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How America Pays for College 20212021HowAmericaPays forCollegeSallie Mae’s nationalstudy of collegestudents and parentsConducted by IpsosSallie Mae Ipsos i

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos iiAbout Sallie Mae Sallie Mae’s mission is to power confidence as students begin theirunique journey.Sallie Mae’s mission is to power confidence as studentsSavings accountsbegin their unique journey. We are the leader in privateCompetitive savings products help our customers growstudent lending, providing financing and expertise totheir money and achieve their financial goals.support college access and completion. We offer productsand resources to help students and families start smart inplanning for higher education, ensuring opportunities tolearn and dream big.We believe college should be affordable, equitable, andaccessible for all students, and we’re committed to makingthat a reality. Our focus is on being clear and transparentwith students. We help simplify the planning-for-collegeprocess and make sure students and families feelconfident and assured that their decisions about highereducation today put them on solid footing for tomorrow.Specifically, we offer tools to support college access andcompletion, including financing and expertise. We powerconfidence through:Free planning and paying for college resourcesConfidence-building tools help students sharpen theirfinancial know-how and college planning process bymaking it easier for them to secure scholarships, grants,work study, and other types of federal aid—all of whichwe recommend they explore before turning to privateCredit cardsDesigned to help students and young adults build goodcredit, these cards reward financial responsibility, andencourage habits that lead to financial independence.We believe college should be affordable, equitable, andaccessible for all students—and we’re committed to makingthat a reality. Our focus is on being clear and transparentwith students. We help simplify the planning-for-collegeprocess and make sure students and families feel confidentand assured that their decisions about higher educationtoday put them on solid footing for tomorrow.For more information on how Sallie Mae empowersstudents throughout their higher education journey, visitsalliemae.com. Join the conversation about this study onsocial media with #HowAmericaPays.Sallie Mae300 Continental DriveNewark, DE 19713student loans. Our tools include Scholarship Search,Access a related infographic and other information aboutwhich connected 24,000 students with scholarships inthis study at salliemae.com/howamericapays.2020, covering more than 67 million in college costs;and our Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA )application tool, which simplifies the process for studentsseeking financial aid.Private student loansResponsible private student loans with competitive rateshelp undergraduate and graduate students bridge the gapbetween the cost of higher education and the amountfunded through financial aid, federal loans, and students’and families’ resources.FAFSA is a registered service mark of U.S. Department of Education, Federal Student Aid. 2021 Sallie Mae Bank. All rights reserved. Sallie Mae, the Sallie Mae logo, and other Sallie Mae names are service marks or registered servicemarks of Sallie Mae Bank. All other names and logos used are the trademarks or service marks of their respective owners. SLM Corporation andits subsidiaries, including Sallie Mae Bank, are not sponsored by or agencies of the United States of America. SMSM MKT15974 0721

How America Pays for College 2021About IpsosIpsos is the world’s third-largest insights andanalytics company.Our team of 18,000 across 90 countries serves 5,000 clients and undertakes70,000 different projects each year. Our polling practice is a non-partisan,objective, survey-based research practice made up of seasoned professionals.We conduct strategic research initiatives for a diverse number of Americanand international organizations, based not only on public opinion research,but elite stakeholder, corporate, and media opinion research.As a global research and insights organization, Ipsos aims to make our changingworld easier and faster to navigate and to inspire our clients to make smarterdecisions. We are committed to driving the industry with innovative, best-in-classresearch techniques that are meaningful in today’s connected society. We deliverresearch with security, speed, simplicity, and substance. Our tagline “GameChangers” summarizes our ambition.Our broad range of industry experts offers an intimate understanding of people,markets, brands, and society. Whether testing communications content,bringing concepts to market, assessing customer experience, or gauging publicopinion, Ipsos strives to identify and offer the right solutions to our client’sspecific challenges.Ipsos is committed to building an organization dedicated to a single endeavor:providing our clients with the best service, using qualitative or quantitativemethods, at local, regional, and international levels. This is what drives us toask and probe, to subject our hypotheses to rigorous analyses, and, finally, todeliver reliable data and the most effective recommendations in the shortesttime possible.Sallie Mae Ipsos iii

