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A COMPANIONTO ETHNICITYIN THE ANCIENTMEDITERRANEAN

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLDThis series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and themost important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises approximately twenty-five and forty concise essays written byindividual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designedfor an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.ANCIENT HISTORYA Companion to the Roman ArmyEdited by Paul ErdkampA Companion to the Roman RepublicEdited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-MarxA Companion to the Roman EmpireEdited by David S. PotterA Companion to the Classical Greek WorldEdited by Konrad H. KinzlA Companion to the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel C. SnellA Companion to the Hellenistic WorldEdited by Andrew ErskineA Companion to Late AntiquityEdited by Philip RousseauA Companion to Ancient HistoryEdited by Andrew ErskineA Companion to Archaic GreeceEdited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van WeesA Companion to Julius CaesarEdited by Miriam GriffinA Companion to ByzantiumEdited by Liz JamesA Companion to Ancient EgyptEdited by Alan B. LloydA Companion to Ancient MacedoniaEdited by Joseph Roisman and Ian WorthingtonA Companion to the Punic WarsEdited by Dexter HoyosA Companion to AugustineEdited by Mark VesseyA Companion to Marcus AureliusEdited by Marcel van AckerenA Companion to Ancient Greek GovernmentEdited by Hans BeckA Companion to the Neronian AgeEdited by Emma Buckley and Martin T. DinterA Companion to Ancient EpicEdited by John Miles FoleyA Companion to Greek TragedyEdited by Justina GregoryA Companion to Latin LiteratureEdited by Stephen HarrisonA Companion to Greek and Roman Political ThoughtEdited by Ryan K. BalotA Companion to OvidEdited by Peter E. KnoxA Companion to the Ancient Greek LanguageEdited by Egbert BakkerA Companion to Hellenistic LiteratureEdited by Martine Cuypers and James J. ClaussA Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its TraditionEdited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. PutnamA Companion to HoraceEdited by Gregson DavisA Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman WorldsEdited by Beryl RawsonA Companion to Greek MythologyEdited by Ken Dowden and Niall LivingstoneA Companion to the Latin LanguageEdited by James ClacksonA Companion to TacitusEdited by Victoria Emma PagánA Companion to Women in the Ancient WorldEdited by Sharon L. James and Sheila DillonA Companion to SophoclesEdited by Kirk OrmandA Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel PottsA Companion to Roman Love ElegyEdited by Barbara K. GoldA Companion to Greek ArtEdited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris PlantzosLITERATURE AND CULTUREA Companion to Persius and JuvenalEdited by Susanna Braund and Josiah OsgoodA Companion to Classical ReceptionsEdited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher StrayA Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman RepublicEdited by Jane DeRose EvansA Companion to Greek and Roman HistoriographyEdited by John MarincolaA Companion to TerenceEdited by Antony Augoustakis and Ariana TraillA Companion to CatullusEdited by Marilyn B. SkinnerA Companion to Roman ArchitectureEdited by Roger B. Ulrich and Caroline K. QuenemoenA Companion to Roman ReligionEdited by Jörg RüpkeA Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and RomanAntiquityEdited by Paul Christesen and Donald G. KyleA Companion to Greek ReligionEdited by Daniel OgdenA Companion to the Classical TraditionEdited by Craig W. KallendorfA Companion to Roman RhetoricEdited by William Dominik and Jon HallA Companion to Greek RhetoricEdited by Ian WorthingtonA Companion to PlutarchEdited by Mark BeckA Companion to Greek and Roman SexualitiesEdited by Thomas K. HubbardA Companion to the Ancient NovelEdited by Edmund P. Cueva and Shannon N. Byrne

A COMPANIONTO ETHNICITYIN THE ANCIENTMEDITERRANEANEdited byJeremy McInerney

This edition first published 2014 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UKEditorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UKFor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply forpermission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website atwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.The right of Jeremy McInerney to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has beenasserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except aspermitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may notbe available in electronic books.Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brandnames and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks, or registeredtrademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentionedin this book.Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completenessof the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for aparticular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professionalservices and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professionaladvice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA companion to ethnicity in the ancient Mediterranean / edited by Jeremy McInerney.pages cmIncludes index.ISBN 978-1-4443-3734-1 (cloth)1. Ethnology—Mediterranean Region. 2. Mediterranean Region—Ethnic identity. I. McInerney, Jeremy,1958DE73.C66 2014937.004—dc232014005452A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.Cover image: Marble statue of Kneeling Gaul, Pergamon, 170 BC. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Venice,reproduced by permission of Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo. Photo The ArtArchive / Alamy.Cover design by WorkhausSet in 10/12.5pt Galliard by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India1 2014

