In-Vehicle Networking - NXP

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LIN/CAN/RF/FlexRay TechnologyIn-Vehicle Networkingfreescale.com/automotive

In-VehicleNetworkingLIN/SAEJ2602As an industry leader in automotiveCANsolutions, Freescale Semiconductorhas greatly contributed to in-vehiclenetworking by founding standardsbodies, offering an extensive portfolio ofproducts to our customers and drivingLow-speed, single-master, multiple-slave serial networking protocol. The LINmaster node typically connects the LIN network with higher-level networks.Speed:Max. 20 KbpsApplications:Door Locks, Climate Control, Seat Belts, Sunroof, Lighting,Window Lift, Mirror ControlMulti-master asynchronous serial network protocol for high reliabilitycontrol applicationsSpeed:Max. 1 MbpsApplications:Body Systems, Engine Management, TransmissionFlexRay Next-generation, deterministic and fault-tolerant network protocol to enablehigh-bandwidth, safety-critical applicationsthe development of next-generationSpeed:Max. 10 Mbps per channel (dual channel)products. In the late 1990s, FreescaleApplications:Drive-by-Wire, Brake-by-Wire, Advanced Safety andCollision Avoidance Systems, Steer-by-Wire, StabilityControl, Camera-Based Monitoring Systemswas the only semiconductor manufacturerto be a founding member of the LocalInterconnect Network (LIN) Consortium.In September 2000, Freescale was one ofonly two semiconductor manufacturersto be founding members of theRFRadio frequency transmission, on/off keying or frequency shift keying modulationFrequency:304 MHz to 915 MHzApplications:Remote Keyless Entry, Vehicle Immobilization,Passive Entry, Tire Pressure Monitoring SystemsFlexRay Consortium.2www.freescale.com/automotive

In-Vehicle Network ExampleThe expansion of in-vehicle networkingMirrorWLLINFlexRay previous mechanical means, including:WLDoor ModuleBrakingprovides many system-level benefits ghtsHeaterPower SeatPowerTrainControlHeaterRear Power SeatFlaps 1-10FanHeaterPower SeatLightsWiperLockHeaterLightsLeveling Fewer wires required for each function,which reduces the size of the wiringharness and improves system cost,weight, reliability, serviceability andinstallation time Additional functions can be added bymaking software changes, allowinggreater vehicle content flexibility Common sensor data availableon the network so it can beshared, eliminating the needfor multiple gBrakingWLDoor ModuleLockMirrorWLLockFreescale Example of Total Vehicle Networking Solutionwww.freescale.com/automotive3

LIN/SAE J2602Key Benefits Enables effective communication for sensors and actuators where the bandwidth andversatility of CAN is not requiredLIN is a universal asynchronous Complements CAN as a cost-effective sub-networkreceiver-transmitter (UART)-based, Synchronization mechanism means no quartz oscillator required at slavessingle-master, multiple-slave networkingarchitecture originally developed for The LIN protocol can be generated by standard asynchronous communication interfaces(SCI, UART)—no specific hardware requiredautomotive sensor and actuator No protocol license feenetworking applications. LIN providesa cost-effective networking option forconnecting motors, switches, sensorsTypical LIN Applicationsand lamps in the vehicle. The LIN master1Steering Wheel:Cruise Control, Wiper, Turning Light, Climate Control, Radionode extends the communication benefits2Roof:Rain Sensor, Light Sensor, Light Control, Sun Roofof in-vehicle networking all the way to3Engine/Climate:Sensors, Small Motors, Control Panel (Climate)4Door/Seat:Mirror, Central ECU, Mirror Switch, Window Lift, Door Lock,Seat Position Motors, Occupant Sensors, Seat Control Panelthe individual sensors and actuatorsby connecting LIN with higher-levelnetworks, such as the controller areanetwork (CAN). For a complete descriptionof how LIN works, please le.com/automotive

