Doing Business 2019

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DOINGBUSINESS 2019Training for ReformTRADINGACROSSBORDERS

2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.orgSome rights reserved1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors,or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgmenton the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of suchboundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of TheWorld Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, andadapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2019. Doing Business 2019: Training for Reform. Washington, DC:World Bank. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1326-9. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGOTranslations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: Thistranslation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bankshall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: Thisis an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibilityof the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within thework. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or partcontained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whetherpermission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components caninclude, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 HStreet NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1326-9ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1338-2DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1326-9ISSN: 1729-2638Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.

DOINGBUSINESS 2019Training for ReformTRADINGACROSSBORDERSCOMPARING BUSINESS REGULATION FOR DOMESTIC FIRMS IN 190 ECONOMIESA World Bank Group Flagship Report

DOING BUSINESS 2019Resources on theDoing Business websiteCurrent featuresHistorical dataNews on the Doing Business projecthttp://www.doingbusiness.orgCustomized data sets since kingsLaw libraryHow economies rank—from 1 to 190http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankingsOnline collection of business laws andregulations relating to taAll the data for 190 economies—topicrankings, indicator values, lists ofregulatory procedures and detailsunderlying Access to Doing Business reports as wellas subnational and regional reports, casestudies and customized economy andregional ologyThe methodologies and research papersunderlying Doing searchAbstracts of papers on Doing Businesstopics and related policy issueshttp://www.doingbusiness.org/researchDoing Business reformsShort summaries of DB2019 businessregulation reforms and lists of reformssince torsMore than 13,800 specialists in 190economies who participate inDoing doing-businessEntrepreneurship dataData on new business density (numberof newly registered companies per 1,000working-age people) for 143 topics/entrepreneurshipEase of doing business scoreData benchmarking 190 economiesto the best regulatory practice and anease of doing business score f-doingbusiness-scoreInformation on good practicesShowing where the many goodpractices identified by Doing Businesshave been tice

DOING BUSINESS 2019Contentsiv Foreword1 Overview22 About Doing BusinessCase studies33 Starting a Business and Registering Property:The role of training in facilitating entrepreneurship and property rights39 Getting Electricity:Understanding the benefits of wiring regulation46 Trading Across Borders:Training for trade facilitation53 Enforcing Contracts and Resolving Insolvency:Training and efficiency in the judicial system61 Annex: Labor Market Regulation:Trends from Doing Business data67 References73 Country Tables137 Acknowledgments Doing Business 2019 is the 16th in aseries of annual reports investigatingthe regulations that enhance businessactivity and those that constrain it.Doing Business presents quantitativeindicators on business regulationand the protection of property rightsthat can be compared across 190economies—from Afghanistan toZimbabwe—and over time. Regulations affecting 11 areas of thelife of a business are covered: startinga business, dealing with constructionpermits, getting electricity, registeringproperty, getting credit, protectingminority investors, paying taxes, tradingacross borders, enforcing contracts,resolving insolvency and labor marketregulation. The labor market regulationdata are not included in this year’sranking on the ease of doing business. Data in Doing Business 2019 are currentas of May 1, 2018. The indicators areused to analyze economic outcomesand identify what reforms of businessregulation have worked, where and why. This publication is the printed versionof Doing Business 2019. The full report(which includes the data notes, easeof doing business score and ease ofdoing business ranking chapter and thereform summaries) can be downloadedfrom the Doing Business website athttp://www.doingbusiness.org.

