The Unmet Needs Of Crime Victims In Vermont
The Unmet Needs ofCrime Victims inVermontRECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUNDING SERVICES THROUGH THEVICTIMS OF CRIME ACT (VOCA)A Needs Assessment Conducted byFlint Springs AssociatesPresented to the Vermont Center for Crime Victim Services February 2016Joy Livingston, PhD402 Fletcher Farm Road, Hinesburg, VT 05461Donna Reback, MSW, LICSWwww.flintspringsassociates.com802-482-51000 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIntroductionThe Crime Victims Fund was established in 1984 with the passage of the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA).Since its inception, VOCA has helped countless victims recover from the aftermath of crime. The fundprovides Compensation for Crime Victims which can include medical costs, funeral and burial costs,mental health counselling, lost wages, relocation expenses and loss of support; as well as VictimAssistance which can include crisis intervention, emergency shelter, emergency transportation,counseling, and criminal justice advocacy.After a decade of level funding, on December 16, 2014 President Obama signed a bill that wassubsequently authorized by Congress that raised the National Crime Victim’s Fund cap from 745 millionto 2.36 billion. This has resulted in an increase of Vermont’s VOCA Assistance Formula Grant allocationfrom 1.3 million to 4.2 million for FFY 2015. In response to the unprecedented increase in VOCAVictim’s Assistance Program funding, the Vermont Center for Crime Victim Services (VCCVS or “TheCenter”) initiated a strategic planning process to determine the most pressing needs facing crime victimsin Vermont, that are available for funding under the current VOCA Regulations. In that vein, the Centercontracted with Flint Springs Associates (FSA) to design and conduct an assessment of crime victims’needs. A series of structured group interviews, followed by a survey were carried out withrepresentatives of key stakeholder groups serving victims of crime.Key FindingsFindings from the survey prioritized most urgent needs for crime victims as follows: Housing Supports and Services for Victims Expanded number and types of Victim Advocacy Services and Programs Expand and offer more specialized legal services to victims of crime (such as specializedrepresentation, Ombudsman) Supports and services to underserved populations Health related supports and servicesRecommendationsWhile housing support and services were rated as an urgent need, the increase in VOCA funding doesnot provide enough funding to address this problem in any meaningful or lasting way. With that inmind, the recommendations in the report address the following two general areas of need for crimevictims: Expansion of the number and types of victim advocates available to adult and child victims ofcrime including victims from traditionally under-served populations such as elders, people withdisabilities, New Americans and the LGBTQ community. Creation of a centralized legal network for victims of crime which would offer information,assessment of legal needs, legal advice and representation.1 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016FULL REPORTIntroductionThe Crime Victims Fund was established in 1984 with the passage of the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA). Itis financed by fines and penalties paid by convicted federal offenders, and gifts, donations and bequestsby private parties, not from tax dollars. Since its inception, VOCA has helped countless victims recoverfrom the aftermath of crime. VOCA has been a catalyst for the evolution of our justice system’s legalpolicies by providing victims with rights of inclusion at every step of the criminal proceedings. The fundprovides Compensation for Crime Victims, which can include payment of medical costs, funeral andburial costs, mental health counselling, lost wages, relocation expenses and loss of support; as well asVictim Assistance which can include crisis intervention, emergency shelter, emergency transportation,counseling, and criminal justice advocacy.In 2000 Congress established a cap on the Crime Victims fund, yet over the years the fund continued togrow. After a decade of level funding, on December 16, 2014 President Obama signed a bill that raisedthe National Crime Victim’s Fund cap from 745 million to 2.36 billion, and this bill was subsequentlyauthorized by the United States Congress. This has resulted in an increase of Vermont’s VOCAAssistance Formula Grant allocation from 1.3 million to 4.2 million for FFY 2015. In response to theunprecedented increase in Victims of Crime Act (VOCA), Victim’s Assistance Program funding, theVermont Center for Crime Victim Services (VCCVS or “The Center”) initiated a strategic planning processto determine the most pressing needs facing crime victims in Vermont, as those needs adhere to currentVOCA Regulations.During the fall of 2015 and into the winter of 2016 the Vermont Center for Crime Victim Services VCCVSreached out to