Freescale’s Complete Portfolio of LIN ProductsHistoryMicrocontrollersAutomotive networking has always reliedFreescale microcontrollers support LIN. Optimized LIN solutionsinclude: XGATE coprocessor on S12(X) products, a combinationof enhanced direct memory access (eDMA) enhanced SCI(eSCI) on the MPC5500 family and SLIC on HC08/S08 MCUs.System Base Chip (SBC)Monolithic IC combining many functions found in standardmicrocontroller based systems, such as power management,communication interface, system protection and diagnosticson standardized serial communicationshardware, but it was rarely compatible.In the late 1990s, the LIN Consortiumwas founded by five Europeanautomakers, Volcano Automotive GroupLIN EnhancedPhysical InterfacePhysical layer component dedicated to automotive LINsub-bus applications (MC33661)and Freescale (at the time Motorola)System in a Package (SiP)or Intelligent DistributedControl (IDC) solutionsEmbedded microcontroller and power management in asingle package, providing a highly integrated slave nodesolution for space-constrained areas, such as seats anddoor modules (MM908E624)implemented version of the new LINto solve this problem. The first fullyspecification was published in November2002 as LIN version 1.3. In September2003, version 2.0 was introduced toexpand configuration capabilities andSlave LIN Interface Controller (SLIC)Enables Higher IntegrationSLIC helps reduce cost by using only oneFreescale offers an exceptional embeddedany LIN bus. This allows significant codeSLIC module that automates LIN messagereuse for many applications, regardlesshandling to help increase performance whileSome North American automakers wereof LIN bus speed. No reprogramming isreducing development time and cost. It allowsconcerned about the rising complexityrequired to change bus speeds, whichyou to devote more CPU to the applicationand lack of direct North Americanequates to fewer part numbers to trackand gives you the ability to use ROM devicesrepresentation in the LIN Consortium.and stock. High-speed (up to 120 Kbps)or state machines.As a result of their concerns, a Societyend-of-line programming through LINof American Engineers (SAE) task force,allows faster module manufacturing timeswhich was part of the committee thatand field reprogrammability. Also, smallerstandardizes vehicle networking, wasdriver code means less flash is required forformed to help ensure LIN 2.0 wasLIN communication, resulting in more flashsuitable for global implementation.available to use for product applications.Although a full consensus was neverSLIC does not require oscillator trimming,reached, the task force published theunlike UART, which simplifies the design.SAE J2602 Recommended Practice forSLIC helps increase performance inseveral ways. True auto-synchronizationand auto-bauding find LIN frames andautomatically adjust the baud rate withoutCPU intervention. SLIC reduces interruptprocessing up to 83 percent over UARTsolutions with only two interrupts for anysoftware driver to handle any LIN speed onmessage. This makes it possible to useSLIC emphasizes hardware as an alternativeSYNCH data from messages to trim theto software message processing andoscillator. SLIC also eliminates many stepsexemplifies Freescale’s technical leadershipnormally required by UART solutions (trimin LIN communication innovation.oscillator, detect break, measure syncsignal, adjust baud rate, calculate andverify checksum, handle individual dataIntelligent DistributedControl Solutionsmake provisions for significant additionaldiagnostics features and tool interfaces.LIN Networks document, which seeksto fully specify ambiguities and optionalfeatures of the LIN 2.0 specification.Since the SAE J2602 recommendedpractice is still based upon LIN 2.0and the protocol and physical layerThe Freescale MM908E6xx family is aspecifications are fundamentally thehighly integrated System in a Packagesame, many of the generic MCU-basedSLIC helps reduce development time by(SiP) solution that includes an HC08hardware solutions can work on eithereliminating message processing steps,high-performance microcontroller with atype of network.simplifying and minimizing driver code toSMARTMOS analog control IC packagedas small as 120 bytes (refer to Freescale’sin a 54-lead small-outline integrated circuitApplication Note AN2633). Minimized driver(SOIC). These solutions allow for a very smallcode translates into shortened debug andfootprint and simple PCB design. The IDCdevelopment time, which enables you tosolutions will replace many discrete ICs,use your engineering time to debug thereducing complexity, improving quality andapplication rather than LIN communication.decreasing manufacturing and logistics costs.bytes, detect errors and more).Freescale Semiconductor and LIN—As the only semiconductor manufacturer on the steering committee ofthe of the LIN Consortium, Freescale Semiconductor has the industry’s most advanced range of devices,components, software, tools and support available.www.freescale.com/automotive5

