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01/13Molecular Red:Theory for theAnthropocene(On AlexanderBogdanov andKim StanleyRobinson)03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDTe-flux journal #63 Ñ march 2015 Ê McKenzie WarkMolecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene (On Alexander Bogdanov and Kim Stanley Robinson)McKenzie WarkMarx: ÒAll that is solid melts into air.Ó1 Thateffervescent phrase suggests somethingdifferent now. Of all the liberation movements ofthe eighteenth, nineteenth and twentiethcenturies, one succeeded without limit. It did notliberate a nation, or a class, or a colony, or agender, or a sexuality. What it freed was not theanimals, and still less the cyborgs, although itwas far from human. What it freed was chemical,an element: carbon. A central theme of theAnthropocene was and remains the story of theCarbon Liberation Front.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe Carbon Liberation Front seeks out all ofpast life that took the form of fossilized carbon,unearths it and burns it to release its energy. TheAnthropocene runs on carbon.2 It is aredistribution, not of wealth, or power, orrecognition, but of molecules. Released into theatmosphere as carbon dioxide, these moleculestrap heat, they change climates. The end ofprehistory appears on the horizon as carbonbound within the earth becomes scarce, andliberated carbon pushes the climate into the redzone.3ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊPowerful interests still deny the existenceof the Carbon Liberation Front.4 Thoseauthorities attentive to the evidence of thismetabolic rift usually imagine four ways ofmitigating its effects. One is that the market willtake care of everything. Another proposes that allwe need is new technology. A third imagines asocial change in which we all becomeindividually accountable for quantifying andlimiting our own carbon Òfootprint.Ó A fourth is aromantic turn away from the modern, fromtechnology, as if the rift is made whole when aprivileged few shop at the farmerÕs market forartisanal cheese.5 None of these four solutionsseems quite the thing.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe first task of critique is to point out thepoverty of these options.6 A second task mightbe to create the space within which verydifferent kinds of knowledge and practice mightmeet. Economic, technical, political, and culturaltransformations are all advisable, but at leastpart of the problem is their relation to each other.The liberation of carbon transforms the totalitywithin which each of these specific modes ofthinking and being could be practiced. That callsfor new ways of organizing knowledge.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊAddressing the Anthropocene is notsomething to leave in the hands of those incharge, given just how badly the ruling class ofour time has mishandled this end of prehistory,this firstly scientific and now belatedly culturaldiscovery that we all live in a biosphere in a stateof advanced metabolic rift. The challenge then isto construct the labor perspective on thehistorical tasks of our time. What would it meanto see historical tasks from the point of view of

02/13Vladimir Lenin plays chess with Alexander Bogdanov during a visit to Maxim Gorky, Capri, Italy, 1908.03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDT

