Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning In Buildings Enhancing .
—Heating, ventilation and airconditioning in buildingsEnhancing comfort, safety, andenergy efficiency in commercialand residential environments
2H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S—Taking building performance to a new levelHeating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have a significant impacton both comfort and costs in any building. Modern buildings require smart HVACsystems that create comfortable, healthy and safe environments for the occupants,while minimizing energy consumption and increasing sustainability.Building owners / Developers—“To make a buildingattractive to leasers orbuyers, it is critical toinvest in comfortand safety”Modern buildings demand a comfortable,safe and smart environment. Comfort inside residential and commercial buildingsis vital for the occupants, since it has a major impacton productivity, health and quality of life. Digitalization of everyday life is increasing continuously,and buildings are no exception. Smart buildings canpromptly react to ever-changing conditions and maintaina higher level of individual comfort, while running thesystems in an optimal way. at optimized total cost of ownership. High initial investments increase the selling price ofa building or apartment, while high operating costsmake it less attractive for leasers or buyers. Control solutions for building HVAC can significantlyinfluence both capital and operating costs. Specifically,more attention should be paid to variable speed drives(VSDs) selection, due to the cost benefits they deliver. ensured by innovative control solutions VSDs for HVAC provide optimal control of the buildingenvironment for better comfort and safety ofthe occupants, while perfectly matching energyconsumption to the specific load. The return on investment can be improved withultra-low harmonic drives – they ensure both powerquality and building operation stability, whilereducing the size of supply transformers andbackup generators needed.Consultant—“I am responsible fordesigning HVAC systemsin compliance with theindustry standards”From occupant health and safety. In-building technical systems primarily aim to providea healthy and safe environment. Under everyday conditions, HVAC systems maintainfavorable air temperature, humidity and CO₂ levels forthe occupants’ comfort, resulting in better health andincreased productivity. In case of a fire, the building systems must respondaccordingly – ensure smoke-free exit routes, helpsuppress the fire, and provide access to the fire locationfor emergency services. to increased energy efficiency. HVAC systems have high operating costs, since theyconsume on average 30 to 70 percent of the building’senergy. Making them energy efficient is a clear priority. Power quality influences the efficiency of a building’selectrical network, so power equipment includingVSDs should be carefully chosen. utilizing best-in-class technologies VSDs allow accurate control of CO₂ concentration,temperature and humidity of the air inside by automaticallyadjusting HVAC processes to match the needs. In an emergency like a fire, a VSD’s override mode makesventilation a part of the fire suppression system,mitigating the fire while providing safe evacuation forthe occupants. Ultra-low harmonic (ULH) drives prevent disturbanceson the power supply, maintaining an efficient andreliable electrical network.
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G SSystem integrator3Facility manager—“Component compatibilitywith common standardsand interfaces ensuressmooth integration intoa building managementsystem”From easy connection and integration. Connecting and integrating components into HVACsystems must be straightforward. to high interoperability. Efficient building management requires detailedaccess to fault logs and operational data for conditionmonitoring and troubleshooting. Smart buildings require transparency, that can beensured through digitalizing and interlinking allsystems and their components. using world leading protocolsand standards Support of all major communication protocols,such as BACnet and Modbus, makes VSDs an integralpart of a building management system, helpingcontribute to the overall control strategy. BTL certification for BACnet componentsensures that the product has passed rigorousindependent testing, and there are no protocolimplementation errors.—“Continuous operationof a building’s technicalsystems is of theutmost importance”Eliminate malfunctioning of building HVAC. Depending on the building type and weather conditions,failure of HVAC can make the building environmentchallenging for continued occupancy. Proper functioning of the building systems goes beyondcomfort, since it also can directly impact productivityand health. by utilizing smart functionality Monitoring of temperature, overload, overcurrent andother protection features within VSDs help prevent failuresin HVAC equipment control and ensure its continuousoperation. Drive-based safe-torque-off functionality allows safeconduct of maintenance work on mechanical parts of HVACequipment, without shutting down the whole system. The real-time clock in drives keeps records of trips andfaults, so the facility management knows what happenedand when. VSD-enabled wireless capability secures remote access tohard-to-reach equipment, for effortless troubleshooting.—“How can I optimize my operating costs?”Lower expenses Costs can be optimized without compromising buildingcomfort and safety. through advanced solutions and maintenance regimes On average, 20 to 60 percent of HVAC energy is saved uponimplementing variable speed control. VSD usage in HVAC eliminates both mechanical andelectrical shocks in the system, providing smooth controlfor pumps, fans and compressors and extending theirlifetime. ABB Ability Condition Monitoring remotely deliversinformation on drive and motor events and proposestargeted maintenance actions, reducing the need forregular inspections.