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos ivAbout this studyFor the past 14 years, Sallie Mae’s How America Pays for College reporthas surveyed college students and parents of undergraduate studentsabout their attitudes toward higher education and how they are payingfor it. The research examines families’ attitudes toward the value of acollege education, as well as their key considerations about what schoolto attend and how to pay for that education.How America Pays for College considers the range ofThe research was conducted between April 8 andfinancial resources families draw on—from federal financialMay 4, 2021.aid programs to extended family support, and from collegesavings plans to credit cards—and evaluates trends inattitudes and payment resources over time.Dollar and proportional amounts in this report are averagesthat reflect composite representations intended to illustratehow the “typical” family pays for college. The compositeIn addition to these themes, How America Pays foris a computed formula that spreads individual responsesCollege 2021 considers the effect of attending collegeacross all survey respondents.during the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores whetherfamilies approached paying for AY 2020–21 differently thanpre-pandemic, the impact the pandemic had on collegechoice and attitudes, and how online learning affected theoverall college experience.Sallie Mae has again partnered with Ipsos, a globalindependent insights and analytics company, to conductthis study. How America Pays for College 2021 reflects theresults of online interviews Ipsos conducted, in English, with: 985 parents of children ages 18–24 enrolled asundergraduate students 1,000 undergraduate students ages 18–24Low-income households are defined as those with anannual income of less than 35,000; middle-incomeas those with annual income from 35,000 to less than 100,000; and high-income as those with an annualincome of 100,000 or more. Geographic regionsdiscussed mirror those used by the U.S. Census Bureau.For details on methodology, including sampling, weighting,and credibility intervals, see the technical notes section atthe end of this report.

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos vTable of ContentsKey insights1Reported college costs are down, yet families use the same payingstrategies as pre-pandemic1Scholarships are a key source of free money, but some students never apply3Families expect to use loans, and more than half make payments while in school4FAFSA submission rates continue to decline6More families plan for how to pay for college7While families adapted to online learning, the majority are looking toget back on campus8Conclusion10Data tables11Technical notes79

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos viTable of TablesTable 1. The Role of Various Funding Sources to Pay for College11Table 2a. Composite of College Funding Sources,Average Value Contributed from Each Source, by Income Level12Table 3a. C omposite of College Funding Sources,Average % of Total Cost of Attendance Met by Each Source, by Income Leve13Table 2b. Composite of College Funding Sources,Average Value Contributed from Each Source, by Race/Ethnicity14Table 3b. Composite of College Funding Sources,Average % of Total Cost of Attendance Met by Each Source, by Race/Ethnicity15Table 2c. Composite of College Funding Sources,Average Value Contributed from Each Source, by School Type16Table 3c. Composite of College Funding Sources,Average % of Total Cost of Attendance Met by Each Source, by School Type17Table 2d. Composite of College Funding Sources,Average Value Contributed from Each Source, by Family Borrowing Status18Table 3d. Composite of College Funding Sources,Average % of Total Cost of Attendance Met by Each Source, by Family Borrowing Status19Table 4. Grant Use and Average Amounts20Table 5. Scholarship Use and Average Amounts21Table 6. Scholarship Sources22Table 7a. Application Rates Among Those Not Using Scholarships23Table 7b. Reasons for Not Applying for Scholarships24Table 8. Use of Funds from Relatives & Friends25Table 9. Use of Student Income & Savings26Table 10. Use of Parent Income & Savings27Table 11. Who Contributed Borrowed Funds28Table 12. Use of Parent Borrowed Funds29Table 13. Use of Student Borrowed Funds30Table 14. Student Loan Payments While in School31Table 15. Education/Student Loan Topics of Discussion32Table 16. Loan Forgiveness33Table 17. Planned to Borrow34Table 18. Responsibility for Repaying Parent Education Loans35Table 19. Responsibility for Repaying Student Loans35Table 20. Plan to Pay for College36Table 21. Completed FAFSA Application 2020–2137Table 22. Reasons for Not Submitting FAFSA 38Table 23. Completed FAFSA Application 2021–2239Table 24. Timing of FAFSA Filing40Table 25. FAFSA Resources41

