Permeable Pavement Technical Standard - Rationale Behind Selected .
Permeable PavementTechnical Standard Rationale BehindSelected PerformanceCriteria in 1008Porous AsphaltPervious ConcreteFebruary 17, 2014Roger BannermanJudy HorwatichBill SelbigUSGSPermeable Pavers
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA WE AREGOING TO COVER Initial Surface Infiltration Rate –100 in/hr. Surface Infiltration Rate Decline Over Time – 10 in/hr. Surface Clogging Capacity – 0.06 lbs./ft2 Restorative Cleaning Efficiency – 50% Underdrain Discharge Credit – TSS (55%) and TP (35%).
Industry Minimum 100inch/hour (David Smith, 2012)
WINSLAMM – VERSION 10.1.6
ASTM METHOD C1701(ASTM 2009).Borst, Michael, Rowe, AmyA., Stander, Emilie K.,O’Connor Thomas P., 2010,Surface Infiltration Rates ofPermeable Surfaces: SixMonth Update (November2009 through April 2010),EPA/600/R-10/083 June2010 www.epa.gov /nrmrl
Surface Infiltration Rate, in/hr.AVERAGE MONTHLY MEASURED SURFACEINFILTRATION RATE OF EACH SURFACE2000180016001400120010008006004002000Borst, 2010JanFebMarAprPorous ConcretePCIPPorous AsphaltType of Pavement
Permeable PavementMonitoring Site – Madison, WITest Plots
Pete Wood - Team Leader WDNRGini Knight – SOC Coordinator WLCARoger Bannerman – WDNRBob Givens – OMNI AssociatesKate Gleason – WDNRJosh Harder – Dane County LCDChris Homburg – Homburg Contractors Inc.Laura Fenley – DOTJason Kruger – WI Ready Mixed ConcreteAssociationDavid Liebl – UW ExtensionJohn McCarthy – Graef USATom Price – Conservation Design ForumMichelle Reynolds – DOTBob Roehrig – County MaterialsCorporationScot Schwandt – WI Asphalt PavementAssociationTim Troester – City of MadisonPERMEABLEPAVEMENTMONITORING &STANDARDSPARTNERS
INFILTRATION RATES Falling headpermeameter test(ASTM-C1701)
Flow DirectionPAVER INFLUENTCONCRETE INFLUENTASPHALT 071732849620114403279152343EFFLUENTAll values are in inches/hourEFFLUENTEFFLUENT
SELECTED AVERAGE SURFACE INFILTRATIONRATES FOR NEW PERMEABLE PAVEMENTSurface Infiltration Rate, inches/hourWDNR 1008 100 in/hrType cagoAlleyDrake(2012)33------Concrete820--157 to429Pavers429770--St John &Horner(1997)Ranieri(2002)USGSmean(2014)170 to500140244920----14759 to204----321
Permeable PavementLasted 20 Years All model runs use 20year rainfall record
Pavement Infiltration Rate ISIR – [(ISIR/Clogging Mass) x CumulativeClogged Mass]PIR 100 – [(100/0.06 lbs/sf) X 0.025lbs/sf]PIR 100 – [(1667) x 0.025 lbs/sf]PIR 100 in/hr. – 41.7 in/hr. 58.3 in/hr.PIR 100 – (1667 x 0.06) 100 – 100 0PIR 500 – (8333 x .06) 500 – 500 0
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA WE AREGOING TO COVER Initial Surface Infiltration Rate –100 in/hr. Surface Infiltration Rate Decline Over Time – 10 in/hr. Surface Clogging Capacity – 0.06 lbs./ft2 Restorative Cleaning Efficiency – 50% Underdrain Discharge Credit – TSS (55%) and TP (35%).
The minimum surfaceinfiltration rate shouldnot be less than 10inches/hour. (DavidSmith, 2011)Go to Model’s detailedoutput file to find datesurface infiltration rate is10 in/hr.
Average Monthly Surface Infiltration Rates on Two Ratio of PermeablePavement when Loading Rate is 0.06 lb/sq-ft No CleaningSurface Infiltration rate (in/hr.)1004:110 in/hr. 9.3 yrs.1 in/hr. 10.3 yrs.3:110 in/hr. 11.5 yrs.1 in/hr. 12.4 yrs.1010.10102030405060708090100Time in Months for 20 year rainfall file (exclude 3 winter months)110
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA WE AREGOING TO COVER Initial Surface Infiltration Rate –100 in/hr. Surface Infiltration Rate Decline Over Time – 10 in/hr. Surface Clogging Capacity – 0.06 lbs./ft2 Restorative Cleaning Efficiency – 50% Underdrain Discharge Credit – TSS (55%) and TP (35%).