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S4—Demands on HVAC systems duringnormal operation and emergenciesA building’s HVAC system should ensure a comfortable andhealthy everyday environment for its occupants, and alsobe able to support fire suppression and evacuationsystems, should an emergency situation arise.1VENTILATIONIn buildings, ventilation is an essential part ofmaintaining a good indoor air quality. In combinationwith air-conditioning, it manages temperature,humidity and CO₂ for the comfort and safety of theoccupants.Applications: Supply, return and exhaust fansRequirements: Air quality maintenance in the building in accordancewith an ever-changing environment Efficient energy use through adjusting fan speed tocurrent needs Fan performance monitoring for predictivemaintenance planning2SMOKE EXHAUST, ESCAPE ROUTE MAINTENANCELarge buildings, like shopping malls and skyscrapers,often have dedicated smoke extraction andpressurization fans for smoke exhaust and escaperoute maintenance.Applications: Smoke exhaust fans, stairway pressurization fansRequirements: Monitoring of the fan availability, so it is alwaysready in case of need Prompt reaction to any emergency situation, so thefan can achieve full load speed in a short time Control redundancy in case of communication loss Override mode, which ignores faults and warnings,thus allowing extended runtime in adverse conditions Precise control of air flow rate and pressure forsafe evacuation34HEATINGFIRE SUPPRESSIONDistrict heating often involves a heating substationinstalled in the basement of a building. It receives theheating carrier from a heat generating station and viaa heat exchanger makes it available for the buildingheating system.Water-based fire suppression systems must be readyto supply water to fire sprinklers in a building, shouldan emergency occur.An individual heating system in many cases consists ofa boiler heating water up to required temperature forfurther distribution in the building heating system.Applications: PumpsApplications: Boiler burner, circulation pumpsRequirements: Prompt response in case of emergency Continuous monitoring of the pump availability Secure stable pressure on the sprinkler nozzles,both in standby and during a fire situation Easy integration into a building fire suppressionsystemRequirements: Burners with a variable fuel throughput requirea corresponding volume of combustion air, sovariable speed control of the blower is needed forefficient combustion Pumps should adjust the circulation rate in theheating system to the current heating need
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S65DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLYDomestic water is delivered mostly from clean watertreatment plants. Cold water goes directly to the tap.Water for hot water supply is heated either in anindividual boiler or using district heating energy. Ifextra pressure in hydraulic system is needed to deliverwater to higher floors, booster pumps are used.5AIR CONDITIONINGIn buildings, cooling energy is often generated onsite by chillers, and then distributed throughoutthe building.Applications: Chiller compressor, circulation pumps, condenserand cooling tower fansRequirements: Cooling load varies throughout the day and season,so using variable speed control for air conditioningequipment ensures substantial energy savings When using VSDs on chillers, it is recommended toapply ultra-low harmonic drives to also improve thebuilding power network by lowering harmonics andmaintaining unity power factor at all load pointsApplications: Circulation pumps and booster pumpsRequirements: Domestic water consumption is never uniform, oftenpeaking in the mornings and evenings. Water supplyneeds to be adjusted according to a consumptionrate, for increased energy efficiency Sleep mode for pump control, to stop the pumpduring low demand, instead of running it slowlybelow its efficient operating range Maintaining the required water pressure inthe system Multi-pump support to reach the highest possibleenergy efficiency and handle demand variationsover the day Pump performance monitoring, to supportpredictive maintenance planning