ContentsNotes on ContributorsAcknowledgmentsixxv1Ethnicity: An IntroductionJeremy McInerney2Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient MediterraneanHarald Haarmann173Mediterranean Archaeology and EthnicityA. Bernard Knapp344Ethnicity and World-Systems AnalysisThomas D. Hall505Ancient Ethnicity and Modern IdentityJohannes Siapkas666Bronze Age Identities: From Social to Cultural and Ethnic IdentityKristian Kristiansen827Networks and EthnogenesisAnna C. F. Collar978Ethnic Identities, Borderlands, and HybridityGary Reger1129Hittites and Anatolian Ethnic DiversityTrevor R. Bryce12710 Hybridity, Hapiru, and the Archaeology of Ethnicity in Second MillenniumBCE Western AsiaAnn E. Killebrew1142

viContents11 Ethnicity in Empire: Assyrians and OthersGeoff Emberling15812 Achaemenids, Royal Power, and Persian EthnicityJennifer Gates-Foster17513 Nubian and Egyptian EthnicityStuart Tyson Smith19414 The Study of Greek Ethnic IdentitiesNino Luraghi21315 Ethnicity and Local MythAngela Ganter, née Kühr22816 Autochthony in Ancient GreeceJames Roy24117 Ethnicity and the StageEfi Papadodima25618 Ethnos and KoinonEmily Mackil27019 Messenia, Ethnic Identity, and ContingencyAlexander Thein28520 Ethnicity and GeographyPhilip Kaplan29821 Black Sea EthnicitiesGocha R. Tsetskhladze31222 Greeks and Phoenicians in the Western MediterraneanCorinne Bonnet32723 Herodotus and EthnicityRosaria Vignolo Munson34124 Ethnicity and RepresentationS. Rebecca Martin35625 Ethnicity: Greeks, Jews, and ChristiansAaron P. Johnson37626 Greek Ethnicity and the Second SophisticAdam M. Kemezis39027 Ethnicity and the EtruscansNancy T. de Grummond40528 Romans and JewsErich S. Gruen423

Contentsvii29 Romans and ItaliansGary D. Farney43730 Roman Elite EthnicityParshia Lee-Stecum45531 Ethnicity in Roman ReligionJörg Rüpke47032 Ethnicity and GenderKathryn Lomas48333 Ethnicity in the Roman NorthwestUrsula Rothe49734 Lucanians and Southern ItalyJohn W. Wonder51435 Who Are You? Africa and AfricansBrent D. Shaw52736 Becoming Roman Again: Roman Ethnicity and Italian IdentityValentina Follo54137 Goths and HunsWalter Pohl555Index569

Notes on ContributorsCorinne Bonnet is professor of ancienthistory in the University of Toulouse andmember of the Institut Universitaire deFrance. She works on the religions of theancient Mediterranean world, and on theinteractions between them. She has published several books on the Phoenicianand Punic religious environment (recently,with H. Niehr, Religionen in der Umweltdes Alten Testaments II: Phönizier, Punier,Aramäer. Stuttgart 2010) (French translation, 2014) and on the intellectual historyof the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.Most recently she has published in 2014 Lesenfants de Cadmos. Le paysage religieux dela Phénicie hellénistique. Paris: De Boccard.Emeritus Professor Trevor R. Bryce is anhonorary research consultant in the University of Queensland, Australia, and afellow of the Australian Academy of theHumanities. He is the author of numerous books and articles on the ancient NearEast, including The Kingdom of the Hittitesand The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms,both published by Oxford University Press.Anna C. F. Collar is assistant professor ofClassical Archaeology at Aarhus Universityin Denmark. Her current research focuseson Syrians, migration, and social networksas part of a major Danish research projectexploring the emergence of pilgrimage andsacred travel in the ancient Mediterranean.Her first book, Religious Networks in theRoman Empire: The Spread of New Ideas,was published by Cambridge UniversityPress in 2013 and has been selected as afinalist in the American Academy of Religion’s Best First Book in the History ofReligion award.Nancy T. de Grummond is M. LynetteThompson Distinguished Research Professor at Florida State University and director of excavations at the Etruscan/Romansite of Cetamura del Chianti. She is theauthor of Etruscan Myth, Sacred Historyand Legend (Philadelphia 2006) and editorand author, with Erika Simon, of The Religion of the Etruscans (Austin 2006). Hercurrent research centers on Etruscan religion, myth, and writing.

