Biodiversity & Extinction
Biodiversity & Extinction
Biodiversity – the diversity ofspecies in a given area
Why Do We Need Organisms?Ecosystem Services – functions that organismswithin ecosystems provideWhat services do healthy ecosystems provide?
EstuariesNatural water purification system
Newport Back Bay
Bolsa Chica WetlandsTaken in 1981
Why Do We Need Organisms?FOOD!1/3 of human food crops pollinated by beesHoneybees pollinate 10 billion worth of foodcrops annually in the U.S.
Why Do We Need Organisms?Bumble bees & other insects provide 57 billion inpollination services as well as other free labor inthe U.S. aloneWithout insects as a food source, N. Americanfisheries would collapse because most freshwaterspecies subsist on insects. This means that thenearly 28-billion fishing industry relies oninsects at its base.
Why Do We Need Organisms?Why are predators important?Organisms keep other populations incheck!
Why Do We Need Organisms?Genetic DiversityWhat is more likely to happen ifpopulations have low genetic diversity?Ex. wheat, corn
Why Do We Need Organisms?Medicinal & Industrial UsesMarine organisms, plants, insects25 % of all prescription drugs containsubstances derived from plants.Biologists believe 90% of all insects have notyet been identified.
Why Do We Need Organisms?Medicinal & Industrial UsesMarine organisms, plants, insectsEx. MadagascarHas lost 80% of forests& 50% of native speciesWho knows which of thespecies disappearingcould provide newsources of food ormedicine?
Why Do We Need Organisms?
Why Do We Need Organisms?Aesthetics & Ethics
Why Do We Need Organisms?Many believe that ecosystems withgreater biodiversity are better able toprovide services.
ExtinctionWhen last individual member of a speciesdies & leads to complete loss of the speciesNatural process?Irreversible?
Extinction1. Background Extinction – continuous,low level extinction2. Mass Extinction – numerous speciesdisappeared during a short period ofgeological time
Extinction1. Background Extinction – continuous,low level extinction2. Mass Extinction – numerous speciesdisappeared during a short period ofgeological time3. Ecologically Extinct – species exists insuch low numbers that it is no longerable to perform its role in theecosystemWatch “The Sixth Extinction” to learn more about ourcurrent mass extinction.
What Causes Species Loss?Quick Changes!Ex. climate change, catastrophes,human impactsFor every 2000 species that have everlived, 1999 of them are extinct todayCurrent extinction rate 50 - 100 timesthe natural rate of extinctions
Causes Of Species Loss (Quick Changes)What activity is affecting the greatestnumber of species?
Causes Of Species Loss (Quick Changes)
Habitat LossGreatest threat to biodiversity!What activity causes the greatest habitatloss?Agricultural lands currently occupy 35%of the earth’s land
Habitat LossGreatest threat to biodiversity!Every year, humans destroy an area oftropical rain forest equal to the size ofWest Virginia
Habitat LossHabitat Fragmentation –when habitatsare broken up into areas that are toosmall to effectively support certainspecies
Causes Of Species Loss (Quick Changes)
Exotic Species –foreign species in anecosystem in which it did not evolve in
How Do Exotic Species Become Introduced?
How Do Exotic Species Become Introduced?
How Do Exotic Species Become Introduced?
Northern Snakehead
Zebra Mussel
Nile Perch
Caulerpa taxifolia
U.S. Exotic SpeciesHow many species have beenintroduced into the U.S.?At least 50,000!How much has it cost us? 130 billion!How many species are endangeredbecause of these species?30 % of E.S. listings are due in part toexotics
Why are exotic species so harmful?Are they Specialists or Generalists?
Causes Of Species Loss
Over-exploitation – purposefully takingspecies out of the system(for food, to eradicate ‘nuisance’ species,over-hunting, poaching)
Read the article “Counting the Last Fish”Check out this website http://www.seafoodwatch.org/to help you make better seafood choices for a healthyocean. Get the Seafood Watch App!
Watch "The Sixth Extinction"to learn more about our current mass extinction. What Causes Species Loss? Quick Changes! Ex. climate change, catastrophes, human impacts For every 2000 species that have ever lived, 1999 of them are extinct today Current extinction rate 50 - 100 times
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extinction of 80% of marine species. In the late Devonian period, about 365 Mya, global cooling is thought to have played a role in mass extinction. The end Permian extinction, about 250 Mya, is believed to have been caused by global warming. , we are in the mi dst of the sixth mass extinction — the Holocene Extinction . As we discuss
'mass extinction'. Extinction: Coming to an end or dying out, for example, the extinction of a species. You could give the dodo as an example. Mass Extinction: Where a large percentage of plant and animal life becomes extinct, as in the Fifth Mass Extinction when dinosaurs and many other life forms were wiped out. 3.
Since the extinction rate of earth's species is far above the natural background extinction rate, scientists also call the current loss of biodiversity the sixth major mass extinction [6-10]. In this respect, approximately two-thirds of the global biodiversity crisis is due to direct anthropogenic land
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referred to as the "sixth extinction," differs from the previous five macro-extinction events, in that sixth-extinction losses are caused by the presence and exponential population growth of Homo sapiens. This current extinction event has catalyzed new research and publica-tions; however, proven pedagogy (i.e., the process of imparting
