Training Of Trainers Program On Community-based Hazard Map Development

9Training of Trainers on Community Based Hazard Map DevelopmentDay 1: 20 December 2007Lectures on “Natural Hazards”09:00 - 10:00 Registration (During the Registration, Introductory Video Tapeson “Disaster Reduction Museum in Kobe” was displayed for theparticipants)11:00 - 12:00Inauguration13:30 - 14:30Hazards Potential and Prevention Activities in the East Coast ofIndia by Prof. R. Ramesh, Anna University Chennai14:30 - 15:00Community-Participation for Build Back Better Recovery by Mr.Anil K Sinha, Programme Advisor, International RecoveryPlatform, Kobe, Japan15:00 - 16:00Lesson Learned from Japanese Disaster Experience by Prof.Ogawa of Fuji-Tokoha University16:30 - 16.45Procedure of “Town Watching” by Prof.Ogawa of Fuji-TokohaUniversity16:45 - 17:00Discussion and 1st Day Wrap UpDay 2: 21 December 2007Field Visit and Development of Hazard Map “Town Watching” Exercise09:00-09:30Review of 1st Day for the preparation of “Town Watching”09:30 - 10:00 Grouping (Each Group Consisted of 10 participants with aGroup Leader) Role of Participants (Group Leader, navigator, note-takerPhotographer, Presenter)Transfer to the Town Watching Site (by bus)10:00 - 12:30Town Watching12:30 - 13:30Lunch13:30 - 15:00Development of Hazard Map by each group15:30 - 16:45Presentation & Discussion16:45 - 17:00Closing Remarks by NDMA and ADRCResource MaterialsSince the program intends to train the trainers on the community based hazard mapdevelopment, supporting tools for trainers have been developed. The actual situationof the town watching and community hazard mapping process on the workshop wasrecorded, and the results from group analysis have been prepared as a CD fordissemination to the stakeholders (such as local government officers related todisaster management, NGOs and local community leaders) as well as participants.Chennai, India: December 20 – 21, 2007

110Training of Trainers on Communnity Based HazardHMapp DevelopmeentAdditionnally, a guiidebook of the community hazarrd map devvelopment will also bebpreparedd for dissemmination.Outcomme of the ProgrammPme Enhaanced undeerstanding ono the basicc knowledgge of naturaal disasters and disasteerrisk managemenmntMethhod of commmunity hazzard map deevelopmenttAfterr the trainning, particcipants maay be disseeminate thheir skills tot the locaalcommmunity to strengthenscommunitycy capability on dealing with naturral disasterssAbouut 40 traineers have beeen trained tthrough thiis workshoppDisseemination of the suppporting toools as guiidebook annd DVD off the “TowwnWatcching” methhodologyBackgrround on “Town“WaWatching”ffor Disastter ManaggementDespite our effortts, the econnomic lossses and thee people affectedaby the naturaaldisasterss have beenn increasingg over the rrecent decaades. To mittigate the damagesdanndpublic awareness,aa simplest method waas developeed by ADRCC in the forrm of “TowwnWatchinng” and preeparation off “Communnity Based Hazard Maapping” in areas whicchare morre vulnerabble to disaasters. Theerefore, Towwn watchinng is conssidered as aprocess to prepare a communnity based hhazard mapp for the disaster reduuction. MannyGovernmments distrribute hazaard maps ffor the purrpose of raiising public awarenesssabout riisks. A “haazard mapp” providess graphic informationin on potenntial naturaalhazards (seismic inntensity, floood inundaation depthh, landslidee prone areas, etc), anndon evacuuation mattters (locatiion of sheltters, evacuation routees, potentiaal risk areaas,storage facilitiesffor relief matterials, etc.)).Source: Ogawa,O2007