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S6—Unlock greater potential in yourbuilding systemsMotors equipped with variable speed drives and controllers that run heating,ventilation and air conditioning applications are excellent at providing comfortand safety for the building’s occupants. But there are many other importantand profitable benefits to be gained as eSolutionBenefit High energyconsumption VSDs adjusting fan speed to the building load Motors with IE5 efficiency Filter monitoring via a VSD, with warningif the filter is clogged and the pressure droptoo high 20 to 60 percent energy savings with VSDscompared to damper control system Up to 30 percent improved efficiency at partialloads with ABB synchronous reluctance ferriteassisted motors Air handleruptime VSD protection includes overcurrent, overvoltage,motor overheating and under/overload control Lowest mechanical and electrical stress with VSDcontrol, as opposed to direct-on-line start VSDs and smart sensors collect information on fanperformance, enabling predictive maintenance Air conditioning runs correctly and continuouslyfor greater occupant comfort Air quality inthe building Managing temperature, humidity and CO₂ levelsby adjusting fan speed, humidification rate andcirculation in heating/cooling coil via VSD Healthy and comfortable environment Increased productivity in offices Buildingautomationsystemovercomplexity VSD-based control capabilities to enhance externalcontroller tasks and improve failure redundancy VSD-based fieldbuses without employingexternal gateways Decreased infrastructure complexity and costs,low error risk Simplified hardware integration Fan acousticnoise VSD-based resonance control VSD switching frequency adjustment forlower motor noise Quiet environment for enhanced comfortand productivity Electricalharmonics inthe powernetwork ULH drives reduce harmonics content inthe network to an absolute minimum Building network stability and elimination ofcostly active filters for harmonics mitigation Elimination of non-wattage financial penaltiesfrom the utility Fire emergency VSD fireman’s override allows making theregular ventilation fans a part of a fire/smokesuppression system – shut them down, or turnthem into smoke exhaust or pressurization unitsto maintain a safe escape route Enables access to the fire location for firemen No undesired tripping of drives in extremeconditions Flexibility in evacuation / smoke suppressionstrategy Escape routemanagementin case ofemergency Override mode in VSDs is implemented ina way that required pressure or fan speedcan be maintained to prevent smoke fromentering the evacuation spaces Eliminate door blockage or smoke propagationdue to too high or low pressure Safe evacuation for people Availability VSDs and softstarters allow fans to start withoutpower system overload VSD or softstarter-based phase loss monitoring Smoke extraction system is always available Occupants’ safety Hightemperatures VSDs are tested for operating 1 h at 70 C Smoke extract motors are tested for operatingat 200 C for 120 min, 300 C for 60 min, 400 C for120 min, 250 C for 120 min Smoke extraction process continuity, even athigh temperatures Controlreliability Control backup in VSDs – in case of externalcommunication loss, VSDs can take overthe control Fan will continue running in a preset forlocal control mode, until the externalcommunication is recovered
—01ChallengeSolutionBenefitBoilers Heating /hot watertemperaturecontrol VSD-based burner control ensures the hot waterfor heating or domestic use has the requiredtemperature Building occupants comfort, hygieneand safetyCirculationpumps andboosterpumps Pump uptime VSD supervisory functions indicate possibleupcoming mechanical failures, such asbearing wear or events like a stalled impelleror dry pump run Smart sensors measure pump motor healthparameters like vibration and temperature Auto-restart after power failure Continuous comfort for building occupants Pressureshocks Soft pump start and stop thanks to a VSDhelps avoid water hammer Pump and piping system increased lifetimeand decreased maintenance costs Pipe leakage Leakage monitoring via a VSD indicating whenthe pressure in a pipe drops to a minimum, thussending an alarm No infrastructure damage and associatedcosts due to leakage Booster setlifetime VSD-based intelligent pump control distributesthe pump work hours equally over several pumps Optimized operation for extendedequipment life Pressuremaintenance Jockey pump control via VSDs to eliminate:- overpressure in the sprinkler system causingits components damage- underpressure in the sprinkler systemdue to e.g. incidental leakages Elimination of costly water damage inno-fire situation Elimination of sprinkler system components’damage which is not realized until provenineffective in case of a fire Availability Pump start without causing power systemoverload, if using VSD or softstarter control VSD and softstarter-based phase loss monitoring Successful fire extinguishing,occupant safety System cost VSD use eliminates the need for pressure-reducingvalves and break tanks, and can reduce thegenerator size by up to 50 percent Optimized costs without compromisingreliability and safetyFire pumpstation—02—01 VSDs control pumps and boilersin building heating systems, savinga considerable amount of energy.—02 Variable speed drives bringmany economic and safetybenefits to ventilation and airconditioning equipment.