DOING BUSINESS 2019ForewordWhat gets measured gets done.Over the past 15 years, no report hasillustrated this aphorism better than DoingBusiness. Anchored in rigorous researchand methodology, Doing Business gathersdetailed and objective data on 11 areasof business regulation, helping governments diagnose issues in administrativeprocedures and correct them. The reportmeasures complex regulatory processes by zeroing in on their quantifiablecomponents, which can be contested,compared—over time and across economies—and, ultimately, reformed.Doing Business has inspired thousands ofarticles published in peer-reviewed journals and created a platform for informeddebate about regulatory and institutionalframeworks for economic development.Many Doing Business indicators havebeen incorporated into the indexes ofother institutions, which has spurredmore debate about the ideal businessclimate to drive inclusive, sustainableeconomic growth.Since its launch in 2003, Doing Businesshas inspired more than 3,500 reformsin the 10 areas of business regulationmeasured by the report. This year,we observed a peak in reform activityworldwide—128 economies undertook arecord 314 reforms in 2017/18. Aroundthe world, registering a business nowtakes an average of 20 days and costs23% of income per capita, compared to47 days and 76% of income per capitain 2006. Even more telling, today theaverage paid-in minimum capital thatentrepreneurs must deposit is 6% ofincome per capita, compared with 145%of income per capita in 2006. The globalaverage time to prepare, file and paytaxes has fallen from 324 hours in 2005to 237 hours in 2017.Sub-Saharan Africa has been the regionwith the highest number of reforms eachyear since 2012. This year, Doing Businesscaptured a record 107 reforms across 40economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, andthe region’s private sector is feeling theimpact of these improvements. The average time and cost to register a business,for example, has declined from 59 daysand 192% of income per capita in 2006to 23 days and 40% of income per capitatoday. Furthermore, the average paid-inminimum capital has fallen from 212% ofincome per capita to 11% of income percapita in the same period.This year’s 10 top improvers include arange of economies—large and small;rich and poor—from five regions. Thediversity shows that, regardless ofbackground, any economy can improvebusiness regulation when the will ofpolicy makers is strong. With 13 reformsbetween them, China and India—twoof the world’s largest economies—areamong the 10 top improvers. At the same

FOREWORDtime Djibouti, a small economy, is alsoon the list with six reforms. And with atotal of 12 business regulatory reformsbetween them, Afghanistan and Turkeyare on the list of 10 top improvers for thefirst time in the report’s history.Perhaps most notably, four of the 10top improvers—Afghanistan, Djibouti,Côte d’Ivoire and Togo—are countriessuffering from fragility, conflict and violence. The World Bank Group and otherorganizations have worked closely withthese economies to address pressinghumanitarian and developmental needs,while also strengthening their legal andeconomic institutions.Doing Business taught us that even withcomprehensive evidence, reforms donot necessarily follow. A ranking helpsput the information in front of leadersand makes it hard to ignore. The reporthelped inspire the Human Capital Index(HCI), which we launched at the 2018Annual Meetings in Indonesia. Like DoingBusiness, the HCI is based on the idea that,regardless of how complex an area maybe, with solid research and methodologyit can be measured. These types of datapromote reform, not only because theyare easy to analyze, trace and act on, butalso because they increase transparencyand accountability.Governments have the enormoustask of fostering an enabling environment for entrepreneurs and small andmedium-size enterprises. Sound andefficient business regulation is critical forentrepreneurship and a thriving privatesector. Without them, we have no chanceto end extreme poverty and boost sharedprosperity around the world.International institutions and researchcenters can play a central role by building a solid base of knowledge and datato inform governments, researchers andthe general public. With Doing Business,the World Bank Group is fully committed to this mission. The reforms that thereport inspires will help people reachtheir aspirations; drive inclusive, sustainable economic growth; and bring us onestep closer to ending poverty on the faceof the earth.Jim Yong KimPresidentWorld Bank Groupv

DOING BUSINESS 2019OverviewAn economy cannot thrive without a healthy private sector. When localbusinesses flourish, they create jobs and generate income that can bespent and invested domestically. Any rational government that caresabout the economic well-being and advancement of its constituency paysspecial attention to laws and regulations affecting local small and mediumsize enterprises (SMEs). Effective business regulation affords microand small firms the opportunity to grow, innovate and, when applicable,move from the informal to the formal sector of an economy. Like its 15predecessors, Doing Business 2019 continues to enable regulators to assessand benchmark their domestic business regulatory environments.Doing Business advocates for both regulatory quality and efficiency. It is importantto have effective rules in place that areeasy to follow and understand. To realizeeconomic gains, reduce corruption andencourage SMEs to flourish, unnecessaryred tape should be eliminated. However,specific safeguards must be put inplace to ensure high-quality businessregulatory processes; efficiency aloneis not enough for regulation to function well. What use is it when one cantransfer property in just a few days andat a low cost, but the property registrycontains unreliable information withincomplete geographic coverage? DoingBusiness exposes cases with evidentdiscrepancies between regulatory qualityand efficiency, signaling to regulatorswhat needs to be reformed.Doing Business 2019 measures theprocesses for business incorporation,getting a building permit, obtaining anelectricity connection, transferring property, getting access to credit, protectingminority investors, paying taxes,engaging in international trade, enforcingcontracts and resolving insolvency.Doing Business collects and publishesdata on labor market regulation with afocus on the flexibility of employmentregulation as well as several aspectsof job quality. However, this regulatoryarea does not constitute part of the easeof doing business ranking (figure 1.1).For more details on the Doing Businessindicators, see the data notes at http://www.doingbusiness.org.Each of the measured business regulatory areas is important to nascent andexisting entrepreneurs. However, asDoing Business data show, SME ownersface drastically different realities acrosseconomies as they set up and operatetheir businesses. An entrepreneur inUganda, for example, will spend nearlya month and undertake 13 proceduresto set up a new company. The entrepreneur will then be required to manageanother 18 interactions with different Doing Business captured a record 314regulatory reforms between June 2,2017, and May 1, 2018. Worldwide,128 economies introduced substantialregulatory improvements making it easierto do business in all areas measured byDoing Business. The economies with the most notableimprovement in Doing Business 2019 areAfghanistan, Djibouti, China, Azerbaijan,India, Togo, Kenya, Côte d’Ivoire, Turkeyand Rwanda. One-third of all business regulatory reformsrecorded by Doing Business 2019 were in theeconomies of Sub-Saharan Africa. With atotal of 107 reforms, Sub-Saharan Africaonce again has a record number this year. The BRIC economies—Brazil, the RussianFederation, India and China—introduced atotal of 21 reforms, with getting electricityand trading across borders the mostcommon areas of improvement. The 10 top economies in the ease of doingbusiness ranking share common features ofregulatory efficiency and quality, includingmandatory inspections during construction,automated tools used by distributionutilities to restore service during poweroutages, strong safeguards available tocreditors in insolvency proceedings andautomated specialized commercial courts. Training opportunities for service providersand users are positively associated withthe ease of doing business score. Similarly,increased public-private communication onlegislative changes and processes affectingSMEs are associated with more reformsand better performance on the DoingBusiness indicators.