Red Star and The Philosophy of LivingExperienceIt is notable that in his 1908 science fiction novelRed Star, Bogdanov already has inklings of theworkings of the Carbon Liberation Front and itsrelation to climate. He anticipates the possibilityof Martian (and hence of human) generatedclimate change at a time when the theoreticalpossibility was starting to occur to climatescientists, even though the infrastructure did notexist yet for measuring or computing climatemodels.9 The Martians of Red Star alreadypossess a global knowledge concord, frictionlessdata gathering, and computational power thatEarthly climate science would finally acquire bythe late twentieth century. With thatinfrastructure in place, the Martians found thenwhat humans have found only now Ð thatcollective labor transforms nature at the level ofthe totality.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊIn his book The Philosophy of LivingExperience Bogdanov is not really trying to writephilosophy so much as to hack it, to repurpose itfor something other than the making of morephilosophy. Philosophy is no longer an end initself, but a kind of raw material for the designand organizing, not quite of what Foucault called03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDT03/13e-flux journal #63 Ñ march 2015 Ê McKenzie WarkMolecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene (On Alexander Bogdanov and Kim Stanley Robinson)working people of all kinds? How can everydayexperiences, technical hacks and even utopianspeculations combine in a common cause, whereeach is a check on certain tendencies of theother?ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊTechnical knowledge checks the popularsentiment toward purely romantic visions of aworld of harmony and butterflies Ð as if that wasa viable plan for seven billion people. Folkknowledge from everyday experience checks thetendency of technical knowledge to imaginesweeping plans without thought for theparticular consequences Ð like diverting thewaters of the Aral Sea.7 Utopian speculations arethat secret heliotropism which orients action andinvention toward a sun now regarded with morecaution and respect than it once was. There is noother world, but it canÕt be this one.8ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊWhat the Carbon Liberation Front calls us tocreate in its molecular shadow is not yet anotherphilosophy, but a poetics and technics for theorganization of knowledge. As it turns out, thatÕsexactly what Alexander Bogdanov tried to create.We could do worse than to pick up the thread ofhis efforts. So letÕs start with a version of hisstory, a bit of his life and times, a bit more abouthis concepts, from the point of view of the kind ofpast that labor might need now, as it confrontsnot only its old nemesis of capital, but also itsmolecular spawn Ð the Carbon Liberation Front.Here among the ruins, something living yetremains.discourses of power/knowledge, but more ofpractices of laboring/knowing.10 The projectedaudience for this writing is not philosophers somuch as the organic intellectuals of the workingclass, exactly the kind of people BogdanovÕsactivities as an educator-activist had alwaysaddressed. Having clearly read his Nietzsche,BogdanovÕs decision is that if one is tophilosophize with a hammer, then this is bestdone, not with professional philosophers, butwith professional hammerers.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊScience, philosophy, and everydayexperience ought to converge as the proletariatgrows. Bogdanov: ÒWhen a powerful class, towhich history has entrusted new, grandiosetasks, steps into the arena of history, then a newphilosophy also inevitably emerges.Ó11 MarxÕswork is a step in this direction, but only a step.Proletarian class experience calls for theintegration of forms of specialized knowledge,just as it integrates tasks in the labor process.More and more of life can then be subject toscientific scrutiny. The task of todayÕs thought isto integrate the knowledge of sciences and socialsciences that expresses the whole of theexperience of the progressive class forces of themoment.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊBogdanov: ÒThe philosophy of a class is thehighest form of its collective consciousness.Ó12As such, bourgeois philosophy has served thebourgeoisie well, but the role of philosophy inclass struggle is not understood by that class. Itwanted to universalize its own experience. Butphilosophies cannot be universal. They aresituated. The philosophy of one class will notmake sense to a class with a differentexperience of its actions in the world. Just as thebourgeoisie sponsored a revolution in thoughtthat corresponds to its new forms of socialpractice, so too organized labor must reorganizethought as well as practice.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe basic metaphor is the naming ofrelations in nature after social relations.13 It canbe found Òat workÓ in the theory of causality, thecenterpiece of any worldview. Authoritariancausality had its uses: it allowed the ordering ofexperience, and reinforced authoritariancooperation in production. Worldviews thatassume authoritarian causes when none wereobserved usually invoke invisible spiritauthorities as causes. Horatio obeys Hamlet;Hamlet obeys his fatherÕs ghost. Matter issubordinated to spirit. Thus the slave model ofsocial relations became a whole ontology of whatis and ever could be.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊBogdanov makes the striking argument thatreligion was the scientific worldview of its time.The old holy books are veritable encyclopedias,somewhat arbitrarily arranged, on how toorganize farming, crafts, sexuality or aged-care.