8H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S—Features and functions that give tangiblebenefits to HVAC systems in buildingsABB offers an extensive range of devices for heating, ventilation and air conditioningapplications in buildings, extending from motors and drives to full buildingmanagement systems. It’s easy to choose the right products and features for yourspecific needs, making any building more comfortable, safe and energy efficient.Variable speed drivesLow harmonics Built-in active front end and integrated linefilter mitigate harmonic disturbances inthe network to a minimum of 3 percentReal-time clock Trips and faults are date and time stamped,so the facility management knows whathas happened and whenSystem efficiency VSDs increase the system’s efficiency byadjusting motor speeds to the current needs Advanced feature, Energy Optimizer improvesenergy use further by reducing magneticlosses in the motor Active front end drives reduce system lossesdue to almost non-existent harmonics andunity power factorElectromagnetic compatibility Compliance even with the strictest EMCstandards requiring C1 filteringBuilt-in PID control Controls applications without employingexternal controllers, decreasing automationsystem complexity and costsFireman’s override mode Makes ventilation part of a building firesuppression system, protecting peopleand property Disables warnings and faults, allowing thedrive to run even in adverse conditions foras long as possibleBuilt-in redundancy External communication loss is handledseamlessly by a VSD taking control until theexternal communication is recoveredEmbedded communication Control, monitoring and diagnostics forapplications through embedded Modbus RTUor BTL-listed BACnet MS/TP, and other optionalprotocols like BACnet IPIntelligent pump control Control of multiple pumps in the set for higherefficiency – next pump steps in when the loadincreases Distribution of work hours equally between allpumps in the set for extended equipment lifetime Redundancy – in case one of the pumps fails,the others take over the loadSafe torque off Built-in feature for safe maintenance of themechanical parts of HVAC equipmentResonance control Helps to avoid fan, pump or compressorresonance, by skipping resonant frequenciesSleep function Saves energy by stopping the motor duringlow demand and starting it again when thedemand increases by the set valueSensorless flow calculation Eliminates the need for an external flow meter,for reduced system cost
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G SMotorsBuilding management solutionsHigh reliability Protection against external conditions with IP55as standard Wide range of surface treatment and corrosion protectionsolutions available Protection against bearing currents with an extendedportfolio of solutions including insulated bearingsand shaft grounding Bearings locked at D-end to avoid axial playFlexibility, scalability, ease of integration State-of-the-art BTL-certified BACnet/IP and MS/TPcontrollers for building’s mechanical and electricalsystems control Support for simultaneous routing of communicationprotocols including BACnet MS/TP and Modbus RTU toIP layer without the use of external gateways Easily extend I/Os using the Field Level Extensionmodules to meet the most complex HVAC strategies Freely programmable controllers with availablepre-engineered application libraries Future-proof architecture with upgrade pathsEfficiency Up to IE5 efficiency level to reduce energy consumptionand improve total cost of ownershipEasy installation Oversized terminal box as standard to ease installation Flexible cabling solutions Various mounting arrangements including direct drive,belt or transmission Horizontal and vertical mountingBetter and more cost-efficient energy use Cloud-based energy management can greatly increasea building’s energy efficiency Access energy monitoring, anytime, anywhere viaweb enabled smart devices Optimize operational costs Reduce the building’s CO₂ footprintImproved occupant comfort Embedded schedules and trend logs for tuning thebuilding environment On-site operator control via touch screen display Receive alerts and alarms on mobile devices anywherein the worldIntegrated motordrive packages IE5 efficiency – highly efficient at full load andpartial load conditions Integrated design saves control cabinet space andreduces wiring costs Tune and control flexibility with multiple optionsincluding wired keypads and PC tools as well asBluetooth communication Plug and play concept with the pre-programmed driveonly requiring two inputs to run out of the box High power density with more power available fromthe same frame sizeABB Ability Smart Sensors formotors, pumps and bearingsMinimized unplanned downtime Failures can be detected well before equipment needs tobe shut down, avoiding unplanned downtimeReduced maintenance costs By changing from scheduled to condition-basedmaintenance, service costs can be considerably reducedImproved safety Eliminate the need for manual motor/pump/bearingscheck-ups in locations that are hard-to-reach ordangerous9