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos viiTable 26. How to Pay Final Decision-Maker42Table 27. Confidence in Paying for College Choices43Table 28. Attitudes Toward College, Scale 1–544Table 29. Attitudes Toward College, Rated “Strongly Agree” or “Somewhat Agree”45Table 30. Enrollment by Type of School46Table 31. Enrollment by Home State47Table 32. Attending the Same School as Last Year48Table 33. Changing School Choice Due to COVID-1949Table 34. Current Degree Type Expected to Earn50Table 35. Elimination of Colleges Based on Cost (% saying yes at each point)51Table 36. Elimination of Colleges Based on Cost (cumulative % saying yes after each point)52Table 37. Final Decision About Which School to Attend53Table 38. Deciding Factor for Which School to Attend54Table 39. College Visit Before Enrolling55Table 40. Financial Aid Offer Received56Table 41. Aware That Financial Aid Award Letter Can Include Loans57Table 42. Ease of Understanding Financial Aid Offer/Award Letter57Table 43. Ease of Understanding Financial Aid Offer/Award Letter (% very somewhat easy)58Table 44. Financial Aid Appeal Due to COVID-1959Table 45. Financial Aid Appeal Granted59Table 46. Additional Aid Received as a Result of Appeal60Table 47. Financial Responsibility for the Cost of College Education60Table 48. Rating of the Value of College Education Compared to the Price61Table 49a. Living Arrangements—This Term62Table 49b. Living Arrangements—September 201963Table 50. Working Students64Table 51a. Online Classes—This Term65Table 51b. Online Classes—September 201966Table 52. Reasons for Taking Online Courses67Table 53. Evaluating the Online Learning Experience67Table 54a. Online Learning Challenges68Table 54b. Online Learning Challenges—% At Least Sometimes69Table 55a. Benefits of Online Learning70Table 55b. Benefits of online learning (% strongly or somewhat agree)71Table 56a. Parent Economic Concerns72Table 56b. Parent Economic Concerns, Rated “Very Worried”73Table 57a. Impact of Coronavirus on College and Higher Education74Table 57b. Impact of Coronavirus on College and Higher Education (% strongly somewhat agree) 75Table 58. Impact of COVID-19 on College Experience76Table 59. Plans for Next Academic Year In Light of the Pandemic77Table 60. Preferred Learning Model78

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 1Key insightsFamilies paid less for collegelast year, but still relied onthe same paying strategiesas pre-pandemicFamilies report paying 26,373 for college in AY 2020–21,a 12% decrease from AY 2019–20, and in line with costsreported two years ago. Despite uncertainty and changefaced by many families throughout this academic year,most covered the cost of education in ways similar tothose used pre-pandemic: Parent income and savingscovered nearly half of collegecosts (45%) Parent borrowing covered9% of the costsScholarships and grants Student income and savings Free money from scholarshipsand grants covered 25% ofthe costsRelatives and friendscovered 8% of the costs, andStudent income and savings Funds from relatives and friendsParent income and savingscovered the remaining 2% Student borrowing coveredParent borrowing11% of the costsStudent borrowingHow the Typical Family Pays for College,Average Amount 30,017 30,000 26,226 25,000 8,177 20,000 15,000 436 2,303 417 3,502100% 26,373 6,610 599 2,211 13,072 10,000 7,800 5,000 2,584 0 7,626 3,746AY 2018–19 11,794 2,538 4,043AY 2019–20How the Typical Family Pays for College,Funding Source Share80%2%AY 4%13%11%AY 2018–19AY 2019–20AY 2020–21 2,366 2,79331%0%9%

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 2The portion of families who relied on each funding source has not changedsignificantly since last year. 85% of families used parent 53% used student incomeincome and savings, contributingand savings, contributing 13,721 on average. As with last 4,149 on averageyear’s findings, 37% of familiesused a college savings plan,such as a 529, to cover the costof college. 72% relied on scholarships andgrants, with average amountof 9,065. More than half offamilies (56%) used scholarshipsand half used grants (50%). 32% used funds borrowedby the student, with an averageof 8,775 21% used funds borrowedby the parent, with an averageof 11,394 11% used money providedby relatives, contributing anaverage of 5,06085%of families relied onparent income and savingsto pay for college, thelargest funding source

