Environmental Life Cycle Assessment PSE 476/WPS 576 Lecture 6 . - NCSU
Environmental Life Cycle AssessmentPSE 476/WPS 576Lecture 6: Life Cycle InventoryFall 2016Richard A. VendittiForest BiomaterialsNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695-8005Richard Venditti@ncsu.eduGo.ncsu.edu/venditti1
Major Parts of a Life CycleAssessmentGoal and ScopeDefinitionInventory AnalysisImpact Assessment2Interpretation
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis(LCI): Life cycle inventory analysis: Phase of the life cycleassessment involving the compilation and the quantification ofinputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle [ISO14044:2006(E)] “an inventory analysis means to construct a flow model of atechnical system.” “the model is an incomplete mass and energy balance over thesystem” “environmentally indifferent flows such as diffuse heat andemissions of water vapour as a combustion product are notmodelled” HHGLCA, 2004.3
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis(LCI): Three major activities:– Construction of the flowsheet– Data collection and documentation– Calculation of the environmental loadsin terms of the functional unit (i.e., thereference flow) Resource use Pollutant emissions4HHGLCA, 2004.
Construction of the flowsheet Should have all of the processes as inaccordance with the Goal and Scope section Should show the system boundary Should clearly show significant interchangesbetween processes IF the entire system is extremely complicated thentwo flowsheets are suggested:– A simplified flowsheet showing the major life cycle “lumped”parts of the system, suitable for communicating the majorconcepts of the system5– A detailed flowsheet that provides finer documentation of thesystemHHGLCA, 2004.
Construction of the flowsheetSystem boundary6HHGLCA, 2004.
Construction of the flowsheetSystem boundary7
Data Collection One of the most time consuming activities in a LCA Garbage in, garbage out Main data:– Input flows of raw materials and energy– Other “inputs” such as land use– Product output flows– Emissions to air, water and land and other environmentalimpacts (eg., noise)– Data to describe processes Example: production efficiencies, equipment, useful lifetimes of products,travel distances Should also have data to guide allocation8HHGLCA, 2004.
Data Collection For each process in the flowsheet:Emissions to airProduct of interestEnergyRaw materialsProcessCo-productsProcess ChemicalsSolid Waste9Emissions to waterHHGLCA, 2004.
Data CollectionEmissions to airEmissions to airRaw materialsRaw materialsProcessCo-productsProcess ChemicalsSolid WasteProduct of interestEnergyProduct of interestEnergyProcessCo-productsProcess ChemicalsSolid WasteEmissions to waterEmissions to waterEmissions to airProduct of interestEnergyRaw materialsProcessCo-productsProcess ChemicalsSolid WasteEmissions to waterLarge solid arrows signify link flows between processes, could be any type of flow.Link flows leave one process and enter another process.10HHGLCA, 2004.
Data Sources Direct measurements Literature Internet Life cycle inventory databases Interviews11HHGLCA, 2004.
Data Sources Foreground system: processes that actions can be directlytaken with respect to the results of the LCA, directmeasurements can often be taken Background system: processes that actions can not bedirectly taken wrt the results of the LCA, often, externalsecondary data used Primary Data: direct measurement/description of variables Secondary Data: data sources from published orunpublished data articles, reports or studies Assumptions: used when primary or secondary data is notavailable.12HHGLCA, 2004.
Foreground and background data:Municipality study on waste water treatment13
What type of data are these? A food factory collects the energy usage on their foodextrusion process. The emissions from the electricity generation process for theelectricity that the food factory uses. The food factory finds from an internet source that 40% offood in the US gets uneaten. * The extrusion equipment will run at the same efficiency forthe next 20 years. The emissions of the trucks that transport the food to thedistributors.14* HGLCA, 2004.