10H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S—From the facility to the cloudand beyondABB Ability Condition Monitoring for powertrains optimizes the performanceand efficiency of rotating equipment. It enables full transparency on allparameters for VSDs, motors, mounted bearings and applications like pumps.1 2Intelligent powertrainThe powertrain is equipped with sensorsand cloud connectivity and can comprisemotors, drives and mechanicalcomponents including bearings,couplings and applications like pumps.Variable speeddriveMotorMechanical powertransmissioneg bearingApplicationeg pumpTurning data into valuableinformationData gathered from VSDs’ built-in sensorsand loggers, together with that collectedfrom ABB Ability Smart Sensors fitted tomotors, bearings and pumps, can becollated, stored and further accessed via thecloud. The ability to gather and analyze thisdata can reveal information on the statusand condition of your equipment, so that youcan schedule proactive service.
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S113 4Accessing data for analyticsGain a digital advantageYou have access to a monitoring portalto view key operational parameters ofindividual assets as one unified system.Detailed dashboards give fulltransparency so that you can takeactions that lead to less downtime,extended equipment lifetime, lower costs,safer operations and increasedprofitability.Ensuring that the right person has the rightinformation at the right time brings: Appropriate response to process challenges,minimizing operating costs Greater insight into various aspects of theprocess, thereby improving systemperformance Lower risk of process failure, while changingyour maintenance from reactive to predictiveBuilding owners / DevelopersConsultantSystem integratorFacility manager
12H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S—Keep your facility runningFrom spare parts and technical support to cloud-basedremote monitoring solutions, ABB offers the mostextensive service offering to fit your needs. The global ABBservice units, complemented by external Value Providers,form a service network on your doorstep. Maximizeperformance, uptime and efficiency throughout the lifecycle of your assets.With you every step of the wayEven before you buy a generator, drive, motor, bearing orsoftstarter, ABB’s experts are on hand to offer technicaladvice from dimensioning through to potential energysaving.When you’ve decided on the right product, ABB and itsglobal network of Value Providers can help with installationand commissioning. They are also on hand to support youthroughout the operation and maintenance phases of theproduct’s life cycle, providing preventive maintenanceprograms tailored to your facility’s needs.ReplacementsFast and efficientreplacement services tominimize productiondowntimeEnd-of-life servicesResponsible dismantling,recycling and reusing ofproducts, according to locallaws and industrial standardsABB will ensure you are notified of any upgrades or retrofitopportunities. If you’ve registered your drives and motorswith ABB, then our engineers will proactively contact youto advise on your most effective replacement option. All ofwhich helps maximize performance, uptime and efficiencythroughout the lifetime of your powertrain.MaintenanceSystematic and organizedmaintenance and support overthe life cycle of your assets
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G SAdvanced servicesGain the unique ABB Ability digital advantage through datacollection and analytics withadvanced services13Extensions, upgrades& retrofitsUp-to-date systems and deviceswith the best possibleperformance levelEngineering & consultingIdentify ways to improve thereliability, usability, maintainabilityand safety of your processesGlobal service network 24/7Spares & consumablesAuthentic, high-quality ABBspares and consumables withquick delivery—“I need operational excellence,rapid response, improvedperformance and life cyclemanagement.”Technical support & repairsQuick and accurate responseduring emergencies and efficientsupport during planned breaksInstallation &commissioningHighly-trained and reliableinstallation and commissioningexpertsAgreementsComprehensive bundling ofrelevant services into onecontract to suit your needsTrainingComprehensive andprofessional training either atABB premises or your ownfacilities