xNotes on ContributorsGeoff Emberling is assistant researchscientist in the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan. His dissertation focused on ethnicity in earlyMesopotamia, and he has directed excavations in northern Mesopotamia at TellBrak. As a curator and museum director, hehas worked with major collections of Assyrian art at the Metropolitan Museum andthe Oriental Institute of the University ofChicago.und Ethnos im Spiegel thebanischer Gründungsmythen (2006).Jennifer Gates-Foster is an assistant professor in the Department of Classics at theUniversity of North Carolina at ChapelHill. Her research interests are rooted inthe Hellenistic and Roman Near East, particularly Egypt. She is currently at workon the publication of archaeological surveymaterial from the Eastern desert of Egypt,as well as on a book examining HellenisticGary D. Farney is an associate professor Egypt from the perspective of its social andof history at Rutgers University (Newark). cultural boundaries.His research focuses on ancient Romangroup identity, Republican historiography, Erich S. Gruen is Gladys Rehard Woodand the material culture of Republican Professor of History and Classics, EmeriItaly. He is the author of Ethnic Identity tus, at the University of California, Berkeand Aristocratic Competition in Republi- ley. He is former chair of the Graduatecan Rome (Cambridge 2007), and he is Group in Ancient History and Meditercurrently authoring a book on Roman aris- ranean Archaeology, and former chair ofthe Program in Jewish Studies. Recent pubtocratic family identity.lications include Cultural Identity in theValentina Follo graduated summa cum Ancient Mediterranean (ed. 2011), andlaude in classical archaeology from the Rethinking the Other in Antiquity (2011).University La Sapienza in Rome, holdsa master’s in pedagogy of antiquity from Harald Haarmann, Ph.D., is vice presithe University of Ferrara, and a Ph.D. in dent of the Institute of Archaeomythology,art and archaeology of the Mediterranean California, and director of its Europeanworld from the University of Pennsylva- branch in Finland. He is the author ofnia. She teaches Roman history at the some 50 books in various domains of theFondazione IES Abroad Italy in Rome, humanities, among them three world hisand is the curator of the Norton-Van tories (of writing, languages, and numBuren Study Collection at the American bers). Research areas: linguistics, writingAcademy in Rome. Valentina has published research, language politics, ethnic studies,on both the reaffirmation and the repudi- research on ancient civilizations, history ofation of ancient Greco-Roman models in religion, and mythology. Literature awardearly modern and contemporary art and (Prix logos) from France in 1999.architectural practices.Thomas D. Hall is Professor Emeritus inAngela Ganter, née Kühr is assistant the Department of Sociology and Anthroprofessor at the Goethe University of pology, DePauw University, Indiana. HeFrankfurt/Main. Her research focuses on holds a master’s degree in anthropologyArchaic and Classical Greek history and from the University of Michigan, andon Roman patronage. She is the author a Ph.D. in sociology from the Univerof Als Kadmos nach Boiotien kam. Polis sity of Washington. His interests include