2DOING BUSINESS 2019FIGURE 1.1What is measured in Doing Business?Getting alocationStarting abusinessLabor marketregulationStarting abusinessDealing insolvencyOperating in asecure tractsPayingtaxesTrading ditAccessingfinanceDealing withday-to-dayoperationsSource: Doing Business database.Note: Labor market regulation is not included in the ease of doing business ranking.agencies and wait an additional fourmonths to obtain a building permit.Once the construction of the warehouseis completed, the entrepreneur will needto wait another two months and cashout 7,513.6% of income per capita toobtain a connection to the electricalgrid. In contrast, a Danish entrepreneurcan expect to be able to register a newbusiness in just 3.5 days, complete allrequired legal procedures to build a warehouse through seven steps in slightlyover two months and secure a reliableelectricity connection for about 100%of local income per capita. Differencesin regulatory and institutional qualitycan affect how many new businessesare created and the dynamism of theprivate sector, which generates jobs andeconomic opportunities. In Denmarkthe average number of newly registeredcompanies is eight per 1,000 workersper year, whereas in Uganda this figureis less than one new company per 1,000workers per year.1 Many factors explainthis difference, including the level ofbusiness regulation.2Doing Business does not claim to coverall the areas pertinent to private sectordevelopment and growth. The report hasa set of clear limitations; Doing Businessdata alone are not sufficient to assessthe overall competitiveness or foreigninvestment prospects of an economy.Doing Business does not assess marketsize, the soundness and depth of financial markets, macroeconomic conditions,foreign investment, security or politicalstability. However, the Doing Business indicators do offer insights for policy makersto identify areas for reform and improvethe local business environment. Formore information on what is measuredand what is not, see the chapter AboutDoing Business.WHAT ARE THE BENEFITSOF IMPROVED BUSINESSREGULATION?Doing Business includes 11 indicator setsthat measure aspects of business regulation which are important to domesticsmall and medium-size companies andnational competitiveness. Evidence fromeconomic literature corroborates theeconomic relevance and importance ofthe areas measured by Doing Business. Inthe case of the starting a business indicator set alone, more than 300 researcharticles have been published in thetop 100 academic journals since 2003assessing how the regulatory environment for entry affects a wide range ofeconomic outcomes such as productivity,growth, employment and informality.Recent research shows the positiveeffects of improved business regulation.Fewer procedures and lower levels ofminimum capital, for example, are positively and significantly associated withthe process of starting a business. Whereprocedures are more complex or unclear,the likelihood of corruption is higher.3Another study discusses the benefits tocompanies of formal registration, suchas greater access to new equipmentand a larger scale of operations, whichcan lead to increased competitivenessand productivity.4