victim service professionals throughout the state to listen and learn from them to helpdetermine the funding priorities for the VOCA increase. In all, there were 74 individuals whoparticipated in the focus groups. Those focus groups helped to fine tune the questions for thesubsequent survey, in which 361 allied professionals participated. VCCVS wishes to acknowledge thetime that so many individuals have given to this project and express our gratitude for their collectivewisdom which was essential in crystalizing the results of this needs assessment.VOCA Needs Assessment MethodologyIn order to determine how best to distribute increased allowable funding from VOCA, the VermontCenter for Crime Victims Services (VCCVS) contracted with Flint Springs Associates (FSA), a Vermontconsulting firm (www.flintspringsassociates.com) to design and conduct a needs assessment. Theassessment activities took place in two phases:Phase 1: Structured group interviews with invited representatives of key stakeholder groupsPhase 2: Statewide survey of key stakeholders2 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016Phase 1: Who was interviewed? Between October and December 2015, FSA conducted sevenstructured group interviews with the following stakeholders (see Appendix A for detailed list ofparticipants): Legal services representatives from:o Vermont Legal Aido Vermont Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violenceo Vermont Bar Associationo Vermont Domestic Violence Councilo South Royalton Legal Clinico National Crime Victims Bar Associationo Vermont Attorney General’s Officeo Disability Rights Vermonto Have Justice Will Travel Vermont Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violence Victim Program Directors Criminal/Restorative Justice Program staff from:o Community Justice Centerso Diversion Programs Child Advocate Programs including:o Child Advocacy Centerso Special Investigative Unitso Guardians ad Litemo Department for Children and Familieso Victim Assistance Program Advocates for marginalized and/or underserved populations including:o Disability Rights Vermonto Vermont Center for Independent Livingo Area Agencies on Agingo Community of Vermont Elderso Association of Africans Living in Vermonto Vermont Refugee Resettlement Councilo PRIDEo Outright VermontWhat did we want to learn? The structured group interviews aimed to identify for any victim of crime: What services victims of crime need that they aren’t getting?Who/what type of crime victim isn’t getting needed services and why?What service gaps currently exist?How can the needs of crime victims be met?o Are there better ways to do what we’re doing?o Are there innovative or new ways to serve victims?o In terms of current services, what might need to be expanded?3 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016In addition, the interviews with advocates for marginalized and/or underserved populations dug deeperto understand: What are the service needs for each group as result of being victims of crime?What challenges does each group face in getting those services and why?What can be done to help victims gain entry to victim services without reporting to lawenforcement?Should capacity be built within the existing victim services programs to serve special populationsor should services for victims be created within existing places/agencies dedicated to servingeach specific population (e.g., AAA, VCIL, Refugee Resettlement, etc.)?In order to identify key themes emerging from the interviews, FSA conducted content analysis onresponses given in each of the seven structured group interviews and drafted a summary of key themeswhich emerged from the interviews.Phase 2: Survey methodology: The content analysis findings informed the development of surveyquestions. FSA drafted the survey questions, then reviewed and refined those questions with VCCVSstaff. Using its Survey Monkey account, FSA designed a survey and conducted a pilot test. Feedbackfrom the pilot was incorporated into a final version of the survey (attached in Appendix B).In late December 2015 VCCVS distributed the survey, through its e-mail list, to the full population ofadvocates and service providers from each of the stakeholder groups interviewed. The Centerrequested a response to the survey by January 8, 2016. Upon the close of the survey, FSA analyzedresponses, drafted a written summary and met again with VCCVS staff to review the findings towardsdetermining how best to distribute VOCA funds to address the most urgent needs of victims of crime.4 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016Description of Survey RespondentsSurveys were distributed to 1500 persons representing the full population of advocates and serviceproviders from each of the stakeholder groups interviewed; 361 persons responded representing a 24%response rate.The survey asked respondents which county their organizations served. All Vermont counties wererepresented, and approximately one-quarter of respondents worked in organizations