Notes on Contributorsxiindigenous peoples, ethnicity, comparative frontiers, and world-systems analysis. He is coauthor, with James V.Fenelon, of Indigenous Peoples and Globalization: Resistance and Revitalization(2009, Paradigm).A. Bernard Knapp is Emeritus Professor of Mediterranean archaeology,Department of Archaeology, Universityof Glasgow. Research interests includearchaeological theory, island archaeology, gender and social identity, archaeologies of landscape, and the prehistoryAaron Johnson works on the Greek literof the Mediterranean, especially Cyprus.ature of Late Antiquity, especially that ofHe co-edits the Journal of Mediterraneanthe third and fourth centuries. He teachesArchaeology, and is general editor ofclassics and humanities at Lee University inthe series Monographs in MediterraneanCleveland, Tennessee.Archaeology.Philip Kaplan is an associate professorKristian Kristiansen has been professor ofof history at the University of NorthFlorida in Jacksonville. He has published archaeology at the University of Gothenarticles on geography, on mercenary and burg in Sweden since 1994. His mainother communities in the Eastern Mediter- publications include Europe before Historyranean, and on contacts between Greek and (Cambridge University Press 1998); withMichael Rowlands, Social Transformationsnon-Greeks.in Archaeology: Global and Local PerAdam M. Kemezis is an associate pro- spectives (Routledge 1998); with Thomasfessor in the Department of History and Larsson, The Rise of Bronze Age Society.Classics at the University of Alberta. He Travels, Transmission and Transformationsis the author of Greek Narratives of the (Cambridge University Press 2005); andRoman Empire under the Severans (Cam- with Timothy Earle, Organizing Bronzebridge University Press, forthcoming) as Age Societies. The Mediterranean, Centralwell as several articles on imperial Greek Europe and Scandinavia Compared (Camliterature.bridge University Press 2010).Ann E. Killebrew is an associate professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterraneanstudies, Jewish studies, and anthropologyat the Pennsylvania State University. Herresearch interests span the Bronze Agethrough Early Islamic period, with a focuson the Late Bronze and Iron Ages inthe eastern Mediterranean. In addition tonumerous publications dealing with ethnicity, ancient ceramic technology, andheritage studies/public archaeology, herrecent work includes the development ofnew technologies in 3D documentation ofexcavation and survey fieldwork. She hasparticipated in or directed excavations andsurveys in Israel and Turkey. She is currently the co-director of the Tel Akko TotalArchaeology Project.Parshia Lee-Stecum is associate professor in classics at the University of Melbourne. His main research and teachinginterests include Roman poetry of theAugustan period (especially Roman elegy),Roman myth and ethnicity, and magic inthe Roman world. He is currently the associate dean (teaching and learning) in theFaculty of Arts, and is the author of Powerplay in Tibullus: Reading Elegies Book One(Cambridge University Press 1998).Kathryn Lomas is an honorary seniorresearch associate in archaeology at University College London, and part-time tutorin Classics at the University of Durham.She has research specialisms in the history and archaeology of early Italy and

xiiNotes on Contributorsthe Western Mediterranean, ethnic andcultural identities in the ancient world, andthe development of literacy in the ancientMediterranean. She is the author of Romeand the Western Greeks and Roman Italy,338 BC–AD 200, is the editor of severalvolumes of collected papers, and has published numerous articles on her areas ofinterest.Nino Luraghi is the D. Magie Professorof Classics at Princeton University. A Greekhistorian, his main interests include Greektyranny, the history and culture of theGreeks of Sicily and Southern Italy, Greekhistoriography, and the ancient Peloponnese, especially Messenia. He is the authorof The Ancient Messenians: Constructions ofEthnicity and Memory (Cambridge 2008)and Tirannidi arcaiche in Sicilia e MagnaGrecia da Panezio di Leontini alla cadutadei Dinomenidi (Florence 1994); the editor of The Splendors and Miseries of Ruling Alone: Encounters with Monarchy fromArchaic Greece to the Hellenistic Mediterranean (Stuttgart 2013) and The Historian’s Craft in the Age of Herodotus(Oxford 2001); and the co-editor of Helotsand their Masters in Laconia and Messenia(Cambridge, MA 2003), The Politics of Ethnicity and the Crisis of the PeloponnesianLeague (Cambridge, MA 2009), and Intentional History: Spinning Time in AncientGreece (Stuttgart 2010).ancient eastern Mediterranean, particularlythe intersection of Greece and Phoenicia.Rosaria Vignolo Munson is the J. Archerand Helen C. Turner Professor of Classicsat Swarthmore College. She is the author ofTelling Wonders: Ethnographic and PoliticalThought in the Work of Herodotus (2001),Black Doves Speak: Herodotus and the Languages of Barbarians (2005), and severalarticles on Herodotus. She has also editedthe collection Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Herodotus (OUP 2013). Hercurrent projects include articles on Thucydides and a commentary on HerodotusBook I, which she is co-editing (withCarolyn Dewald) for the Cambridge Greekand Latin Classics series.Efi (Efstathia) Papadodima is a lecturerin classics at the University of Ioannina,Greece. Her research focuses on moralvalues and modes of characterization inclassical Greek literature (with particular reference to Attic drama), while herrecent articles survey the concept of dikein tragedy. She is the author of Foreignness Negotiated: Conceptual and EthicalAspects of the Greek-Barbarian Distinctionin Fifth-Century Literature (Hildesheim2013).Walter Pohl is professor of medieval history at the University of Vienna and director of the Institute of Medieval Researchat the Austrian Academy. He has taughtEmily Mackil is associate professor of at UCLA, Leiden, CEU Budapest, andhistory at the University of California, Ishevsk, and has been awarded the ERCBerkeley. She is the author of Creating a Advanced Grant in 2010. His booksCommon Polity: Religion, Economy, and include works on the Avars, the earlyPolitics in the Making of the Greek Koinon Germans, the Migration Period, and the(Berkeley, 2013), and has published monastery of Montecassino as a workshopnumerous articles in the field of Greek of memory.history.Gary Reger is professor of history andS. Rebecca Martin is assistant professor classics at Trinity College in Hartford,of Greek art and architecture at Boston Connecticut. His research interests includeUniversity. Her research concerns the Greek epigraphy, Hellenistic and Roman