Permeable pavement with gapsclogged with silty-clay soil (Hunt,2008).AuthorPavement TypeTime, yrs.Surface Infil. Rate, in/hr.Bean, 2007Pavers (sandy)203 to 4Bean, 2007Pavers (clay)200.4Gerrits, 2001Pavers85.9ITC, 2012Concrete21.3Drake, 2012Pavers213 to 55 (59 to 204)Drake, 2012Concrete2534 (920)Bean, 2007Pavements usually had rate at least 1 in/hr.
PermeablePavement
WINSLAMM – VERSION 10.1.6
HELPFUL FACTS TO SELECT SURFACECLOGGING CAPACITYDepth of CloggingPitt (2003) – 0.4 to 0.8 inchesPrzybylowski (2003) – 0.75 inchesVoid space:Hunt (2008) Asphalt – 15 to 20%Concrete – 15 to 25%Permeable Pavers (no gravel) – 8to 15%Permeable Pavers (with gravel) –5% (assume gravel 35% void)
Calculate Surface Clogging CapacityBased on Void Space in PavementAssumptions:Example Calculation:1. Clogging depth of2x 0.033 ft. 1452 ft343560ft0.4 inches2. Spec. grav. of 1.3 or3 73 ft35%x1452ft380 lbs./ft3. Void space of 5%.3 x 73 ft3 5808 lbs80lbs./ft4. 1 acre parking lot5808 lbs./ 43560 ft2 0.13 lbs./ft2Assume Depth of Clogging is 0.2inches or 0.016 ft.Clogging capacity 0.065 lbs./ft2
Surface CloggingCapacity, lbs./sf.Years to Reach 10inches/ hourRatio of 018.4Assume pavementshould last no morethan about 10 yearswithout cleaning.
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA WE AREGOING TO COVER Initial Surface Infiltration Rate –100 in/hr. Surface Infiltration Rate Decline Over Time – 10 in/hr. Surface Clogging Capacity – 0.06 lbs./ft2 Restorative Cleaning Efficiency – 50% Underdrain Discharge Credit – TSS (55%) and TP (35%).
WINSLAMM – VERSION 10.1.6CleaningFrequencies
In Maryland and NorthCarolina, Bean et al. (2007)simulated maintenance ofpermeable pavementsusing an approach similar toGerrits (2001). Of the 14concrete grid paver sitestested, 13 exhibitednotably higher infiltrationrates than the sites that hadnot undergone maintenance.The mean infiltrationrate increased by 66%.
An assumption was made cleaningcould restore 50% of the infiltration lostduring the previous time period.For example, the decline in theinfiltration rate from 100 in/hr to 90 in/hrin one year is 10 in/hr. To determinethe benefit of cleaning, the 10 in/hr ismultiplied by 50% and the resultadded to 90 in/hr. The new startinginfiltration rate for the next year wouldbe 95 in/hr.
Average monthly infiltration rate on 3:1 ratio ofPermeable Pavement when Loading Rate is 0.06 lb/sq-ftNo Cleaning and Cleaning Twice per Years100No CleanClean90No Cleaning: 10 in/hr. 11.6 yrs.Infiltration rate (in/hr)80Cleaning:7010 in/hr. 20 yrs6050403020100020406080100120140160Number of months with rainfall (exclude 3 winter months)180
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA WE AREGOING TO COVER Initial Surface Infiltration Rate –100 in/hr. Surface Infiltration Rate Decline Over Time – 10 in/hr. Surface Clogging Capacity – 0.06 lbs./ft2 Restorative Cleaning Efficiency – 50% Underdrain Discharge Credit – TSS (55%) and TP (35%).
Permeable PaverPollutant Credits fromVarious States (Smith,2011)- With UnderdrainsStateReduction Credits, %VolumeTSSTP457525NH9045PA8585VAMN80
ApplicationLocation or AuthorTSSTPPorous AsphaltParking LotParking LotParking LotParking LotDurham99Legret, 199959Pagotto, 200080Rosen, 2007984240Permeable Interlocking Concrete PaversDrive WayParking LotParking LotParking LotParking LotParking LotParking LotJordon Cove6734Goldsboro7165Renton, WA--King College8153Drake, 20128888Bean, 20057062Gilbert, 200670Pervious ConcreteParking LotParking LotTampa91--Drake, 20127951Monitored Results:TSS: 59 to 99%TP: 34 to 88%
Issues with PermeablePavement Studies in theLiterature:1. Tests in laboratory cannotduplicate solids in runoff.2. Data not collected on qualityof run-on water.3. Permeable pavement did nothave any run-on.4. Bottom was not sealed sowater could infiltrate intonative soil.5. Ground water level higherthan bottom of system.