11Training of Trainers on Community Based Hazard Map DevelopmentRecently “Community Based Hazard Mapping” has been used in some countries as atool for improving disaster preparedness. This approach focuses on the process ofdeveloping hazard maps and through this process, communities will gain enhancedawareness of risks, thereby bridging the risk perception gap. Community basedhazard mapping has 3 key objectives, which are to:a) involve local residents in developing the hazard map for their communityb) reflect the opinions of local residents in policies made by their localgovernment, andc) foster common understanding of risks among local residents, governmentofficials and expertsDefinitions of Hazard, Disaster, Catastrophe, Risk and VulnerabilityHazard:By its nature, a hazard involves something which could potentially be harmful to aperson's life, health, property or to the environment. There are a number of methodsof classifying a hazard, but most systems use some variation on the factors ofLikelihood of the hazard turning in to an incident and the Seriousness of theincident if it were to occur. Hazards are defined as “Phenomena that pose a threat topeople, structures, or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. They couldbe either manmade or naturally occurring in our environment.”Disaster:Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destructionand devastation to life and property. The damage caused by disasters isimmeasurable and varies with the geographical location, climate and the type of theearth surface/degree of vulnerability. This influences the mental, socio-economic,political and cultural state of the affected area. Generally, disaster has the followingeffects in the concerned areas,1. It completely disrupts the normal day to day life2. It negatively influences the emergency systems3. Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected anddeteriorate depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster.It may also be termed as “a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causingwidespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of theaffected society to cope using its own resources.”The extent of damage in a disaster depends on:1. The impact, intensity and characteristics of the phenomenon and2. How people, environment and infrastructures are affected by that phenomenonChennai, India: December 20 – 21, 2007

12Training of Trainers on Community Based Hazard Map DevelopmentCatastrophesThe most extreme hazard events create catastrophes, or disasters, which normallyarrive without warning. White and Haas (1975) define a catastrophe as any situationin which the damages to people, property or society in general are so severe thatrecovery and/or rehabilitation after the event is a long and difficult process.Risk:Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazardous event of a particularmagnitude occurring in a given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function ofthe probability of particular occurrences and the losses each would cause. The levelof risk depends on: Nature of the HazardVulnerability of the elements which are affectedEconomic value of those elementsVulnerability:It is defined as “the extent to which a community, structure, service, and/orgeographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particularhazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardousterrain or a disaster prone area”Types of Disasters and HazardsNatural hazards are usually classified based on where they occur on the Earth.Atmospheric hazards are most often weather-related events, while geologic hazardshappen on or within the Earth's surface. However, it is important to understand thatatmospheric hazards can trigger geologic hazards (such as a thunderstorm producingflooding), and geologic hazards can trigger atmospheric hazards (such as a volcaniceruption producing thunderstorms).There are various ways of classifying hazards. One useful typology reflects the extentto which hazards are natural, and it recognizes three groups; natural hazards; such asearthquakes or floods, which arise from purely natural processes in the environmentand would continue to exist in the absence of people quasi-natural hazards - such assmog or desertification, which arise through the interaction of natural processes andhuman activities technological (or man-made) hazards - such as the use of toxicchemical pesticides which can seriously pollute food chains and aquatic habitats, orthe accidental release of radiation from nuclear installations (like power stations).Such hazards arise directly as a result of human activities.Chennai, India: December 20 – 21, 2007

113Training of Trainers on Communnity Based HazardHMapp DevelopmeentThere iss growing anxiety overr the increaasing numbber, distribuution and immpact of thhequasi-naatural and technological hazardds - like the hole inn the ozonne layer anndatmosphheric warming caused by air polluution by grreenhouse ggases. Suchh hazards arreavoidablle . at a coost. For insttance, acid rainr- whichh is caused partly by thhe release ofosulphur dioxide annd nitrogen oxide gases from chimmneys of cooal-fired poower stationns- could beb controlleed by expannsion of nuuclear energgy productiion; but thaat creates ittsown set of hazards and enviroonmental prroblems.GEOPHYYSICALClimatic &MeteoroloogicalGeologicaal &GeomorphhicBIOLOGICALFloralFaunalinncluding blizzzards & snow,, droughts, flooods, fog, frosst, hailstormss, heat waves,hurricanes,hligghtning, tornaadoesinncluding avalaanches, earthhquakes, erosiion, landslidees, shifting sannd, tsunamis,,voolcanic eruptiionsinncluding funggal diseases (like Dutch Elmm Disease), innfestations (liike weeds anddwaterwhyacinthh), hay fever, poison ivyinncluding bacterial and viraal diseases (suuch as malariaa and rabies), infestations(llike rabbits annd locusts), veenomous animmal bitesNowhere on earth is complettely safe froom the thrreat of natuural hazardds. But sommeplaces area more haazardous thhan others (Figure 1). The dangeer varies frrom place totplace, reeflecting maany factors (some natuural, some people-madpde).Figure 1: Areas at high risk frrom naturall hazardsHazard prediction; magnitudde/frequenccy analysissThe lawws of probaability tell us that larrge events are infreqquent but catastrophicc,whereass most hazaards are of moderate sizesand coommon occuurrence. SomeSnaturaal