OVERVIEWIn the context of construction permitting, simplicity and transparency arekey in allowing businesses to expandand build new and safe infrastructure. Research shows that regulatoryburdens often pose substantial obstaclesfor investors. Discrepancies amongexisting laws, for example, can lead tounnecessary and even contradictorycompliance requirements.5 Furthermore,lengthy processing times for requiredapprovals—as is the case in Ghana—candrive up costs and spur the developmentof an informal construction sector, wherefalsified construction permits result inunsafe infrastructure.6Electricity is a necessity for any businessto function properly and expand. It is alsoan important element in the competitiveness and strengthening of human capitalin an economy. Research data indicatethat higher electricity costs tend tohave an adverse impact on businesses.As prices rise, firms shift their focusto less electricity-intensive productionprocesses, resulting in reduced outputand productivity.7 Equally important isthe reliability of a power connection.Recent research finds that power outagesand deficient power infrastructure inSub-Saharan Africa had a measurablenegative impact on economic growthover the period 1995 2007.8Similarly, clearly defined regulationand equal access to property rights areessential for enabling businesses toexpand their operations. If governmentsdo not put in place adequate land ownership protections and leave investors opento land disputes or property seizures,stakeholders would be disinclined to putmoney into land and property development projects. A recent study exploringwhether political institutions have animpact on the effectiveness of economicreforms in promoting growth finds thatfinancial and trade reforms are moreeffective in developing economies withsound property rights. This evidencesuggests that sufficiently developedproperty rights may be a precondition forreaping the growth benefits of reform.9Ample literature on the importance ofproperty rights finds a strong associationbetween investment, access to finance,productivity and economic growth.10Another area measured by DoingBusiness is the protection of minorityinvestors. Greater protection helpsfoster trust and confidence and, in turn,spurs greater access to finance for entrepreneurs.11 The indicator set focuseson how policy makers mitigate the riskthat corporate executives, directors andmajority shareholders will use their position to advance their own interests atthe expense of the company and othershareholders. Clear rules, robust rightsand increased transparency are someof the regulatory instruments at theirdisposal. Corporate governance is a keydeterminant of investment efficiency,12while shareholders’ ability to sue andhold directors accountable are essentialchecks and balances.13Finally, the regulation of labor marketsis critical as policy makers work tocreate more and better jobs for theircitizens. Labor regulation is also an areaof interest to researchers as they striveto assess the optimal balance betweenadequate worker protections and labormarket efficiency. In India, for example,research shows that when faced withrestrictive labor laws, firms choose tocircumvent such legislation by hiringworkers indirectly through contractors, especially in times of economicuncertainty.14 Another study on foreigninvestment and the organization ofglobal firms suggests that firms considerthe strength of worker bargaining powerwhen making sourcing decisions.15Doing Business 2014 presented asynthesis of the fast-growing literaturepublished in top-ranking economic journals using Doing Business data for analysisor motivation.16 The chapter reviews thedifferent estimation methods used ineconomic analysis and summarizes therecent research by area of study andmethodology, including firm entry andlabor market regulation, trade regulations and cost and tax regulations. DoingBusiness 2016 also presented an extendedreview of the literature published in 70 topacademic law journals focusing on foursets of indicators: enforcing contracts,getting credit (legal rights), protectingminority investors and resolving insolvency.17 For further research insights,updated annually, see the chapter AboutDoing Business and the Doing Businesswebsite at http://www.doingbusiness.org/research.WHERE IS BUSINESSREGULATION BETTER?Doing Business benchmarks aspectsof business regulation and practiceusing specific case studies with standardized assumptions. Based on aneconomy’s performance in each ofthe 11 measured areas, the reportscores the efficiency and quality of thebusiness environment. This approachfacilitates the comparison of regulation and practice across economiesand allows for changes to be trackedover time. The ease of doing businessscore (box 1.1) serves as the basis forranking economies on their businessenvironment: to obtain the ranking,economies are sorted by their scores.The ease of doing business score showsan economy’s absolute position to thebest regulatory practice, while the easeof doing business ranking is an indication of an economy’s position relativeto that of other economies.The economies that rank highest inthe ease of doing business (table 1.1)are those that have consistently welldesigned business regulation or whoseregulatory environments have thrivedthanks to comprehensive reform overthe years. The top three economiesthis year—New Zealand, Singaporeand Denmark—exemplify a businessfriendly environment. Meanwhile,Mauritius, which joins the group of3