INSTRUMENTATIONInfluentEffluent
UNDER DRAIN DISCHARGE CREDIT, %WDNR1008OtherStudiesTSS55Total P35PollutantMadison Study after 5 Events (SOL)PaversConcreteAsphalt59-9925262234-881017-7
WINSLAMM – VERSION 10.1.6
Clogging capacity 0.06 lbs/ft3Infiltration rate 0.3 in/hrSweepingInitial Infiltration rate 100 in/hr55% for Drain Tile
EXAMPLE TSS AND VOLUME REDUCTIONSDETERMINED WITH WINSLAMMTSS Reduction, %Volume Reduction, %Tile ltrationWithCleaning &noinfiltrationNoCleaning &infiltrationWithCleaning &infiltrationWithCleaning umptions:1. Initial infiltration rate 100 in/hr.2. Surface Clogging Load 0.06 lbs./sf3. Infiltration in native soil 0.3 in/hr4. Ratio Regular pavement/permeable pavement 3:1
Initial Surface InfiltrationRate –100 in/hr.Surface Infiltration RateDecline Over Time – 10in/hr.Surface CloggingCapacity – 0.06 lbs./ft2Restorative CleaningEfficiency – 50%Underdrain Discharge Credit– TSS (55%) and TP (35%).
Questions?PorousRegularRobert Roseen, 2011
Porous Asphalt Parking Lot Durham 99 42 Parking Lot Legret, 1999 59 Parking Lot Pagotto, 2000 80 Parking Lot Rosen, 2007 98 40 Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers Drive Way Jordon Cove 67 34 Parking Lot Goldsboro 71 65 Parking Lot Renton, WA -- Parking Lot King College 81 53 Parking Lot Drake, 2012 88 88 Parking Lot
Key Words: permeable interlocking concrete pavement. permeable pavement design. permeable pavement hydrologic and structural design. permeable pavement construction. permeable pavement maintenance. 1. Chapter 1 - Overview . Since 2009, PICP use in the United States has grown 15% to 20% annually due to national,
PERMEABLE PAVEMENT COMPONENTS The essential components of a permeable pavement are shown in Figure 1. The elements of the pavement, which are described in detail in subsequent sections of this manual, comprise: 1. A surfacing of permeable pavers design to permit the rapid infiltration of rainfall (see Sections 7.1.1 and 9.1). Typically, the .
VA DEQ STORMWATER DESIGN SPECIFICATION NO. 7 PERMEABLE PAVEMENT. Version 2.0, January 1, 2013 Page 1 of 33. VIRGINIA DEQ STORMWATER . . and permeable grid pavers and interlocking concrete pavers. While the specific design may vary, all permeable pavements have a similar structure, . Cost . 5. 2.00 to 6.50/sq. ft. 0.50 to 1.00/ sq. ft.
Field Survey of Permeable Pavement Surface Infiltration Rates Eban Z. Bean1; William F. Hunt2; and David A. Bidelspach3 Abstract: The surface infiltration rates of 40 permeable pavement sites were tested in North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Delaware. Two surface infiltration tests pre- and postmaintenance were
The use of permeable pavement requires greater planning than usual, and the mix is generally more expensive due to the need of admixtures to . pavement will be analyzed: permeable pavers, porous asphalt, and permeable concrete. The composition, benefits and shortcomings of the three methods will be analyzed along with a case study in the .
Pervious ConCrete Porous AsPhAlt PermeAble interloCking ConCrete PAvement Figure 1. On-site infiltration practices such as permeable pavement are emerging as preferred stormwater management solutions to off-site controls such as detention (shown above) and retention ponds that consume valuable land. PICP can reduce or eliminate these facilities.
6—Factors Affecting the Selection of Permeable Formwork . 27 Costs and Cost-Benefits of Using Permeable Formwork . 27 Misuse of Permeable Formwork . 29 Difficulties in Handling . 29 7—Long-Term Testing of Surfaces Formed with Permeable
Airports in North Dakota are a combination of asphalt concrete (AC) pavement and Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement with there being slightly more AC pavement than PCC pavement. These two pavement types have unique pavement distresses and repairs. The following is a brief description of commonly observed