Sallie Mae Ipsos 3Scholarships are a keysource of free money,but some students never applyScholarships were used by more than half of families16%Scholarship useof college costs werecovered by scholarships44%of families didn't usescholarships to helppay for school78%of families whodidn't use scholarshipsdidn't even apply(56%) and covered 16% of education costs in AY 2020–21.Both the frequency of using scholarships and the percentof cost covered are consistent with last year’s findings.About 6 in 10 who used scholarships received them from the school the studentis attending, with an average of 9,797. Scholarships from states, non-profitorganizations, or companies also provide a significant contribution in helpingfamilies cover the cost of college. Among families who relied on scholarships,28% report using a state scholarship with an average amount of 3,145; another29% used scholarships from companies or non-profits, with an average of 1,922.Forty-four percent of families did not use scholarships to help pay for thisacademic year. Of these families, only 22% say the student even applied.Why don’t more students apply to try to win free money? The top reasons varyacross parent and student study participants.For parents, it’s mostly about awareness: 29% say they didn’t think there arescholarships for their child and 25% simply didn’t know about any scholarships.For students, it’s more of a cost-benefit analysis:44% of students said they didn’t applybecause they didn’t think they’d win,28% didn’t have time to apply, and20% said it was too much effortto complete the applications.Only 6% of families who didnot apply for a scholarshipsay they didn’t needadditional funds.

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 4Families expect to use loans, and morethan half make payments while in schoolOn average, borrowed funds covered 20% of the cost of college inAY 2020–21, a similar proportion to AY 2019–20 (21%). Likewise, the sameproportion of families (47%) report using borrowed funds this year as theprior year.The average borrowed amounts reported by thoseFor nearly two-thirds of those families who borrowed (64%),who used loans have decreased significantly this year,loans had always been part of their paying-for-college plan.particularly for student borrowers. Families where students borrowed report an averageThe large majority of families expect the student to beinvolved in paying back student loans (97%) and parentamount of 8,775 in student loans, down 26% fromloans (70%). In fact, more than half of families whoAY 2019–20borrowed (56%) report making student loan payments Families where parents borrowed report an averagewhile the student is still enrolled.amount of 11,394 in parent loans, down 9% fromSome 44% of families who used student loans believeAY 2019–20that their federal student loans will be forgiven. However,Federal student loans are the most frequently usedsource of borrowed money, used by 27% of families thisyear. In addition, 11% of families used Parent PLUS loans,historical data suggest that the percentage of federalborrowers who have had their student loans forgiven isvery low.1another type of federal loans. Private student loans wereused by 13% of families.64%of families who borrowedsay loans had alwaysbeen part of their plan1 s/pslf-data

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 5Families makingpayments whilestudent is in schoolVS56%in AY 2020–21vs46%in AY 2019–20This year, more families reportmaking loan payments whilethe student is still in schoolMaking payments on student loans while in school is an effective wayto save money in the long term and pay down debt faster. How AmericaPays for College 2021 finds that 56% of families who borrowed say they’remaking payments while the student is still enrolled—a significant increasefrom last year’s 46% of families, and 41% of families two years ago.

