2019). MechanicalInvestigation of Crane Hook usingAISI 4340 Alloy Steel with VariousProportions of Vanadium. Journal tp://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.349695Page 1-6 MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved

the lifting hook. Brittle fracture of a crane hook, Y. Torres et al. (2010) [1].The stress pattern in the hook in a loaded condition analysis was carried out in two steps firstly by FEM stress analysis of approximate model and results were validated against photo elastic experiment. Assumptive hook as a sinusoidal beam and its verification

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