04/13This was a valid form of knowledge so long as anauthoritarian organization of labor prevailed. Butas technique and organization changed,Òreligious thinking lost touch with the system oflabor, acquired an ÔunearthlyÕ character, andbecame a special realm of faith.Ó14 There was adetachment of authority from direct production.Religion then becomes an objective account of apartial world.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊBogdanov thinks it no accident that thephilosophical worldviews that partially displacedreligion and authoritarian causation arose wheremercantile exchange relations were prevalent Ðamong the Greeks.15 Extended exchangerelations suggest another causal model, abstractcausality. Buyers and sellers in the marketplacecome to realize that there is a force operatingindependently of their will, but operating in theabstract, as a system of relations, rather thanacting as a particular cause of a particular event.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊRather than such a contemplativematerialism, Bogdanov, like Marx, wants anactive one, an account based on the socialproduction of human existence. Bogdanov:ÒNature is what people call the endlesslyunfolding Þeld of their labor-experience.Ó16Nature is the arena of labor. Neither labor nornature can be conceived as concepts without theother. They are historically coproduced concepts.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe being of nature is not something aphilosophy can dogmatically claim to know. It isnot void, or matter, it is whatever appears asresistance in labor. Bogdanov changes the objecttheory from nature in the abstract to thepractices in which it is encountered and known:ÒThe system of experience is the system of labor,all of its contents lie within the limits of thecollective practice of mankind.ÓÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊTake thermodynamics as an example.Industrialization runs on carbon. Demand forcarbon in the form of coal meant that miners digdeeper and deeper. Pumping water out of deepmines becomes an acute problem, and so thefirst application of steam power was for pumpingwater out of mines. Out of the practical problemof designing steam-driven pumps arises theabstract principles of thermodynamics as ascience.17 Thermodynamic models of causationthen become the basic metaphor for thinkingabout causation in general, extended bysubstitution to explain all sorts of things.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThere are at least two levels of laboractivity: the technical and the organizational.Both have to overcome resistance. Technicallabor has to overcome the recalcitrance ofmatter itself. Organizational labor has toLater in his life, Bodganov was to found a research institute for blood transfusion. Here, an unrelated image documents arm-to-arm bloodtransfusion.03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDT

03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDT05/13e-flux journal #63 Ñ march 2015 Ê McKenzie WarkMolecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene (On Alexander Bogdanov and Kim Stanley Robinson)overcome the emotional truculence of the humancomponents of a laboring apparatus. Its meansof motivation is ideology, which for Bogdanov hasa positive character, as a means of threadingpeople together around their tasks. What theidealist thinker unwittingly discovers is thelabor-nature of our species-being Ð ideology asorganization and the resistance to it Ð a notinsignificant Þeld of experience, but a partialone.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊBefore Marx, neither materialists noridealists oriented thought within labor. Thematerialists thought the ideal an attribute ofabstract matter; the idealists thought matter anattribute of an abstract ideal. Both suffer from akind of abstract fetishism, or the positing ofabsolute concepts that are essences outside ofhuman experience and that are its cause.Bogdanov: ÒAn idea which is objectively theresult of past social activity and which is the toolof the latter, is presented as somethingindependent, cut off from it.Ó18 This abstractfetishism arises from exchange society.Causation moves away from particularauthorities, from lords and The Lord, but stillposits a universal principle of command.