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 6FAFSA completion ratescontinue to declineSixty-eight percent of families completed theFree Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA ) forAY 2020–21, a steady decline from the past two years.Families across income levels and races are similarly likely to have completedthe FAFSA : 67% of low-income families, 70% of middle-income, and 66% ofhigh-income families submitted the FAFSA 69% of White families, 69% of Black, and 70% of Hispanic familiessubmitted the FAFSA ; completion rates were lower among familiesof other races (64%)As in previous years of How America Pays for College research, the primaryreason for not completing the FAFSA is the perception that a family doesn’tqualify for any aid—this was cited by 44% of families who didn’t submit one forAY 2020–21. While this reasoning is more prevalent among high-income families(58%), nearly 1 in 3 of low-income families (31%) and middle-income families (36%)share this perception. This appears to be largely a perception, however, not a factderived from first-hand experience. Only 11% of non-submitters say they didn’tapply this year because they completed a FAFSA in a previous year and did notreceive any aid.Thirty-four percent of non-filers either missed the deadline, had a problemwith the application, finding it too complicated, or didn't have the requiredinformation. Seven percent of non-filers didn’t have time to submit, and 10%didn’t know about FAFSA .Families appealed for more financial aidEight in 10 families eliminate colleges from consideration based on cost at somepoint between figuring out which schools to research and which to attend. Thatsaid, as financial circumstances changed due to the pandemic, 29% of familieswho received a financial aid offer from their school appealed for more aid. Theappeals of the majority (71%) were granted. Additional aid included: Higher grant amounts (52%) Higher school scholarships amounts (47%) Higher federal loan amounts (14%) Higher work-study (13%)Percent of familieswho submitted theFAFSA 77%submitted for AY 2018–1971%submitted for AY 2019–2068%submitted for AY 2020–21

Sallie Mae Ipsos 7More families have a plan topay for collegePercent of familieswho created a planto pay for all years ofcollege before thestudent enrolled44%in 201952%in 202058%in 2021Families who made the investment in education believethat a college degree will create opportunities that thestudent wouldn’t have had otherwise (89%) and lead tohigher earnings (81%). A smaller, yet growing, proportionof families—58%—say they value the intellectual andsocial experience of college regardless of the potential ofincreased earnings.This year, more families are taking active steps to prepare for how to pay forcollege. Nearly 6 in 10 college families (58%) agree that before the studentenrolled, the family created a plan for paying for all years of college, up from40% in 2018. While high-income families are more likely to have developed aplan (70%), about half of low-income (50%) and middle-income (52%) familiesdid as well.While planning is becoming more widespread, there is an opportunity for morefamilies to get on the same page about anticipated outcomes of education.Fewer than half of students and parents discussed these topics: 47% discussed what all years of college will cost 38% discussed the starting salary for jobs in the student’s field of study 31% discussed the need for continued education beyond an undergraduatedegree to achieve career objectives

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 8While families adapted to onlinelearning, the majority are looking toget back on campusUndoubtedly, the COVID-19 pandemic changed many aspects of collegestudents’ lives. More than half (53%) began AY 2019–20 taking classes onlyin person; by the end of AY 2020–21, only 11% of families report in-persononly learning, with 89% of students taking at least some classes online.Not surprisingly, most families in which the student is taking classes onlinereport that it was mandated by the school in response to the pandemic.Last year, How America Pays for College 2020 foundOnline learning presents challenges for somethat many families were wary of the online learning thatDespite adapting to online learning, half of familiesthe pandemic necessitated, believing the transitionsay that the student is equally able to learn new materialwould be difficult for the students. A year later, just 13%online as in-person, and 47% report the student feelsof families where the student is learning online rate thatconnected to their school.experience negatively, and 87% rate their experience aspositive or neutral. More specifically, 57% of families saytheir experience with online learning has been ‘excellent’or ‘good.’Some families have also experienced a number ofchallenges, ranging from distractions to technology access: 54% experienced distractions making it difficultto concentrateJust like many professionals and organizations haverecognized and embraced working from home, familiesare realizing the benefits of online learning as well: 52% had difficulties connecting or collaborating withother students 62% of families like having less travel to or 43% found that courses weren’t optimized for thearound campusonline environment 40% say their student is able to speed up the timeto graduation with online learning 37% said that professors weren’t adapting toonline teaching 32% say the student has the opportunity to attend aschool that they wouldn’t have attended otherwise 35% experienced poor or slow internet connection2 23% report having scheduling problems or conflictsbecause of the location 18% did not, at times, have access to the technologyor tools needed for online learning75%Looking ahead to next fallWhile online learning offers benefits for some families,three quarters (75%) of students and parents prefer toresume on-campus learning in the fall, through in-personof families prefer to havein person-only or hybridlearning next yearonly or a hybrid approach, with some in-person and someonline classes.2 How America Pays for College research study is conducted online. Thus, aninternet-connected device is a requirement to take part in this research. The datamay not reflect the experiences of all types of families.