LCI Calculation Procedure:Calculation of all flows relative to the Functional Unit (reference flows)1.Have a good flowsheet and collect data.2.Normalize data for each process, scale each flow to a product or input ofthe process.3.Calculate the flows that link the processes together, link flows. Theseflows should be based on the “reference flow(s)” that are determined tofulfill the functional unit.4.Calculate the flows that pass the system boundary. These flows should bebased on the “reference flow(s)” that are determined to fulfill the functionalunit. Make sure to identify the elementary flows* Elementary flows are flows from/to the environment not previously/further modified by man.5.Sum up the elementary flows (raw resource use and emissions to theenvironment) for the whole system6.Document the calculations.15HHGLCA, 2004.
LCI: Calculation Procedure Example: It is of interest to do a partial life cycle inventory analysis on crayons (major raw materials, CO2process emissions from burning heating oils, wastes and electricity use). Goal: find hot spots amongst paper production, wax production and crayon production (waste,CO2, resource use) Scope: The functional unit of the study is one box of crayons, a set of 20 crayons (also thereference flow, RF) Scope: Three manufacturing processes will be in the study and within the system boundary (allothers are not within the scope of this study):Dyed WaxProductionPaperProduction16CrayonProduction
Calculation Procedure Example: Data Collection17 Product specification. It is known that 1 crayon has 6 g of wax and 0.5 gof paper wrapper Crayon Production. It is reported from the factory that 10,000 crayonscan be successfully produced in 24 hours. The electricity consumption is100 kW-hr for a 24 hr period. CO2 is emitted at a rate of 10 kg/hr fromcombustion processes used in the crayon production. There is adefective/disposed stream of crayons that is thrown away; the crayon rejectflowrate is 5% of the total successful crayon production flowrate. Dyed Wax Production. It is reported that the flow of wax produced in thedyeing process is 6,000 grams per hour. Electricity consumption is 20 kWhr per day. CO2 is emitted is at a rate of 5 kg/hr from combustionprocesses. 10% of the feed wax is wasted/disposed in the process. Paper Production. 200 metric tonne of usable paper are produced perday. The amount of electricity consumed is 4000 kW-hr per day. Theamount of wood consumed per day is 600 metric tonne of wood. CO2 isemitted at a rate of 12 kg/hr from combustion processes. Waste isproduced at 10 metric tonnes per day rate.
Calculation Procedure Example: Normalization Crayon Production. It is determined that 10,000 crayons can be successfully wrappedin 24 hours. The electricity consumption is 100 kW-hr for a 24 hr period. CO2 is emitted ata rate of 10 kg/hr from combustion processes used in the crayon production. There is adefective/disposed stream of crayons that is thrown away; it is 5% of the total successfulcrayon production. Normalize process with respect to one crayon produced:18
Calculation Procedure Example: Normalization Dyed Wax Production. It is reported that the flow of wax produced in thedyeing process is 6,000 grams per hour. Electricity consumption is 20 kW-hrper day. CO2 is emitted at a rate of 5 kg/hr from combustion processes. 10%of the feed is wasted material that is disposed. Normalize process with respect to a gram of wax produced:19
Calculation Procedure Example: Normalization Paper Production. 200 metric tonne of paper are produced per day. Theamount of electricity consumed is 4000 kW-hr per day. The amount of woodconsumed per day is 600 metric tonne of wood per day. CO2 is emitted at arate of 12 kg/hr from combustion processes. Waste is produced at 10 metrictonnes per day rate. Normalize process with respect to a metric tonne of paper produced:20
Calculation Procedure: link flows Step 2. Calculate the flows that link the processes together.These flows should be based on the “reference flow(s)” thatare determined to fulfill the functional unit. Reference flow based on the functional unit of one box ofcrayons: 20 crayons, each with 6 g wax, 0.5 g paperDyed WaxProductionPaperProduction21Link flow ?CrayonProductionLink flow ?
Calculation Procedure: link flowsLink waxLink paperCrayonProduction120 g wax10 g paper22
Calculation Procedure:STEP 3: Calculate the flows that pass the system boundary. Theseflows should ultimately be in terms of the“reference flow(s)” that are determined to fulfill the functional unit.Crayon Production:23HHGLCA, 2004.