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThis is why Bogdanov takes his distanceeven from materialist philosophy before Marx,for it still posits an abstract causation: matterdetermines thought, but in an abstract way.Whether as ÒmatterÓ or Òvoid,Ó a basic metaphoris raised to a universal principle by merecontemplation, rather than thought throughsocial laborÕs encounters with it. The revival inthe twenty-first century of philosophies ofspeculative objects or vitalist matter is not aparticularly progressive moment in Bogdanoviteterms.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe labor point of view has to rejectontologies of abstract exchange with nature.19Labor finds itself in and against nature. Labor isalways firstly in nature, subsumed within atotality greater than itself. Labor is secondlyagainst nature. It comes into being through aneffort to bend resisting nature to its purposes. Itsintuitive understanding of causality comes notfrom exchange value but from use value. Laborexperiments with nature, finding new uses for it.Its understanding of nature is historical, alwaysevolving, reticent about erecting an abstractcausality over the unknown. The labor point ofview is a monism, yet one of plural, activeprocesses. Nature is what labor grasps in theencounter, and grasps in a way specific to a givensituation. Marx: ÒThe chief defect of all hithertoexisting materialisms É is that the thing,sensuousness, is conceived only in the form ofthe object of contemplation, but not as sensuoushuman activity, practice, not subjectively.Ó20ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe basic metaphor, the one which positsan image of causality, is just a special instance ofa broader practice of thought. All philosophiesexplain the world by metaphorical substitution.21A great example in which Marx himselfparticipates would be the way metabolism movesbetween fields, from respiration in mammals toagricultural science to social-historicalmetabolism. Substitution extends from theexperience of either nature or labor as resistance(materialism or idealism). But in either case,progress in knowledge is limited. The resulttends to be the thought of activity without matteror of matter without activity. This is the problemwhich Òdialectical materialismÓ imagines itself tohave solved, although it has done so onlyabstractly.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe labor point of view calls for a thoughtwhich embodies its ambitions. Bogdanov:ÒDialectical materialism was the first attempt toformulate the working-class point of view on lifeand the world.Ó22 But not the last. Strikingly, thelabor point of view implies a new understandingof causality. The apparatuses of both modernscience and machine production generate newexperiences of causation. As in modernchemistry, labor can interrupt and divert causalsequences. Matter is not a thing-in-itself beyondexperience, but a placeholder for the not-yetexperienced.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊBogdanovÕs example is the concept ofenergy, which is neither substance nor idea butwhose discovery emerges out of the practicalrelationship of the labor apparatus to a naturewhich resists it. Energy is not in coal or oil, butan outcome of an activity of labor on thesematerials. Bogdanov: ÒLabor causality gives mana program and a plan for the conquest of theworld: to dominate phenomena, things, step bystep so as to receive some from others and bymeans of some to dominate others.Ó23Return to Red MarsAlternative futures branch like dendrites awayfrom the present moment, shifting chaotically,shifting this way and that by attractors dimlyperceived. Probably outcomes emerge fromthose less likely.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ Ð Kim Stanley RobinsonÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÒArkady Bogdanov was a portrait in red: hair,beard, skinÓ Ð and red politics, although it willturn out that there is another kind entirely.24 Heis a descendant of Alexander Bogdanov, and he ison his way to Mars, together with ninety-nineother scientists and technicians. Or one hundredothers, it will turn out, when the stowawaysurfaces. This First Hundred (and one) are thecollective protagonist of Kim Stanley RobinsonÕsfamous Mars Trilogy: Red Mars, Green Mars, andBlue Mars, published in the early 1990s.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊIf BogdanovÕs 1908 novel is a dŽtournement