CANCAN is an asynchronous serial busnetwork that connects devices,sensors and actuators in a system orKey Benefits The automotive networking standard protocol Provides plentiful and proven Freescale CAN products and tools Freescale offers 8-, 16- and 32-bit microcontrollers with integrated CAN Provides connectivity and increased integration using Freescale SMARTMOS, CAN physicallayers and system basis chips (SBCs)sub-system for control applications.This multi-master communication Freescale MSCAN is the most pervasive CAN controller architecture in automotive controllersprotocol, first developed by RobertBosch GmbH in 1986, was designedTypical CAN Applicationsfor automotive applications needingdata rates of up to 1 Mbps andhigh levels of data integrity. Beyondautomotive applications, the CANprotocol is being used as a genericembedded communication system1Safety:Passenger Occupant Detection, Electronic Parking Brake2Body Control:Motor Control; Power Door, Sunroof and Lift Gate; HVAC; Low-End BodyController (Lighting, Network Control)3Chassis:Motor Control, Watchdog4Powertrain:Vacuum Leak Detection, Electronic Throttle Control, Watchdogfor microcontrollers as well as astandardized communication networkfor industrial control systems.The Bosch CAN specification does notdictate physical layer specificationsfor implementing CAN networks.These physical layers specify certaincharacteristics of the CAN network, suchas electrical voltage levels, signalingschemes, wiring impedance, maximumbaud rates and more. Over the courseof the last decade, two major physicallayer designs have come forward tobecome the basic physical layerspecifications used in mostCAN applications. Theyboth communicateusing a differentialvoltage on a pairof wires and arecommonly referredto as high-speed(ISO 11898-2, SAEJ2284) and low-speedCAN (ISO 11898-3).High-speed CANnetworks allow transferrates up to 1 Mbps.Low-speed/fault-tolerant CANnetworks can communicate withdevices at rates of up to 125 Kbps.In addition, low-speed CAN offers theability for CAN data traffic to continuein the event of a wiring fault.62143www.freescale.com/automotive

Different CAN Networks Have DifferentPerformance Needsand unpredictable. Messages received byTo accommodate the demands of each type(FIFO) storage structure. The FIFO maintainsof CAN network, very different approachesthe order of received messages, allowingto designing hardware and software systemsmany messages with identical identifiersmust be employed to deal with variationsto be received in rapid succession withoutin the nature of CAN messages on differentoverflowing the receive buffers.networks. Freescale recognizes the challengesthat face designers of automotive CANdevices and provides customers differentMSCAN are placed in a single first-in, first-outPowertrain networks service engine andtransmission control. They deal with a lowhardware options to address these challenges.range of message identifiers, but unlike bodyAutomotive CAN networks, as an example,appear regularly and in rapid succession.can be divided into two distinct categoriesbased on the nature of the traffic onthe network: which are body controlcontrol networks, they are predictable andFreescale’s FlexCAN module (CAN version2.0 B-compliant) is well-suited for theseapplications where messages are veryand powertrain.regular and predictable. The hardwareBody control networks communicate withor “FullCAN,” hardware architecture thatpassenger comfort and convenience systemsoffers a range of message buffers from theand deal with a wide range of messageminimum of 16 up to a maximum of 64. Whenidentifiers that appear in no particular order ormessages are received, a hardware filterfrequency. Freescale’s Scalable CAN (MSCAN)match will drop each message into one ofarchitecture is well-suited for applicationsthe “mailboxes” (receive buffers).module is based on the traditional mailbox,where messaging can be very sporadicFreescale’s Portfolio of CAN Products8-bit CAN MicrocontrollersS08DZ/DV familiesHC08AZ/GZ familiesMSCAN—CAN protocol version 2.0 A, B; standard and extended data frames; receive buffers with FIFO storage scheme. Enables higher-performance by improving CAN message processing efficiency.16-bit CAN MicrocontrollersS12D/B/C familiesS12XD/E/S familiesMSCAN—CAN protocol version 2.0 A, B; standard and extended data frames; receive buffers with FIFO storage scheme. MSCAN in combination with the XGATE coprocessor on S12X can be used to emulate FullCAN capability.32-bit CAN MicrocontrollersMPC5500 familiesFlexCAN —version 2.0 B-compliant standard and extended data frames; hybrid mailbox and FIFO architecture; up to 64 flexible message buffers of 0–8 bytes data length, eachconfigurable as RX or TX, all support standard and extended messages; flexible, maskable identifier filter; programmable wake-up functionality with integrated low-pass filter; separate signaling and interrupt capabilities for all CAN RX/TX states.System Base Chip (SBC)MC33742Monolithic IC combining many functions found in standardmicrocontroller based systems, such as power management,communication interface, system protection and diagnostics.CAN Fault TolerantPhysical InterfaceMC33897Physical layer component dedicated to automotiveCAN applications.Freescale has shipped more microcontrollers that support CAN than any other semiconductor manufacturer.As a member of the CAN in Automation (CiA) organization, we are continuing to support CAN marketdevelopment and the international standardization of CAN technology.www.freescale.com/automotive7