serving the fullstate.Table 1: Geographic Regions Served by Respondents' OrganizationsArea ServedNumber of Respondents% of enden5415%Essex92%Franklin154%Grand 7%Figure 1: Number of Survey Respondents from Each geOrleansLamoilleGrand son020406080Number of Survey Respondents100120d5 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016The survey then asked, “Which of the following best describes the organization in which you work?”Law Enforcement and Domestic Violence and Sexual Violence Programs accounted for 34% of allrespondents.Table 2: Types of Organizations in which Respondents Work% of TotalNumber orTypes of OrganizationsNumber ofRespondentsRespondentsLaw Enforcement6618%Domestic Violence or Sexual Violence Program5916%State's Attorney3710%Restorative Justice Organization339%Department for Children and Families308%Organization Serving Specific Populations277%Community-Based Children's Services216%Department of Corrections195%Legal Services164%Department for Disabilities, Aging and Independent Living123%Mental Health Services103%Vermont Center for Crime Victim Services72%Health/Medical Services51%Area Agencies on Aging51%Courts41%Agency for Human Services31%Other62%Total360100%Figure 2: Types of Organizations in which Respondents WorkAgency for Human ServicesCourtsArea Agencies on AgingHealth/Medical ServicesVCCVSMental Health ServicesDepartment for Disabilities, Aging and Legal ServicesDepartment of CorrectionsCommunity-Based Children's servicesOrganization serving specific Department for Children and FamiliesRestorative Justice organizationState's AttorneyDomestic Violence or Sexual Violence Law Enforcement0%5%10%15%Percent of Survey Respondents20%6 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016The survey asked: “Are you a victim advocate -- that is, someone whose primary role is to providedirect services to victims of crime (this does not include attorneys)?”One-quarter of respondent s (n 90, 25%) identify as victim advocates. Most Victim Advocates (VA)worked in Network programs (42%) or the State’s Attorneys (24%).Table 3: Types of Organizations in which Victim Advocates WorkNumber% ofType of Organizationof VAstotal VADomestic Violence or Sexual Violence Program3742%State's Attorney2124%Restorative Justice organization78%Community-Base Children's services56%Organization serving specific populations56%Department for Children and Families33%Department of Corrections33%Law Enforcement33%Department for Disabilities, Aging and Independent Living22%Courts11%Health/Medical Services11%Legal Services11%Mental Health Responses to Prioritizing QuestionsThe survey sought to understand what types of supports and services for victims were perceived byrespondents as most urgently needed. A series of questions were presented to respondents which werecategorized by the following types of services: Victim Advocacy Services and ProgramsHousing Supports and Services for VictimsLegal Services for VictimsSupports and Services to Victims in Underserved PopulationsHealth Related Supports and Services for VictimsWithin each of the above categories, respondents were presented with a list of specific services and/orsupports and asked to rank order them by urgency of need where a rank of “1” represented the mosturgent need.7 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016The following section summarizes findings within each category and indicates: The average of the priority ranking for each service or support (average ranking of urgency) -the lower the average ranking score (closest to “1”), the more urgent the need. The rank order most frequently assigned to each service or support (most frequent rankingscore) listed for each category Whether or not there were significant differences1 in the average rankings between regions inthe state (for example, did respondents from one region score the support as more urgent thanrespondents from other regions in the state?) Regions included:o Northwest (Chittenden, Franklin and Lamoille counties)o Northeast Kingdom (Caledonia, Essex and Orleans counties)o Central (Addison, Orange and Washington counties)o South Central (Rutland and Windsor counties)o Southern (Bennington and Windham counties)o Statewide Whether or not there were significant differences in ranking depending on the respondents’type of organization. Analyses only included organizations with at least 10 survey respondents.Overall rankingsSurvey respondents were asked to rank broad categories of crime victim needs in order of urgency.Housing supports and services emerged as the most urgent need for victims of crime (see Table 4) andwas followed by the need to expand the number and types of victim advocates in Vermont.Table 4: Priority Rankings of Broad Categories of Crime Victim Services and SupportsAverageMostCrime Victim Services and SupportsRanking ofFrequentUrgencyRankingHousing supports and services for victims2.31Victim advocacy: expand the number & types of advocates in VT2.81Legal services: expand and offer more specialized services