Calculation Procedure:STEP 3: Calculate the flows that pass the system boundary.These flows should be based on the “reference flow(s)” that aredetermined to fulfill the functional unit.Dyed Wax Production:24HHGLCA, 2004.
Calculation Procedure:STEP 3: Calculate the flows that pass the system boundary.These flows should be based on the “reference flow(s)” that aredetermined to fulfill the functional unit.Paper Production:25HHGLCA, 2004.
Calculation Procedure:Step 4. Sum up the resource use and emissions to theenvironment for the whole systemWaste (g/RF)Paper Prod.Wax DyeingCrayon Prod.Total.513.96.520.931.50031.501400140Waste % of totalCO2 (kg/RF)CO2 % of totalWood (g/RF)Raw Wax (g/RF)Electricity(kWhr/RF)Elect % of total26(RF reference flow, 20 crayons, containing 120 g dyed wax and 10 g paper)
Calculation Procedure:Step 5. Document the calculations (for others). Show examplecalculations and data used. Explain boundary, allocation, andcalculation methods.What were the hotspots for waste, CO2 and electricity?27HHGLCA, 2004.
Summary––Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis3 Major Activities in LCI ––––––––––––28Flowsheet, collect data, calculationsSystem BoundaryForeground dataBackground dataPrimary dataSecondary dataAssumptionsFunctional unitReference flowsElementary flowsNormalized Process DataLink flowsHot spots
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis(LCI): Life cycle inventory analysis: Phase of the life cycle assessment involving the compilation and the quantification of inputs and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle [ISO 14044:2006(E)] "an inventory analysis means to construct a flow model of a technical system."
Apr 11, 2019 · adjustment you are making, stop and see your PSE Dealer for assistance. In many cases, an appropriate bow press will be needed to make adjustments to cams and wheels. If you do not have an appropriate press, see your PSE Dealer. 6 7 Compound Bow USER’S GUIDE Your authorized Pse dealer is supplied with technical information on Pse bows and cams.
PSE recommends that all crossbows undergo string and cable changes every 500 shots or every 12 months, whichever comes first. Ensure that only recommended PSE crossbow bolts are used while using PSE crossbows. WARRANTY WILL BE VOID IF: - The PSE crossbow is damaged from abuse, mishandli
2.1 Life cycle techniques in life cycle sustainability assessment 5 2.2 (Environmental) life cycle assessment 6 2.3 Life cycle costing 14 2.4 Social life cycle assessment 22 3 Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment in Practice 34 3.1 Conducting a step-by-step life cycle sustainability assessment 34 3.2 Additional LCSA issues 41 4 A Way Forward 46
Apr 12, 2019 · Compound Bow USER’S GUIDE Note: Some PSE bow models (Effective 2012) come from the factory with the PSE Sting Stop Backstop installed. These instructions refer to reinstallation or adjustment if needed after making adjustments to your PSE bow. 1. Thread the Sting Stop nut all the way up toward the bumper of the Sting Stop rod. 2.
a PSE. The result is one of the fastest and MOST efficient single-cam bows PSE has ever offered! “You thought the Bow Madness was the best single-cam bow ever made? Just wait until you shoot the new Bow Madness 3G. Once again, PSE has proven that they make the fastest and smoothest single-cam bows on the market.” Rick Kreuter- Beyond .
in their life cycle [ISO 14001:2004]. 26. Objectives Identify "hot spots" that have critical environmental impact To compare two different solutions to a need. Life Cycle Assessment \ 䰀䌀䄀尩 is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts of products systems or services at all s\൴ages in their life cycle.
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) "Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product" (ISO 14040:2006, section 3.4) Life Cycle Interpretation "Phase of life cycle assessment in which the .
Introduction Description logics (DLs) are a prominent family of logic-based formalisms for the representation of and reasoning about conceptual knowledge (Baader et al. 2003). In DLs, concepts are used to describe classes of individuals sharing common properties. For example, the following concept de-scribes the class of all parents with only happy children: Personu has-child.Personu has .
