Question Mark Polygonia Interrogationis . - University Of Florida

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EENY-506Question Mark Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius)(Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)1Donald W. Hall2The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profilesof insects, nematodes, arachnids, and other organismsrelevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use ofinterested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as wellas academic audiences.IntroductionSpecies in the genus Polygonia are referred to collectivelyas the anglewings. The genus name, Polygonia, is derivedfrom the Greek word for “many angles” and refers tothe outlines of the wings. The question mark, Polygoniainterrogationis (Fabricius), is a common, medium-sizedbutterfly of wooded areas and suburbs that is often, but notalways, associated with moist areas. With its wings folded, itresembles a dead leaf and is highly cryptic.Figure 1. Newly emerged adult of the question mark, Polygoniainterrogationis (Fabricius), with wings fully expanded and closed.Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaDistributionThe question mark is found throughout most of the easternUnited States and southern Canada, south to north centralFlorida and the northern Gulf states, and west to Arizona,eastern Wyoming and Colorado (Minno et al. 2005; Opler& Krizek 1984; Opler et al. 2009). It also occurs into centralMexico (Scott 1986).1. This document is EENY-506, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November2011. Revised September 2014 and February 2021. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of thispublication. This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures.2. Donald W. Hall, professor emeritus, Entomology and Nematology Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other servicesonly to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status,national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office.U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of CountyCommissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension.

DescriptionAdultsThe wing spread of adults is 5.2–6.4 centimeters (approximately 2.0–2.5 inches) (Minno & Minno 1999). Themargins of the wings are powdery white. The upper surfaceof the front wings is orange with dark spots. As with thecomma, there are two color forms that generally correlatewith the “summer” and “winter” adult generations. Theupper side of the hind wings is predominantly black in thesummer form and mostly orange in the winter generation(Glassberg et al. 2000).The question mark can be differentiated from the closelyrelated eastern comma (Polygonia comma [Harris]) by thesilvery “question mark” in the middle of the hind wing, itslarger size, the more strongly hooked forewing margin, andlonger hind wing tail. The “dot” of the “question mark” isoccasionally reduced or absent.Figure 3. Newly emerged adult of the question mark, Polygoniainterrogationis (Fabricius), resting on pupal skin.Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaFigure 4. Newly emerged summer form adult of the question mark,Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaFigure 2. Preadult of the question mark, Polygonia interrogationis(Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaFigure 5. An adult of the question mark, Polygonia interrogationis(Fabricius), showing underside of wings of specimen with questionmark “dot” reduced on left hind wing and absent on right hind wing.Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaQuestion Mark Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)2

EggsThe eggs are green and sculpted with vertical ridges. Theyare identical in appearance to the eggs of the easterncomma, Polygonia comma (Harris).LarvaeFull grown larvae range to 1.4 inches in length (Minno et al.2005). The head is reddish-brown and has short spines anda pair of branching spines on top. The body color is blackwith variable white or yellowish lines and spots and rows ofbranched spines (scoli). In some larvae, the lines and spotsobscure much of the black background to make the larvaeappear yellowish. The spines range in color from yellow andorange to black (Minno et al. 2005).Figure 8. Larva of the question mark, Polygonia interrogationis(Fabricius), larva with black-tipped, yellow spines.Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaPupaePupae vary in color from tan to dark brown. On the dorsalaspect they have a prominent keel on the thorax and tworows of four silvery-white spots, and a double row of pointswith reddish tips on the abdominal segments. The pupaeare attached to a silk pad by the cremaster.Figure 6. Larvae of the question mark, Polygonia interrogationis(Fabricius), showing variation in body and spine color.Credits: Jerry Butler, University of FloridaFigure 9. Side view of a pupa of the question mark, Polygoniainterrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaFigure 7. Larva of the question mark, Polygonia interrogationis(Fabricius), larva with black-tipped, reddish spines.Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaQuestion Mark Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)3