to victimsof crime (such as specialized representation, Ombudsman)Supports and services to underserved populationsHealth related supports and services3.123.23.645One significant difference emerged between respondents in different regions of Vermont on rankings ofbroad categories of victim services and supports – respondents from the Northwest region were morelikely than respondents from other regions to perceive an urgent need for services to victims from1Significant differences are based on statistical tests which determine whether a difference between scores is bychance or actually represents a reliable and consistent difference between those scores. The statistical test usedin these analyses was ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) – where there was a significant difference, the ANOVA resultsare presented, including F and p values.8 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016underserved populations (Table 5). In rankings of the other broad categories, no significant differenceswere found based on the region the respondents’ organizations served.Region ofVermontNorthwestNE ble 5: Average rankings by Region of VermontServices toHousingHealth relatedunderservedVictimsupports andsupports andpopulationsAdvocacyservicesservices(F (5,322) 2.9,p 73.63.33.13.23.22.93.1Significant differences were present in respondents’ average rankings for each of the broad categoriesbased on the type of organization in which they worked (see Table 6). For example, respondents inchildren’s services organizations were most likely to rank victim advocacy services as most urgent;respondents providing domestic violence and sexual violence victims’ services ranked housing as themost urgent need; and, organizations that service specific populations ranked services for underservedpopulations as most urgent.Table 6: Differences in Priority Rankings by Respondent's Type of OrganizationOrganizations with at least 10respondentsRestorative Justice organizationChildren's servicesDepartment for Children &FamiliesDepartment of CorrectionsDepartment of Aging &Independent LivingDV and SV programsLaw EnforcementLegal ServicesServing specific populationsState's AttorneyTotalVictimAdvocacyF (9,295) 2.3p .01HousingF (9,295) 4.8p .001HealthrelatedF(9,291) 1.9p .05UnderservedpopulationsF (9,290) 3.8p .0012.61.93.22.63.83.32.73.4LegalServicesF (9,293) 4.4p 3.83.63.63.43.53.02.13.53.23.23.31.63.52.83.19 Page
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016HousingTable 7 shows that respondents ranked emergency housing for victims of domestic violence and theirchildren as most urgent.Table 7: Priority Ranking of Housing Services and Supports for Victims of CrimeAverageMostHousingRanking of FrequentUrgencyRankingEmergency housing that provides safe space 24/7for victims of domestic violence and their children1.41Safe housing for homeless and runaway youthwho have been victimized1.92Paid overnight staff at domestic violence shelters2.73There were no significant differences between respondents’ rankings of housing needs based on theregions of Vermont their organizations served. However significant differences in rankings did emergebetween respondents from different types of organizations. As shown in Table 8, DAIL staff were mostlikely to see the need for emergency housing for victims of domestic violence and their children, whilerestorative justice workers were most likely to see the need for safe housing for homeless and runawayyouth who have been victimized.Table 8: Differences in Average Rankings of Housing Services for Victims of Crimeby Type of OrganizationEmergency housing forSafe housing for homelessvictims of DV & theirand runaway youth whoOrganizations with at least 10 respondentschildrenhave been victimizedF (9,297) 3.9, p .001F(9,294) 2,9, p .01Restorative Justice organization1.81.5Community-Base Children's services1.81.6Department for Children and Families1.41.9Department of Corrections1.31.9Department of Aging & Independent Living1.12.1DV or Sexual Violence Program1.32.1Law Enforcement1.32.1Legal Services1.31.9Organization serving specific populations1.51.9State's Attorney1.31.9Total1.41.910 P a g e
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016Victim AdvocacyAs Table 9 shows, respondents identified child and youth advocates in Domestic Violence and SexualViolence programs, and embedded victim’s advocates in police departments as the two most urgentlyneeded victim advocacy services. Third most urgent was Victim’s Advocates at Child Advocacy Centers.Table 9: Priority Rankings for Victim Advocacy Services and SupportsAverage Ranking Most FrequentVictim Advocacy Services or Programsof UrgencyRanking ScoreChild and youth advocates at Domestic Violence and2.31Sexual Violence programsEmbedded victim's advocates in police departments2.51Victim's Advocates at Child Advocacy CentersA dedicated person to help victims through theCommunity Justice Center and Diversion process2.833.34Advocates specifically for children experiencing bullying4.15No