14H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G S—With you, wherever you are in the worldPartnering with ABB gives you access to some of the world’s most innovativetechnology and thinking.Global reachABB operates in over 100 countries with its ownmanufacturing, logistics and sales operationstogether with a wide network of local channelpartners that can quickly respond to your needs.Stock availability is good, with short deliverytimes for many products, backed by 24-hourspare parts delivery.In addition, ABB interacts closely with buildingand HVAC industry players including consultants,system integrators, safety inspectors andengineering societies and organizations. Thishelps increase building safety and engineeringsystems reliability and efficiency to anabsolute maximum, while providing healthy andcomfortable environments for the occupants.ABB has seven global R&D centers with more than8,000 technologists and invests 1.5 billionannually on innovation.End-to-end product portfolioAlongside its diverse portfolio of VSDs,softstarters, motors and generators,ABB offers buildings: Medium voltage components and systemssuch as air- and gas-insulated switchgears,
H E AT I N G , V E N T I L AT I O N A N D A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G I N B U I L D I N G Suninterruptible power supply units, relays,ultra-fast earthing switches, Is-limiters toreduce high short-circuit currents, and more. Low voltage components and systems such asswitchgears, uninterruptible power supplyunits, breakers, industrial plugs and sockets,RCD blocks, power distribution units, remotepower panels, a wide range of scalable PLCsand HMIs, and more. Digital solutions including ABB Ability cross-product and system offering providingintelligence all the way to the component level,improving overall visibility and making thesystem safe, reliable and efficient.Streamline sourcingABB’s end-to-end product and services portfoliostreamlines your sourcing and purchasingactivities and standardizes processes acrossmultiple sites, saving you money on spare partinventories while reducing maintenance costs.15
—For more information, please contact your local ABB representative or visit Copyright 2020 ABB. All rights reserved.Specifications subject to change without notice.3AXD50000634699 REV A EN com/motors-generators
District heating often involves a heating substation installed in the basement of a building. It receives the heating carrier from a heat generating station and via a heat exchanger makes it available for the building heating system. An individual heating system in many cases consists of a boiler heating water up to required temperature for
Technical Diploma Program Code: 31-401-3 Total Credits: 27 Mid-State’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Installer program provides the hands-on foundation needed for an entry-level position in the heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) fields. Graduates will understand the various components
design an air conditioning system for a shopping mall with proper distribution of air and also separate energy consumption system for different vendors. Keywords:HVAC, Air-Conditioning,Refrigeration, HACR. I. INTRODUCTION HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology
combustion, basic heating systems, basic furnace design, boiler design and operation, venting of furnaces, chimney or exhaust gases, and system controls. (HVAC is a common industry reference to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.) Intro to HVAC Installation 10601121 .2 credits Addresses residential and light commercial heating and .
His industrial and consulting engineering experience ranges from ventilation and condensation problems to the development and implementation of a complete air curtain test program. The following authors contributed significantly to the textbook Principles of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.
facilities management 2020- design & construction edition: march 23. 4202 e. fowler avenue, opm 100 tampa, florida 33620-7550 phone: (813) 974-2845 website: usf.edu/fm-dc division 23 heating, ventilating & air conditioning page 1 of 43 design & construction guidelines division 23 heating, ventilating & air conditioning (hvac) division 23 heating, ventilating & air condiitoning (hvac)
Evacuate and Charge the Air Conditioning System (A7-E-4) 30 Chapter 15 - A/C System Diagnosis and Service Air Conditioning System Performance Test (A7-A-1, A7-A-3) 31 Air Conditioning Noise Diagnosis (A7-A-4) 32 Refrigerant Identification/Read Pressures (A7-A-5) 33 Leak Test the Air Conditioning System (A7-A-6) 34
Ventilation systems provide clean air by exchanging indoor and outdoor air and filtering. Air-conditioning systems can be part of integrated HVAC systems or stand-alone, providing air filtering and/or cooling/warming and dehumidification . Stand-alone systems usually recirculate the air with out mixing it with outdoor air .
1 AWWA MANUAL M41 Chapter 1 General Information and History This manual provides the user with both technical and general information to aid in the design, specification, procurement, installation, and understanding of ductile-iron pipe.