Natural EnemiesIn addition to the generalist predators that prey on Lepidoptera larvae, there are at least six tachinid fly parasitoids(Arnaud 1978) and at least five hymenopterous parasitoidsKrombein et al. 1978) listed from Polygonia interrogationislarvae.Table 1.Tachinid parasitoids listed from Polygonia interrogationis(Arnaud 1978)Figure 10. Dorsal view of a pupa of the question mark, Polygoniainterrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaLife Cycle and BiologyEggs are laid singly or in stacks on the undersides of newleaves of the host plant (Minno & Minno 1999) or on anearby non-host (Cech & Tudor 2005; Opler et al 2009)Larvae are not gregarious and do not make leaf nests.There are two generations per year, with the summerbrood probably estivating (a state of summer dormancy)for part of the summer as adults and the fall-winter broodoverwintering as adults (Opler et al. 2009). Some adults ofthe winter brood migrate south during the fall and northduring the spring (Cech & Tudor 2005; Opler et al. 2009).Adults feed on fermenting fruit, tree sap, dung, carrion,and rarely flowers (Opler and Krizek 1984, Scott 1986).When engorged on fermenting fruit, adults often appear tobe intoxicated and are reluctant to fly even when touched(Personal observation; Cech & Tudor 2005).Names from Arnaud (1978) p.666Updated names from O’Hara(2013)Compsilura concinnataCompsilura concinnata (Meigen)Euphorocera claripennisChetogena claripennis(Macquart)Eusisyropa blandaHyphantrophaga blanda (OstenSacken)Eusisyropa virilisHyphantrophaga virilis (Aldrich &Webber)Exorista mellaExorista mella (Walker)Lespesia aletiaeLespesia aletiae (Riley)Table 2.Hymenopterous parasitoids listed from Polygoniainterrogationis (Krombein et al. 1979)Pterocormus caliginosus (Cresson) (Ichneumonidae), p. 520Hoplismenus morulus morulus (Say) (Ichneumonidae), p. 529Phobocampe confusa (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae), p. 659Pteromalus vanessae Howard (Pteromalidae), p. 810Telenomus graptae Howard (Scelionidae), p. 1168HostsThe main larval hosts of the question mark are elms in thefamily Ulmaceae: American elm, Ulmus Americana L. winged elm, Ulmus alata, Michx.Males perch in the sun on foliage or tree trunks and fly outto defend territories and meet females, and,occasionally, tochase other insects or even birds (Hendricks 1974; Oplerand Krizek 1984; Opler et al 2009).Question Mark Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)4

Figure 13. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis L., a host of the question mark,Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaFigure 11. American elm, Ulmus americana L., a host of the questionmark, Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaFigure 14. Sugarberry, Celtis laevigata Willd., a host of the questionmark, Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaFigure 12. Winged elm, Ulmus alata, Michx., a host of the questionmark, Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaUsed less commonly are:hackberries in the family Celtidaceae: hackberry, Celtis occidentalis L. sugarberry, Celtis laevigata Willd.Figure 15. Warty trunk of sugarberry, Celtis laevigata Willd., a host ofthe question mark, Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of FloridaQuestion Mark Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)5

and nettles in the family Urticaceae, including: false nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica [L.] Sw. stinging nettle, Urtica dioica L.Volume 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. 1198 pp.Minno MC, Butler JF, Hall DW. 2005. Florida ButterflyCaterpillars and their Host Plants. University Press ofFlorida. Gainesville, Florida. 341 pp.Minno MC, Minno M. 1999. Florida Butterfly Gardening.University Press of Florida. Gainesville, Florida. 210 pp.O’Hara JE. 2013. Taxonomic and Host Catalogue of theTachinidae of America North of Mexico.Opler, PA, Lotts K, Naberhaus T. (2009). Question Mark,Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius, 1798). Butterflies andMoths of North America.Opler PA, Krizek GO. 1984. Butterflies East of the GreatPlains. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore,Maryland. 294 pp.Scott JA. 1986. The Butterflies of North America: A NaturalHistory and Field Guide. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California. 583 pp.Figure 16. False nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw., a host of thequestion mark, Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius).Credits: Donald Hall, University of Florida(Scott 1986). Plant names are from Wunderlin and Hansen(2003 or 2008).Selected ReferencesArnaud PH. 1978. A Host-Parasite Catalog of NorthAmerican Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Departmentof Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 1319. Washington, D.C.Wunderlin RP, Hansen BF. 2003. Guide to the VascularPlants of Florida. 2nd ed. University Press of Florida.Gainesville, Florida. 787 pp.Wunderlin RP, Hansen BF, Franck AR, Essig FB. 2021.Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/).Institute for Systematic Botany. University of South Florida.Tampa, Florida.Cech R, Tudor G. 2005. Butterflies of the East Coast: AnObserver’s Guide. Princeton University Press. Princeton,New Jersey. 345 pp.Glassberg J, Minno C, Calhoun JV. 2000. Butterfliesthrough Binoculars: Florida. Oxford University Press. NewYork, New York. 256 pp.Hendricks DP. 1974. ‘Attacks’ by Polygonia interrogationis(Nymphalidae) on chimney swifts and insects. Journal ofthe Lepidopterists Society 28: 236.Krombein KV, Hurd Jr. PD, Smith DR, Burks BD. 1979.Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico.Question Mark Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)6

U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids, and other organisms

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