4DOING BUSINESS 2019BOX 1.1 What is the ease of doing business score?This year the name of the Doing Business distance to frontier score has been changed to “ease of doing business score” to betterreflect the main idea of the measure—a score indicating an economy’s position to the best regulatory practice. Nevertheless,the process for calculating the score remains the same. The score combines measures with different units such as time to starta company or procedures to transfer a property. The score captures the gap between an economy’s current performance anda measure of best regulatory practice set in Doing Business 2015 across the entire sample of the same 41 indicators for 10 DoingBusiness indicator sets used in previous years. For example, according to the Doing Business database, across all economies andover time, the least time needed to start a business is 0.5 days, while in the worst 5% of cases it takes more than 100 days. Half aday is, therefore, considered the best performance, while 100 days is the worst. Higher scores show absolute better ease of doingbusiness (the best score is set at 100), while lower scores show absolute poorer ease of doing business (the worst performanceis set at 0). The percentage point scores of an economy on different indicators can be averaged together to obtain an aggregatescore. For more details, see the chapter on the ease of doing business score and ease of doing business ranking available at http://www.doingbusiness.org.top 20 economies this year (the onlySub-Saharan African economy to doso), has reformed its business environment methodically over time. Indeed,over the past decade Mauritius hasreformed more than once in almostall areas measured by Doing Business.18Following seven reforms in the area ofproperty registration captured by DoingBusiness since 2005, for example, thetime needed to register property hasdecreased more than 12 times; the timeneeded for business incorporation hasdecreased almost 10 times as a resultof four reforms in starting a business.19A continuous and focused reformagenda keeps an economy competitive and vigilant, as others also keepimproving. Two economies that enterthe top 20 this year—the United ArabEmirates and Malaysia—have maintained such a reform momentum. TheUnited Arab Emirates is the highestranking economy in the Middle Eastand North Africa region, with reformscaptured in four areas. Six reformsin Malaysia were measured by DoingBusiness, resulting in the second highestregional improvement in the ease ofdoing business score.Twelve of the top 20 economies arefrom the OECD high-income group; fourare from East Asia and the Pacific, twoare from Europe and Central Asia andone each is from Sub-Saharan Africaand the Middle East and North Africa.Except for low-income economies, allincome groups are represented. Theregional diversity and varying incomelevels among the top 20 economiesunderscore the point that any economycan make it to the top, as long as it hasfew bureaucratic hurdles and stronglaws and regulation. The efficiency andquality of regulation are what mattermost for a good performance in the easeof doing business ranking.The top 20 economies share a numberof international good practices. In thearea of starting a business, 13 of theseeconomies have at least one procedurethat can be completed online in 0.5days. The electricity distribution utilitiesin all but one of the top 20 economiesuse automated tools, allowing for faster,more efficient and more secure restoration of service during power outages.In the areas of construction and landadministration, in all top 20 economiesmandatory inspections are always donein practice during the construction ofa warehouse, and the majority havecomprehensive geographic coverage.The quality of legal infrastructure andthe strength of legal institutions isalso robust. In all top 20 economies,for example, the insolvency frameworkstipulates that a creditor has the rightto object to decisions accepting orrejecting creditors’ claims, providingstrong safeguards to creditors ininsolvency proceedings. Court automation is prevalent, and judgments areenforced twice as fast on average (95.6days) than in the remaining economies(200 days). These economies also havestrong disclosure requirements in placeto prevent the misuse of corporateassets by directors for personal gain.Most mandate that a shareholder mustimmediately disclose transactions—aswell as any conflicts of interest—to other shareholders. To date, noeconomy has reached the best regulatory performance on all indicators;every economy can progress further bylearning from the experience of others.More trends emerge from the list ofthe top 50 economies. Regionally,almost 60% of the top 50 economiesare from the OECD high-income group,followed by Europe and Central Asia(24%) and East Asia and the Pacific(12%). South Asia and Latin Americaand the Caribbean are the two regionsabsent from the top 50 ranking. Uppermiddle-income economies representalmost 26% of the top 50 economies.Georgia, Kosovo and Moldova are thethree lower-middle-income economieson the list and Rwanda is the only lowincome economy. There is, however, alarge variation between regions’ regulatory efficiency and regulatory quality(figure 1.2). While four of the 10 topimprovers in Doing Business 2019 areSub-Saharan African economies, the p

DOING BUSINESS 2019 Doing Business 2019 is the 16th in a series of annual reports investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulation and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economies—from Afghanistan to

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I believe my brother’s sons have weak interpersonal communication skills, and I’m convinced this is partly due to their lifelong infatuation with the personal computer. They have few skills at reading or expressing empathy. If they were more skilled, they might have been able to assess their father’s reduced self-esteem, personal control and belongingness, and then do something about it .