06/13Mars One Mission is a not-for-profit independent organization that has put forward plans to bring the first humans onto Mars and establish a permanentcolony there by 2025.03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDT

03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDT07/13e-flux journal #63 Ñ march 2015 Ê McKenzie WarkMolecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene (On Alexander Bogdanov and Kim Stanley Robinson)of pop science fiction, then RobinsonÕs first part,Red Mars, is a dŽtournement of the robinsonade,a version of DefoeÕs Robinson Crusoe story. If wewere to pick just one book as the precursor tocapitalist realism, Crusoe might well be it. Whatmakes it so characteristic of the genre is that itlacks any transcendent leap toward the heavensor the future. It is as horizontal as a pipeline. It isabout making something of this world, nottranscending it in favor of another. It makesadventure into the calculus of arbitrage, of thecanny knack of buying cheap and selling dear.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊIn Robinson Crusoe, the shipwreckedRobinson does not depend on God or Fortune forhelp, he helps himself. He sets himself to work,as if he were both boss and laborer. ThereÕs nospontaneous bravery, no tests of honor, nolooking very far upwards or very far forwards.RobinsonÕs labors are nothing if not efficient.What is useful is beautiful on the island ofcapitalist realist thought, and what is bothbeautiful and useful is without waste. There is noroom for PlatonovÕs fallen leaf. The world isnothing but a set of potential tools andresources.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊDefoe organizes the bourgeois worldviewwith a forward-slanting grammar in which time issegmented and arranged serially. Robinsonconfronts this, does that, attains this benefit.HereÕs a characteristic sentence: ÒHavingmastered this difficulty, and employed a world oftime about it, I bestirred myself to see, ifpossible, how to supply two wants.Ó Moretti:ÒPast gerund; past tense; infinitive: wonderfulthree part sequence.Ó25 ItÕs the Ògrammar ofgrowth.Ó Bourgeois prose is a rule-based butopen-ended style.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThis grammar creates a whole new visibilityfor things. In Defoe, things can be useful inthemselves. They are connectable only sideways,in networks of other things. With this you getthat, with that you make this, and so on. Thingsare described in detail. Everything appears as apotential resource or obstacle to accumulation.What is lost is the totality. The world dissolvesinto these particulars. The capitalist realist selfsees a world of particular things as if they werethere to be the raw materials of the work ofaccumulation, for it knows no other kind of work.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊIn Red Mars, Robinson bends therobinsonade to other purposes. There is neitherheaven nor horizon, but the practical question ofhow various ideologies overcome the friction ofcollaborative labor. It is not a story of anindividualÕs acquisition and conquest. ItÕs a storyabout collective labors. The problem here is theinvention of forms of organization and belief for apost-bourgeois world. RobinsonÕs ambition is theinvention of a grammar that might come afterthat of capitalist realism.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊIn Red Star, BogdanovÕs voyager to Mars is asingle representative of the most technicallyskilled and class-conscious workers, out to seethe utopian society of labor as an alreadyexisting form. In Red Mars, on the long anddangerous voyage from Earth to Mars, and in theearly days of their arrival, the First Hundreddebate just exactly what it is they have been sentto organize on the ÒNew WorldÓ of Mars. Severalpositions emerge, each an unstable mix ofpolitical, cultural, and technical predispositions.As in Platonov, characters each bear out acertain concept of what praxis could be. Over thecourse of the three books, which are in effect onebig novel, these positions will evolve, clash,collaborate, and out of their matrix form thestructure not just of a new polity but of a neweconomy, culture, and even nature.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThe leaders of this joint Russian-Americanexpedition are Maya Toitovna and FrankChalmers, experienced space and sciencebureaucrats. Frank and Maya are different kindsof leaders, one cynical the other more emotive.They quickly find their authority doubled, andtroubled, by more committed and charismaticpotential leaders, Arkady Bogdanov and JohnBoone. Bogdanov and Boone overidentify withthe political ideologies of their respectivesocieties, Soviet and American, the Marxist andthe liberal.26 They actually believe! Chalmers andToitovna find this especially dangerous to theirmore pragmatic authority.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThese four could almost form a kind ofÒsemiotic rectangle,Ó an analytic tool used byboth Fredric Jameson and Donna Haraway.27 ItÕstempting to reach into the bag of tricks of formaltextual analysis and run the Mars Trilogy throughthe mesh of such devices. The problem is thatRobinson already includes such devices withinthe text itself. The character of Michel thepsychiatrist is particularly fond of semioticrectangles, for example. The usual ÒinnocenceÓof the text in relation to the formal criticalmethod no longer applies here Ð Robinson did,after all, study with Fredric Jameson. PerhapsthatÕs why Robinson always seems to want hisstories to exceed the formal properties of such aschema. Rather, his characters form loosenetworks of alliance and opposition, alwaysmaking boundaries and linkages. The noveltracks one possible causal sequence in a spaceof possibilities. ThereÕs no single underlyingdesign.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊComplicating the four points of the semioticrectangle of Maya and Frank, Arkady and John,are three outlier figures: Hiroko Ai, who runs thefarm team; the geologist Ann Claybourne; andSaxifrage Russell, the physicist. Hiroko, Ann, andSax are different versions of what scientific andtechnical knowledge might do and be. HirokoÕs