statistically significant differences were found in average rankings of Victim Advocacy items acrossregions of Vermont. Significant differences did exist between respondents from different types oforganizations in average rankings for four of the five victim advocacy services (see Table 10).Respondents from domestic violence and sexual violence programs and legal services were most likelyto see an urgent need for child and youth advocates in domestic violence and sexual violence programs.Respondents from children’s services organizations saw the need for victim’s advocates at ChildAdvocacy Centers as most urgent, and restorative justice staff said a dedicated person to help victimsthrough the community justice and diversion process was most needed.Table 10: Differences in Average Rankings for Victim Advocacy Services by Type of OrganizationChild and youthVictim'sVictim'sPerson to helpadvocates at DV &advocates inAdvocatesvictims throughOrganizations with at leastSV programspolice departat CACsCJC & Diversion10 respondentsF (9,298) 4.0,F (9,296) 3.4,F (9,292) 5.1,F (9,292) 4.9,p .001p .001p .001p .001Restorative Justice2.92.83.22.1Children's services2.73.21.83.5DCF2.12.62.63.9Department of Corrections2.62.22.92.9DAIL2.71.83.33.2DV or SV Program1.72.23.43.7Law Enforcement2.13.02.53.5Legal Services1.82.53.13.2Serving specific populations2.21.93.23.5State's Attorney2.42.22.43.6Total2.22.52.83.411 P a g e
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016Legal ServicesRespondents were presented with eight types of legal service that victims of crime might need. Asshown in Table 11, the needs identified as most urgent included a centralized legal resource for victimsof crime, legal advocacy for victims of sexual violence.Table 11: Priority Rankings of Legal Service Needs for Victims of CrimeAverageLegal ServicesRanking ofUrgencyCentralized legal resource for victims of crime with toll free number to call forinformation and legal advice, assessment of legal needs, referral to legal3.7representation (including funding for attorneys).Legal advocacy for victims of sexual violence, including sexual trafficking3.7Representation of victims at each stage of the criminal process: including3.8subpoenas, deposition, and communicating with State's AttorneyLegal representation to address a range of issues facing victims includingaccess to funds, Power of Attorney, financial exploitation, control over4.1finances, property, and life decisionsLegal representation for custody of children4.3Specialized attorneys with expertise in areas such as disabilities and elders to4.9assist prosecutors with casesVictim's Ombudsman to ensure that all state systems uphold victims’ rights.5.6Increased capacity to provide supervision and training for Guardians Ad Litem5.6MostFrequentRanking1132558812 P a g e
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016Underserved PopulationsWhen asked about the most urgent needs for victims from underserved populations, respondentsranked culturally competent case managers and increased staff capacity to serve victims fromunderserved populations as top priorities (see Table 12).Table 12: Priority Rankings for Services to Crime Victims from Underserved PopulationsAverageMostUnderserved populationsRanking ofFrequentUrgencyRanking ScoreCulturally competent case managers to assess victim's needs,2.71develop a plan, and connect victims to needed servicesIncrease staff and capacity to serve victims who are elders,persons with disabilities, new Americans and LGBTQ youth and2.62adultsIncrease capacity for Area Agencies on Aging to serve elders who3.15are victims of crime and address financial exploitation and fraudOutreach and education for victims tailored to their specificpopulation (e.g., elders, new Americans, LGBTQ youth and3.24adults)Services for victims of human trafficking (both labor and sexual)3.35Significant differences appeared between respondents from different regions on three of the servicesfor underserved populations (see Table 13). Respondents serving the Northwest region identifiedservices for victims of human trafficking as most urgently needed.Table 13: Differences in Average Rankings of Services to Crime Victims in Underserved Populationsby RegionIncreased capacityamong AAAs to serveelder victimsF (5,334) 3.0, p .01Outreach andEducation forspecific populationF (5,336) 2.6, p .05Services for victims ofhuman trafficking(both labor & sexual)F (5,339) 3.1, p .01NorthwestNE KingdomCentralSouth 93.12.83.32.93.63.53.23.83.3Total3.13.23.3Region of Vermont13 P a g e
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016HealthAs shown in Table 14, respondents identified the following two health needs as most urgent for victims: The availability of Certified SANE staff on a 24/7 basis in all Vermont hospitalsMental health services for child victims and witnessesTable 14: Priority Rankings for Health Services to Victims of CrimeAverageMostHealth Services for Victims of CrimeRanking ofFrequentUrgencyRankingCertified adult and pediatric Sexual Assault Nurse1.91Examiners (SANE) available 24/7 in Vermont hospitalsMental health services for child victims and childwitnesses of violence1.82Mental health services for adult victims of crime2.23No significant differences were found between rankings from respondents from different regions inVermont in average rankings of health services.14 P a g e