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 968%of Black familiesfelt positive aboutonline learning60%of Hispanic familiesrated online learningpositivelyOnline learning can openadditional doors for minority studentsBoth Black and Hispanic families are significantly moreCompared with White students, Black and Hispaniclikely than White families to experience or recognize thestudents are more likely to find online learning effective:benefits of online learning: 52% of Black and 54% of Hispanic families say thestudent is able to speed up the time to graduation withonline courses, compared with 39% of White families 44% of Black and 46% of Hispanic families say thestudent has the opportunity to attend a school thatthey otherwise wouldn’t have been able to becauseof location, compared with 31% of White familiesEven before the pandemic, Black students had moreexperience with online classes than White or Hispanicstudents. In September 2019, before the pandemic began,56% of Black students, 49% of Hispanic students, and 45%of White students were attending college only online oron a hybrid schedule, with some classes in-person andsome online.3 68% of Black and 60% of Hispanic families rate theirexperience with online learning positively, comparedwith 55% of White families 70% of Black and 54% of Hispanic families say theirstudents are equally able to learn new material onlineand in-person, compared with 46% of White families 62% of Black and 55% of Hispanic families say theirstudent feels connected to the school, compared with45% of White familiesOpportunities and benefits of online learning in reachingminority students may be clear, but there are stillobstacles: 28% of Black and 20% of Hispanic familiesreport not having access to all the tools and technologyneeded for online learning.3 How America Pays for College research study is conducted online. Thus, an internet-connected device is arequirement to take part in this research. The data may not reflect the experiences of all types of families.

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 10ConclusionDespite the pandemic, American families continue to value and invest inhigher education. They link that investment to new opportunities, higherearnings, and integral to the American Dream.The pandemic did not change how families approachedOne of the major changes in the education experiencecovering the cost of college. Despite a 12% decrease inbrought on by the pandemic is online learning. Evenreported education costs for AY 2020–21, families usedthough most students are eager to get back to campus,tried-and-true strategies and relied on sources of fundingmany, particularly from Black and Hispanic families,in similar ways as reported in previous years of Howare embracing this new learning mode. The pandemicAmerica Pays for College.may serve as a catalyst for innovation to enhance howThe proportion of families applying for federal financialaid by submitting the FAFSA decreased again this year.The top reason for not applying is a perception that theywouldn’t qualify for any aid. Similarly, many students didn’tapply for scholarships because they didn’t think they’dreceive one. Exploring and addressing families’ rationalesfor not taking advantage of these funding sources mayencourage them to apply and not miss out on valuablefree aid.Many families used borrowed funds to bridge the gapbetween the college bill and money that they won’t haveto repay. This year, there’s an increase in the proportion offamilies who are reporting that they are making educationloan payments while the student is still in school. Thisstrategy will help many families get a jump start on payingdown their college debt.Cost remains a critical consideration for the majority offamilies when they select the school their student willattend. However, fewer than half of families are discussinganticipated outcomes of education: the total cost ofeducation, the need for education beyond undergraduateto achieve career goals, or the starting salaries for thestudent’s selected field of study. As more information andtools become available, we encourage families to considerthese factors as they begin their college journeys.colleges and universities deliver education to the manycommunities they serve, and it may be a driving force increating more equity in higher education.

How America Pays for College 2021Sallie Mae Ipsos 11Data tablesTable 1. The Role of Various Funding Sources to Pay for CollegeFrequency of Sources and Average Amounts Used2021Borrowed sourcesNon-borrowed sourcesPercent offamilies usingeach source2020Average amountamong usersPercent offamilies usingeach sourceAverage amountamong usersParent Income and Savings85%Parent current income68% 8,71683%70% 10,127College savings plan (529)37% 7,60137% 8,982Retirement savings withdrawal16% 3,63314% 3,143Other parent savings or investments42% 5,54435% 5,857Student Income and Savings53%Student current income34% 2,14437% 2,459Student savings30% 2,19432% 2,262Federal Work-Study16%

How America Pays for College considers the range of financial resources families draw on—from federal financial aid programs to extended family support, and from college savings plans to credit cards—and evaluates trends in attitudes and payment resources over time. In addition to these themes, How America Pays for

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