FlexRay The FlexRay Communications Systemis a time-deterministic communicationsprotocol with a dual channel date rateof 10 Mbps for advanced in-vehiclecontrol applications. It was originallydeveloped by the founding membersof the FlexRay Consortium, an industryorganization that, by the end of 2005,included over 120 member companies.The FlexRay Consortium emerged afterBMW and DaimlerChrysler realized thatavailable solutions did not meet theirfuture needs for data throughput anddeterminism. In September 2000, theyjoined forces with Freescale and Philipsand formed the FlexRay Consortiumto establish FlexRay as the de factoKey Benefits Increased network throughput Highly deterministic response times Dual channel redundancy System-wide synchronized time baseThese benefits result in: Simplified vehicle network architectures Increased enhanced control intelligence Reduced wiring requirements Reduced weight of networked subsystems Distributed computing through a global time clock Electromechanical systems (X-by-wire) replacing hydraulic componentsThe combination of all these benefits enables next-generation vehicle designs that are safer,more intelligent, more reliable, more environmentally friendly and offer an improved overalldriving experience.Typical FlexRay Applications1industry standard.2The FlexRay communications protocolis designed to provide high-speeddeterministic distributed control for3Wheel Node:Fail-Safe, Low to Medium Performance (S12XF Family MCU)Body ControlModule (BCM):High Performance, Low Power (MPC5510 Family MCU)X-by-WireMaster:Highest Level of Fault Tolerance (MPC5560 Family MCU)advanced automotive applications.FlexRay’s dual-channel architectureoffers system-wide redundancy thatmeets the reliability requirements ofemerging safety systems, such asbrake-by-wire. The FlexRay systemcan also be employed as avehicle-wide networkbackbone, workingin conjunctionwith alreadywell-establishedsystems, such asCAN and LIN. It candrive down costs byreducing the number31of parallel CAN networksthat have been used to2solve bandwidth bottlenecks.8www.freescale.com/automotive

Freescale FlexRay Controllers and MicrocontrollersFlexRay Enabled Product FamilyTarget ApplicationsMFR4300Paired with External MCUS12XF16-bit Wheel/Corner NodesMPC551032-bit Body, Chassis ControlMPC556032-bit Engine Control, Safety or Chassis ControlFreescale FlexRay ImplementationIn 2004, Freescale introduced theindustry’s first stand-alone FlexRaycontroller, the MFR4100, which has beenfollowed by the more advanced MFR4200and MFR4300. These FlexRay controllerscan be paired with existing 16- or 32-bitMCUs to enable communications overa FlexRay network. In addition, we nowExample FlexRay Networking Mapoffer 16- and 32-bit MCUs with integratedFlexRay controllers.Processing the large amount of datacirculating on the FlexRay network is akey challenge. Freescale’s innovativesolutions include the S12X 16-bitprocessor and MPC5500 family of 32-bitprocessors built on Power Architecture technology. The S12X family incorporatesan XGATE coprocessor to off-load certaintasks from the main CPU, resulting inhigher overall performance levels. TheMPC5500 family connects the FlexRaycontroller directly to the internal crossbarswitch for efficient data processingtransfers within the device.By offering a selection of stand-aloneand integrated solutions, we give ourcustomers a number of options to helpthem make smarter integrated activesafety systems. Freescale continues toinvest in our FlexRay portfolio to providenext-generation automotive solutionsfor future in-vehicle applications.As a founding member of the FlexRay Consortium, Freescale Semiconductor is positioned to help carmanufacturers make smarter, faster and more reliable active safety systems. Freescale has made it apriority to proliferate this network protocol and is the first manufacturer to offer stand-alone and integratedFlexRay devices.www.freescale.com/automotive9