with work space separated from livingquarters, as if work were not part of life.And the living quarters are taken up mostlywith private rooms, with hierarchiesexpressed, in that leaders are assignedlarger spaces É Our work will be more thanmaking wages Ð it will be our art, our wholelife É We are scientists! It is our job to thinkthings new, to make them new!31There are many actually existing, contemporaryor historical societies that for Robinson exudehints of utopian possibility: the Mondragon Coops, Yugoslav self-management, Red Bologna,the Israeli kibbutz, Sufi nomads, Swiss cantons,Minoan or Hopi matriarchies, Keralan matrilinealland tenure. One of the more surprising is theAntarctic science station. This he experiencedfirst-hand in 1995 on the National ScienceFoundationÕs Artists and WriterÕs Program.32ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊRobinson imagines the first Mars station atUnderhill as just like a scientific lab Ð and just aspolitical. As Arkady would say, ignoring politics islike saying you donÕt want to deal with complexsystems. Arkady: ÒSome of us here can accepttransforming the entire physical reality of thisplanet, without doing a single thing to changeourselves or the way we live É We must terraformnot only Mars, but ourselves.Ó33 Thus the mostadvanced forms of organization can be atemplate for the totality.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊA field station like Underhill is not only anadvanced social form, for Arkady it connects to adeep history:03.10.15 / 13:18:43 EDT08/13e-flux journal #63 Ñ march 2015 Ê McKenzie WarkMolecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene (On Alexander Bogdanov and Kim Stanley Robinson)shades off into a frankly spiritual and cultishworship of living nature. AnnÕs is a contemplativerealism, almost selfless and devoted toknowledge for itself. Sax sees science not as anend in itself but a means to an end ÐÒterraformingÓ Mars.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊRobinson did not coin the termÒterraforming,Ó but he surely gives it the richestexpression of any writer.28 While there is plentyin the Mars Trilogy on the technical issues interraforming Mars, Robinson also uses it as aBrechtian estrangement device to open up aspace for thinking about the organization of theEarth.29 On Mars, questions of base andsuperstructure, nature and culture, economicsand politics, can never be treated in isolation, asall ÒlevelsÓ have to be organized together. Maya:ÒWe exist for Earth as a model or experiment. Athought experiment for humanity to learnfrom.Ó30 Perhaps Earth is now a Mars, estrangedfrom its own ecology.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊOf the First Hundred, Arkady Bogdanov hasthe most clearly revolutionary agenda, and onestraight out of proletkult. He objects to thedesign for their first base, Underhill:This arrangement resembles the prehistoricway to live, and it therefore feels right to us,because our brains recognize if from threemillion years of practicing it. In essence ourbrains grew to their current configuration inresponse to the realities of that life. So as aresult people grow powerfully attached tothat kind of life, when they get a chance tolive it. It allows you to concentrate yourattention on the real work, which meanseverything that is done to stay alive, ormake things, or satisfy our curiosity, orplay. That is utopia É especially forprimitives and scientists, which is to sayeverybody. So a scientific research stationis actually a little model of prehistoricutopia, carved out of the internationalmoney economy by clever primates whowant to live well.34Not everyone has ever got to live such a life, evenat Underhill, and so the scientific life isnÕt reallya utopia. Scientists carved out refuges forthemselves from other forms of organization andpower rather than work on expanding them. Thecrux of the ÒBogdanovÓ position in the MarsTrilogy is making the near-utopian aspect of themost advanced forms of collaborative labor ageneral condition.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊThis Arkady Bogdanov, not unlike the realAlexander Bogdanov a century before him, is akind of sacrifice to the revolution. Nearly all ofthe early leaders fall, in one way or another, andnot least because they are too much theproducts of the old authoritarian organizationalworld. Mars has to transform its pioneers, ornurture new ones, on the way to another kind oflife. A new structure of feeling has to come intoexistence, not after but before the new world.This is what Alexander Bogdanov thought wasthe mission of proletkult. Overcoming the logic ofsacrifice is not the least of its agenda.35ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊJohn Boone, meanwhile, finds many ofArkadyÕs ideas wrong, and even dangerous. JohnBoone is a charismatic, hard-partyingMidwesterner. He is politically cautious, butacknowledges that ÒeverythingÕs changing on atechnical level and the social level might as wellfollow.Ó36 His mission, at first, is to forget historyand build a functioning society. But whiledancing with the Sufis, he has his epiphany: ÒHestood, reeling; all of a sudden he understood thatone didnÕt have to invent it all from scratch, thatit was a matter of making something new bysynthesis of all that was good in what camebefore.Ó37 Bogdanovists are modernists who startover; Booneans are dŽtourners of all of the bestin received cultures. Boone practices his ownstyle of dŽtournement, copying and correcting,