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016Training NeedsSurvey respondents were asked to identify types of training that persons working with crime victimsmost urgently needed. As shown in Table 15, the need for training in trauma-informed practices, andunderstanding the issues involved for DCF-involved youth, were ranked as highest priority.Table 15: Priority Rankings of Training Needs to Support Victims of CrimeAverageMostTraining NeedsRanking of FrequentUrgencyRankingTrauma informed practices2.41Understanding issues for Department for Children and Familiesinvolved youth (due to being victims or victimizing others)2.91Understanding issues for victims of crime with disabilities3.44Understanding issues for elder victims of crime3.75Cultural competency and issues facing new Americans (e.g.,criminal charges may have negative impact on victims’ lives)4.26Cultural competency regarding LGBTQ youth and adults4.36Rankings of training needs related to cultural competency around New Americans and DCF involvedyouth were significantly different across Vermont regions (see Table 16). Respondents serving theNorthwest region were most likely to see an urgent need for cultural competency training regardingnew Americans, and least likely to see a need for training on DCF involved youth.Table 16: Differences in Average Rankings of Training Needs by Region of VermontRegion of VermontNorthwestNE KingdomCentralSouth CentralSouthernStatewideTotalNew AmericansF (5,339) 7.0, p .001DCF involved youthF (5,340) 2.5, p ficant differences also emerged between respondents working for different types of organizationsin their rankings of needed training (see Table 17).15 P a g e
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016Table 17: Differences in Average Rankings of Needed Training by Type of abilitiesOrganizations with atF (9,295) VictimspracticesyouthF (9, 297) least 10 respondents3.6.,F (9,295) F (9,298) F (9, 298) 3.0, p .01p .0015.5, p .0014.2, p .001 2.2, p .05Restorative .31.52.64.43.9Children's servicesDepartment for Children4.11.82.24.14.2and FamiliesDepartment of4.52.02.63.63.5CorrectionsDepartment forDisabilities, Aging and5.13.53.62.02.3Independent LivingDomestic Violence or3.72.23.24.43.5Sexual Violence ProgramLaw Enforcement4.53.22.53.33.3Legal Services5.22.93.43.22.7Organization serving3.52.83.54.23.4specific populationsState's rs Needing TrainingFocus group participants identified specific providers who might benefit from additional training. Thesurvey asked respondents to rank order the providers’ most needing training. Rising to top priority weretraining on community resources to law enforcement personnel and prosecutors, and for courtpersonnel on Relief from Abuse Orders (see Table 18).Table 18: Priority Rankings of Providers that Need Training to Serve Victims of CrimeAverageMostProviders Needing TrainingRanking ofFrequentUrgencyRankingTraining to law enforcement and prosecutors about2.21.0community resources for victimsTraining court personnel to promote consistent2.31.0responses to victims seeking Relief from Abuse OrdersTraining mental health providers on how to work with2.63.0domestic violence victimsTraining for community-based victim's advocates on2.84.0criminal procedures16 P a g e
The Unmet Needs of Crime Victims in Vermont February 2016No significant differences in ranking what types of providers need training emerged based on theregions respondents served. There were significant differences in how respondents ranked the types ofproviders who most urgently need training bas
The Crime Victims Fund was established in 1984 with the passage of the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA). It is financed by fines and penalties paid by convicted federal offenders, and gifts, donations and bequests by private parties, not from tax dollars. Since its inception, VOCA has helped countless victims recover
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
This shows at least one in ten married women in most regions of the world has an unmet need for family planning. tries. Many of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa, which is the region where the unmet need was highest (24%), double the world average [3, 8]. Unmet need for fam-
AQA A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY BOOK TWO Topic 1 Functionalist, strain and subcultural theories 1 Topic 2 Interactionism and labelling theory 11 Topic 3 Class, power and crime 20 Topic 4 Realist theories of crime 31 Topic 5 Gender, crime and justice 39 Topic 6 Ethnicity, crime and justice 50 Topic 7 Crime and the media 59 Topic 8 Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime 70