Notes on ContributorsxiiiAsia Minor, and the economy of the Greekand Roman world. He is the author ofRegionalism and Change in the Economyof Independent Delos, more than 50 articles and book chapters on these topics,and co-editor of two volumes of essays onregionalism and Greek epigraphy.religion at the University of Erfurt, wheresince 2008 he has also been a fellow inreligious studies at the Max Weber Centre. He is the author of several books onRoman religion, and in 2008 was the recipient of the Gay Lussac-Humboldt Prize forhis research in that area.Ursula Rothe is Baron Thyssen Lecturerin Classical Studies at the Open University. She has previously worked as projectmanager of the EU project DressID: Clothing and Identities in the Roman Empire,based at the Reiss Engelhorn Museumsin Mannheim, Germany, and as lecturerand Leverhulme postdoctoral fellow inclassics at the University of Edinburgh.She specializes in Roman dress, culturaltheory, and the social history of Rome’swestern provinces. Her recent publicationsinclude Dress and Cultural Identity in theRhine-Moselle Region of the Roman Empire(2009) and “The ‘Third Way’: Treveranwomen’s dress and the ‘Gallic Ensemble’.” American Journal of Archaeology,116: 235–52.Brent D. Shaw is the Andrew Fleming West Professor of Classics at Princeton University. One of his principal areasof research has been the Maghrib in theRoman period, but he has also venturedinto the field of family history and into theproblem of violence in the Roman Empire.His recent publications include—as oneof the co-authors—the global history textWorlds Together, Worlds Apart (third edition, New York, Norton, 2011) and themonograph Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Ageof Augustine (Cambridge University Press2011).Johannes Siapkas is associate professor inclassical archaeology and ancient history,James Roy was, until retirement, reader in Uppsala University, Sweden. His researchGreek history at the University of Notting- focuses on the epistemological foundationsham, where he is still a research associate. of classical studies, and modern appropriaHe has written numerous articles, confer- tions of classical antiquity.ence papers, and book chapters on GreekStuart Tyson Smith is professor andhistory, including several on the history ofchair of anthropology at the UniverArkadia and of Elis. He has co-edited, withT. H. Nielsen, Defining Ancient Arkadia sity of California, Santa Barbara. His(The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences research focuses on the dynamics of culand Letters, 1999); with C. Adams, Travel, tural interaction, ethnicity and other axesGeography and Culture in Ancient Greece of identity, ceramics and foodways, legitand the Near East (Oxford 2007); and with imization and ideology, sealing and adminH. Cavanagh and W. G. Cavanagh, Hon- istration, funerary practice, and the socialouring the Dead in the Peloponnese (Cen- and economic dynamics of ancient Nilotictre for Spartan and Peloponnesian Studies civilizations.of the University of Nottingham [online]Alexander Thein is a lecturer in the School2011).of Classics, University College Dublin.Jörg Rüpke has been, since 1999, profes- He has published on the history of Latesor of classical philology and comparative Republican Rome and the topography of

xivNotes on Contributorsthe city of Rome and the Roman Cam- of the journal Ancient West & East; andpagna. He is currently working on the civil established the International Congress onwar violence of the 80s BC.Black Sea Antiquities.Gocha R. Tsetskhladze teaches at theUniversity of Melbourne, specializing inancient Greek colonization and the archaeology of the Mediterranean, Black Sea,Caucasus, and Anatolia in the first millennium BC. He excavated Greek colonial sitesaround the Black Sea for 20 years. In 2009,he became director of excavations at Pessinus in Central Anatolia. He has publishedextensively; is founder/editor of the seriesColloquia Pontica/Colloquia Antiqua andJohn W. Wonder is lecturer in the Classics Department at San Francisco StateUniversity. He is author of, among otherworks, “The Italiote League: South Italian Alliances of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.” Classical Antiquity 31.1 April2012 and “What Happened to the Greeksin Lucanian-Occupied Paestum? Multiculturalism in Southern Italy.” Phoenix, 56:40–55. 2002.