RKE SystemsPassive Entry SystemsRKE systems make it possible to unlockA passive entry system requires no specificdoors and release trunk latches remotelyuser action, such as inserting a key in a lock,Radio frequency (RF) communications canusing a key fob or other similar device. Manyfor secure vehicle entry. Freescale is pavingprovide additional vehicle functionality andinclude some security functionality, suchthe way for new applications in hands-freedriver convenience, enabling a wide varietyas anti-theft alarms, remote start and panicpassive entry by developing completeof safety and comfort features, including:buttons. Freescale was an early pioneersystem-level solutions with optimized Remote keyless entry (RKE)in RKE system development and is nowhardware and software partitioning. Passive entry (PE)the first to offer an integrated low-voltage Tire pressure monitoringsystems (TPMS)microcontroller with embedded RF for RKERadio Frequency Vehicle immobilization systemsapplications developers.Typical RF ApplicationsFreescale’s system-level approach1to vehicle access and remote controlis the key to new levels of driverconvenience and security. Oursolutions bring together all theRemote Keyless Entry, Passive Entry, Two-Way Keyless EntryAccess andRemote Control:2Safety:Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems3Security:Vehicle Immobilization Systemscomponents needed for automotiveaccess and remote control applicationswith optimal system partitioning. Ourextensive product portfolio includesindustry-leading microcontrollers, analogand RF products, application-enablingencryption software and tire pressuremonitoring sensors.As the leading automotive semiconductormanufacturer, Freescale understands thechallenges that different regional standardscan bring. Our broad portfolio offersthe flexibility to meet the needsof engineers designingRF control applicationsworldwide. Specifically,our chipsets andsystem solutionscan handle both thefrequency band andmodulation differences13among the US, Europeand Asia/Pacific regions.210www.freescale.com/automotive

Regional Variations in RF Transmission Frequencies UsedVehicle Immobilization SystemsRegionFrequency BandModulationMore and more automotive manufacturersUS315 MHz, 434 MHzAmplitude or frequency shift keyingworldwide are incorporating anti-theftEurope434 MHz, 868 MHzAmplitude or frequency shift keyingAsia/Pacific304 MHz, 315 MHzAmplitude or frequency shift keyingvehicle immobilization technology intotheir designs. As a result of Europeancommission directive number 74/61/EEC,European automakers have beenTypical Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Architecturemandated to include immobilizationsystems in all new vehicles becauseEuropean insurance companies nowrequire them as a coverage condition.This trend is expected to become thede facto standard for the entire autoindustry in just a few short years. Ourvehicle access control solutions offerquick design-in solutions by combiningmicrocontrollers, tag readers, transmittersand receivers into one RKE and vehicleimmobilization system.Typical Remote Access SystemTPMSFreescale’s innovative automotivetechnologies address a steadily growingneed for reliable semiconductor solutionsthat live up to today’s high engineeringstandards. For example, our TPMSwheel module products are designed toconform to the Federal Motor VehicleSafety Standard (FMVSS138) andexisting car manufacturer requirementsthroughout the world. They offer ahigh level of functional integration byProducts Suitable for Vehicle RF Systemscombining the following into a single,20-pin, small-outline, wide body packageFeaturesMC33493MC33596MC33696MC33690Product TypeTransmitterReceiverTransceiverTAG ReaderFrequency315/434/868/915 MHz304–915 MHz304–915 MHz125 KHzOperating TempRange-40 C to 125 C-40 C to 85 C-40 C to 85 C-40 C to 125 CData Rate (max)11 Kbps20 Kbps20 Kbps8 KbpsTx Output Power 5 dBmN/A7 dBm150 mATx Current4.4 mAN/A13.5 mAN/ARx SensitivityN/A-108 dBm-108 dBm8 mVTo provide greater flexibility forRx CurrentN/A9.2 mA9.2 mA1.5 mAautomotive designers and greater(SOIC 20 WB): Low-power surface micromachinedcapacitive pressure sensor 8-bit MCU Motion detector RF transmitter LF receiverconvenience for their customers, oursystem-in-a-package device integratesseamlessly with existing RF receivers.www.freescale.com/automotive11

Learn More: For more information about Freescale productsplease visit www.freescale.com/automotiveFreescale and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of theirrespective owners. The Power Architecture and Power.org word marks and the Power and Power.org logos and related marks are trademarks andservice marks licensed by Power.org. The HC08 products incorporate SuperFlash technology licensed from SST. Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. 2006BRINVEHICLENET /REV 0

single-master, multiple-slave networking architecture originally developed for automotive sensor and actuator networking applications. LIN provides a cost-effective networking option for connecting motors, switches, sensors and lamps in the vehicle. The LIN master node extends the communication benefits of in-vehicle networking all the way to

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