114Training of Trainers on Communnity Based HazardHMapp Developmeenthazards such as flooods and drroughts forrm a continnuum of eveents, with catastrophecesoccurrinng with bothh extremes: normalityy in this casse occurs freequently, and relates totmoderatte size evennts. Hazardds vary in tthe probabiility distribuution of evvents; hazarrdB has hiigh frequenncy of relativvely small eevents (e.g. river floodding), whereeas hazard Ahas mucch larger evvents with siimilar probbabilities.The lawss of probabbility tell uss that the coommonplacce event is frequent annd moderattein size, whereaswexxtreme evennts are big but rare. ThusTquite high dischharges whicchjust oveertop river banks occuur fairly reegularly (abbout once in 1.5 to 2.32 years onoaverage in many natural riverrs), but sevvere overbank floodingg or prolonnged droughhtare less common. ThusTthe magnitudem(ssize) and frrequency (rregularity) ofo events arreclosely inter-relatedd for any giiven type off hazard (Fiig. 2a and 2b).2Figure 2a2 and 2b:Magnitudde/frequenccy relationsships in nattural hazarddsa) Largee events are infrequent butb catastrophic, whereas most hazards are of moderatemsizzeand commoncocccurrence.b) Somee natural haazards such as floods aand droughts form a coontinuum off events, witthcatastrophes occuurring with both extremmes: normaliity in this caase occurs freequently, anndrelatees to moderaate size evennts.It must be stressedd that magnnitude, threeat and imppact of indiividual hazzards are nootme thing. A hazard eventemightt be large and causee much ennvironmentaalthe samchange, but causee little dammage to people or property.pFFor examplle, a severreearthquaake in a spparsely poppulated areaa poses lesss threat thhan a smalll earthquakke

15Training of Trainers on Community Based Hazard Map Developmentcentred on a populated area. Even relatively small events (like a typical river flood)may have lasting and wide-ranging effects in a heavily populated area.Classification of Natural DisastersWisner et al (2004) reflect a common opinion when they argue that all disasters canbe seen as being man-made, their reasoning being that human actions before thestrike of the hazard can prevent it developing into a disaster. All disasters are hencethe result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures.Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complexdisasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developingcountries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases theimpact. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastalflooding as shown in the table below.Natural disastersA natural disaster is the consequence of when a potential natural hazard (e.g.volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide, tsunami) becomes a physical event and thisevent affects humans.ClimaticGeologicalHuman vulnerability, caused by the lack ofFloodsEarthquakesplanning, lack of appropriate emergencyStorm surgesTsunamismanagement, leads to financial, structural, andWindstormsVolcanichuman impact. The resulting loss depends on theWildfiresLandslidescapacity of the population to support or resist theHeat wavesAvalanchesdisaster: their resilience. This understanding isDust stormsSnowstormsconcentrated in the formulation: "disasters occurwhen hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in anatural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes inuninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently been disputed because theevents simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement.Man-made disastersDisasters having an element of human intent, negligence, error or the ones involvingthe failure of a system are called man-made disasters. Man-made hazards are in turncategorized as technological or sociological.Technological hazards are results of failure of technology, such as engineeringfailures, transport accidents or environmental disasters. Sociological hazards have astrong human motive, such as crime, stampedes, riots and war.Chennai, India: December 20 – 21, 2007

116Training of Trainers on Communnity Based HazardHMapp DevelopmeentNaturall Disasters ini the Nortthern Indiaan OceanThis reggion has hadd some of thet world's deadliest cyclones,cbuut there is a shortage ofoorganizeed informattion about :Table 1:Hindu tempple records says that in tthis year a viiolent stormm broke a naatural isthmuusthat previouusly joined SriS Lanka to India knownn as Adam's Bridge.Calcutta cycclone, caused death andd destructionn around Calcutta, IndiaCalcutta cycclone, killed around 60,0000 people in Calcutta, IndiaBhola cycloone, killed betweenb3000,000 to 5000,000 people in East PakistanP(noowBangladeshh)Bangladeshh cyclone, killled 138,0000 people in thhe Chittagonng region of BangladeshOrissa cycloone, killed arround 10,0000 people in the Orissa sstate of Indiaa[3]Cyclone Maala, made lanndfall over MMyanmar cauusing major damage.Cyclone Goonu, strongeest storm in the Arabiann Sea and sttrongest cyclone to strikkeArabian Penninsula; cauuses over 4 billion in daamage (20077 USD) in OmmanCyclone Siddr, struck Baangladesh on 15 Novemmber, has killed at least 3347 to datte,though thatt number is expectedeto rise.Details ofo various tyypes of wind systems whichwformmed in the BayB of Bengaaland affeected the eastecoast of India during thee period 18911– 19991(Compileed from Shrrestha, 19988)Table 2: Wind speed, stormm surges and inland peenetration of saline stormswaterrsassociateed with cycllones alongg Tamil Naddu coast (Soource: Mani, 2000)Surge prrone coastss of India