ThatÕs our gift and a great gift it is, thereason we have to keep giving all our livesto keep the cycle going, itÕs like in ecoeconomics where what you take from thesystem has to be balanced or exceeded tocreate the anti-entropic surge whichcharacterizes all creative life É 38The crowd cheers, even if nobody quiteunderstands what Boone is talking about.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊSaxifrage Russell is a more phlegmatic kindof scientist, entranced by the this-ness, theÒhaecceity,Ó of whatever he happens to beworking on.39 For Sax, the whole planet is a lab,and when John Boone asks him, Òwho is payingfor all this?Ó Sax answers: ÒThe sun.Ó Sax quietlyignores the heavy involvement of metanationalcompanies, for whom the whole Mars mission isa colonization and resource extractionenterprise. When John later uses this sameanswer to Arkady, the latter wonÕt have it:ÒWrong! ItÕs not just the sun and some robots, itÕshuman time, a lot of it. And those humans haveto eat ÉÓ40 Like Arkady, Sax sees science as acomponent of a larger praxis of world building,but for Arkady thereÕs still more. ThereÕs the09/13and tearing off enthusiastic speeches:question of what kind of world and who it is for Ðthe question of the labor component of thecyborg apparatus.ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊFor Sax, science is creation. ÒWe are theconsciousness of the universe, and our job is tospread it around, to go look at things, to livewherever we can.Ó Ann the geologist disagrees.ÒYou want to do that because you think you canÉ ItÕs bad faith, and itÕs not science É I think youvalue consciousness too high and rock too littleÉ Being the consciousness of the universe doesnot mean turning it into a mirror image of us. Itmeans rather fitting into it as it is.Ó41 But whatdoes it mean, to Òfit in,Ó when the fitting changeswhat it is in? Is it not metaphorically more like arefraction?ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊAnnÕs is the most ÒflatÓ ontology of the FirstHundred.42 Human subjectivity has no privilegein her world, and neither does life. The real forher is this: ÒThe primal planet, in all its sublimeglory, red and rust, still as death; dead; alteredthrough the years only by matterÕs chemicalpermutations, the immense slow life ofgeophysics. It was an old concept Ð abiologic lifeÐ but there it was, if one cared to see it, a kind ofliving, out there spinning, moving through thestars that burned ÉÓ43 If the basic metaphor forHiroko is that lif

models.9 The Martians of Red Star already possess a global knowledge concord, frictionless data gathering, and computational power that Earthly climate science would finally acquire by the late twentieth century. With that infrastructure in place, the Martians found then what humans have found only now — that

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AISI 4340 o.oa 20 30 FLUX ADDITION (wt.%) J I I I 60 50 40 30 Mn O IN THE FLUX (wt.%) 20 Fig. 3 — Delta weld metal silicon as a function of flux additions to a man ganese silicate flux used in submerged arc welding of AISI 4340 steel. A -Si02-MnO-CaF2 FLUX O -Si02-MnO-CaO FLUX AISI 4340 -Si02-MnO-FeO FLUX Si02 40 w/o (constant) !J 0.06 z

Pencil Torch 101467 Micro Pencil Torch Each Braze Flux 101506 High Temp Braze Flux Each Braze Flux 101507 Low Temp Braze Flux Each Brazing Paste 101742 Silver Brazing Paste Each Soldering Iron 101777 Weller Soldering Iron Each Solder 105923 Solder with Water-Soluble Flux Core, 63% Tin, 37% Lead, .020" Wire dia, 361 deg Each

Advection-diffusion-reaction equation, flux, finite volume method, integral representation of the flux, numerical flux. 1 Introduction Conservation laws are ubiquitous in continuum physics, they occur in disciplines like fluid mechanics, combustion theory, plasma physics, semico

Dec 16, 2015 · The Landau damping closures have similar impact on the ELM size as flux-limited heat flux Nonlinear simulation shows that the energy loss of am ELM are similar with Landau damping closure or flux-limited heat flux in 6-field Landau-fluid simulations. 1. C.H. Ma,

U 2 norm transmitted light flux normalized to the incoming flux(–) h 1, / 1 polar co-ordinates of the incident light flux ( ) h 2, / 2 polar co-ordinates of the emerging (either transmitted or reflected) light flux ( ) Dh 2, D/ 2 angular intervals determining the BT(R)DF averaging gr

It made use of booster fuel to achieve the high neutron flux, a hafnium thermal neutron absorber to attain the high fast-to-thermal flux . relative to ATR core mid-plane in irradiation spaces would be about 1.04E 15 n/cm2-s. The fast-to-thermal flux ratio would be in excess of 40. Further, the particular configuration of cooling

Figure 1.3: Structure of RO membrane 1.4.2 Permeate Flux Permeate flux describes the quantity of permeate produced during membrane separation per unit of time and RO membrane area. The flux is measured in liters per square meters per hour (lmh) or in gallons per square feet per day (gfd). The flux is defined by: S Q J p V (1.1)

R. Ai et al. / Phase transition kinetics in DIET of vanadium pentoxide. I 371 Fig. 2. NREM image showing typical phase transformation in the intermediate flux regime. 1.5 flux 1.9 A/cm'. (c) High flux regime, flux 1.9 A/cm2. In this regime, the phase transformation occurred both