AcknowledgmentsA great many people, including students, friends, and colleagues, played a role in bringing this volume to publication, and it is a pleasure to thank them. Haze Humbert firstapproached me with the idea of a single volume addressing the theme of ethnicity, andshe has continued to foster the project with complete professionalism from inception tocompletion. Similarly, the staff at Wiley Blackwell, especially Allison Kostka, have beenunfailingly helpful and extremely competent.To give the contributors a clearer sense of the threads, themes, and motifs runningthrough all of their chapters, we held a conference at the University of Pennsylvania inearly 2012. Not every contributor was able to attend, but the event helped to developsome lines of common enquiry in ways that, I hope, have improved the volume as a whole.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the Center for Ancient Studies as well as the School ofArts and Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania for subventing the conference and tooffer special thanks to Renée Campbell, whose administrative and organizational skillsmade both the conference and this volume possible. My colleagues participated in theconference and once again reminded me of what a blessing it is to work in a happy andproductive department.Finally, it is a particular pleasure to acknowledge the editorial assistance of James McInerney and Lucy McInerney, both of whom toiled over bibliographies and footnotes. Asit happens, by virtue of the circumstances of their birth and upbringing, they are bothparticularly sensitive to nuances of ethnic identity. It is with deep gratitude, then, that Idedicate this volume to them.

CHAPTER 1EthnicityAn IntroductionJeremy McInerney“Unfortunately for us, the last 200 years have been the most mismanaged in the history ofour race.”—Eve Mungwa D. FeslLarge Gallic LadiesThe preceding epigraph comes from a short essay written by an Australian land rightsactivist addressing the sorry history of relations between the white settlers and Koori(indigenous) peoples. It may seem odd to begin a collection of chapters dealing with thequestion of ethnicity in the ancient Mediterranean with a reference to political conditionsfar removed in space and time, but Fesl’s comments provide a number of vectors intothe subject of ethnicity. To begin with, in many countries, discussions of “ethnicity” area way of talking about a deeply unpopular and discredited concept—race—while for themost part avoiding that charged term. (On changes in the use of “race” as a category,see Brunsma and Rockquemore 2004 and McCoskey 2012.) Few white academics wishto write about race, preferring to observe that the term refers to a social construct, nota biological fact (Fields and Fields 2012). This is especially true in classical scholarship,where for many years there existed a broad consensus that racism was an anachronisticidea and that race was not a useful category in the analysis of ancient Mediterranean cultures, or, more simply, that Greek and Roman society was not racist (Snowden 1970,1983; Hannaford 1996, but, more recently against this view, Isaac 2004; McCoskey2006, 2012). Ironically, those who have suffered the most from the abuses masked bythe term “race” have become those most likely to adopt it, either as part of formal criticaldiscourse or, as in the preceding quote, more loosely. It is also worth noting that race, inA Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean, First Edition. Edited by Jeremy McInerney. 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2Jeremy McInerneyits hortatory sense—our race—can conceal deeper complexities. At the time of first contact, indigenous Australians were not a single people, and if the term “koori” representsthe emergence of a common identity, it is a commonality born of shared experience,primarily suffering, rather than a pre-existing sense of peoplehood. In this respect, weare reminded of two key features of ethnicity: the first is that there is a fuzziness at theheart of the concept. Can we say that ethnic identity is anything more than a sense ofpeoplehood? It may include an attachment to a territory, a common history, includingits fictive and fictional elements; it may find expression in a shared language and customs;and it may be activated in response to oppression, but almost all of these elements aremalleable. The one constant seems to be that some combination of these will result in agroup identifying itself as a people.The point worth remembering is that, as the subject of academic discourse, ethnicity is aconcept with its

A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Ryan K. Balot A Companion to Ovid Edited by Peter E. Knox A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language Edited by Egbert .

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A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Classical Mythology Edited by Ken Dowden A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography Edited by John Marincola A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Daniel Ogden A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Roman Rhetoric Edited by William J .

A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Ryan K. Balot A Companion to Ovid Edited by Peter E. Knox

A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison . A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Daniel Ogden A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Roman Rhetoric Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall A Companion to Classical Tradition Edited by Craig .

A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by Stephen Harrison A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought Edited by Ryan K. Balot A Companion to Ovid Edited by Peter E. Knox A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language Edited by Egbert .

A Companion to Classical Tradition Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf A Companion to Roman Rhetoric Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Justina Gregory A Companion to Latin Literature Edited by .

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