117Training of Trainers on Communnity Based HazardHMapp DevelopmeentIn the Inndian states of Tamil NaduNand AndhraAPraadesh, manny villages werewisolateeddue to heavyhNoveember rainns caused bby low-presssure areass in the Bay of Bengaal.Floodingg in Mumbai (India) inn July 2006 left over 700 dead. SomeSareass went undeer5 m of water.wThe worstwfloodds in Chennnai city occuurred durinng the yearss 1985, 19922,1994, 19995, 1996, 1998, 2002,, 2004, 20006 etc.Storm suurge heightts depend on the inteensity of the cyclone, i.e.,ivery hiigh-pressurregradientt and conseequent veryy strong wiinds and thhe topograpphy of seabbed near thhepoint whhere a cycloone crossess the coast. Sea level alsoarises duue to astronnomical higghtide. Eleevation of thet total seaa level incrreases whenn peak surgge occurs att the time ofohigh tidee.Figure 3:3 Map shoows storm riskrin India. Dark redd shows higgh risk andd light yellowware low riskrcategorries and linees indicate thet movemment of cycloonesSurge pronee coasts of InddiaStorm surgge heights depend on thheintensity of the cyclone, i.e., very highhpressure graadient and coonsequent verystrong windds and the topography ofseabed nearr the point wherewa cyclonnecrosses the coast. Sea level also risesdue to astronnomical high tide. Elevatioonof the totall sea level inncreases wheenpeak surge occurs at thee time of higghtide.Vulnerabilityy to storm surges is notuniform allong Indian coasts. Thhefollowing seegments of thhe east coast ofIndia are most vulnerrable to higghsurges1. North Orisssa, and Westt Bengal coastts2. Andhra Pradesh cooast betweeenOngole and MMachilipatnaam3. Tamil NNadu coastt, south ofNagapatnammThe West coast of IndiaIis leessvulnerable tto storm suurges than thheeast coastt of India in terms of botth the heightt of storm suurge as well aas frequency of occurrencce.However, the followingg segments arre vulnerable to significantt surges:i) Mahaarashtra coastt, north of Haarnai and adjooining south GujaratGcoast and the coasstal belt arounndthe Guulf of Bombayyii) The cooastal belt aroound the Gulff of Kutch.The Indian sub conntinent hass been expoosed to disaasters from time immeemorial. Thheincreasee in the vullnerability in recent yyears has beenbseriouus threat too the overaall

18Training of Trainers on Community Based Hazard Map Developmentdevelopment of the country. Around 57% of the land vulnerable is to Earthquakes,28% is vulnerable to Droughts, 12% is vulnerable to Floods and 8% of the land isvulnerable to Cyclones. Subsequently, the development process itself has been acontributing factor to this susceptibility. Coupled with lack of information andcommunication channels, this had been a serious impediment in the path of progress(Patnaik, 2005). Around 80 % of India’s geographical area is vulnerable to cyclones,floods, landslides, drought, earthquakes as well as other localized hazards. Thecombination of poor socio-economic conditions and disasters has created a viciouscycle of poverty and vulnerability.Figure 4: Cyclone and Flood Vulnerability map of Tamil Nadu (Lakshumanan,2006)CYCLONE VULNERABILITY ZONATION MAPFLOOD VULNERABILITY ZONATION MAPGeographical Setting of the “Town Watching” SiteChennai City, IndiaChennai, formerly known as Madras, is the capital of Tamil Nadu and is on theCoromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. With a population of 7.0 million, it is thefourth largest metropolitan city in India and one of the largest metropolitan areas inthe world. Chennai is on the southeast coast of India in the northeast of Tamil Naduon a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation isChennai, India: December 20 – 21, 2007

19Training of Trainers on Community Based Hazard Map Developmentaround 6.7 meters (20 ft), and its highest point

Training of Trainers on Community Based Hazard Map Development December 20 - 21, 2007 Chennai, India: 4 Training of Trainers Workshop The training of trainers program on "Community-based Hazard Map Development" was a joint effort by the ADRC, Kobe, Japan and the NDMA, with the financial support of UNESCAP.