Granite Dimensional Stone Quarrying And Processing: A Life-Cycle Inventory
Granite Dimensional StoneQuarrying and Processing:A Life-Cycle InventoryA Report Prepared for:The Natural Stone CouncilPrepared by:University of TennesseeCenter for Clean ProductsAugust 2008 Copyright 2008 Natural Stone Council
Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION12 GRANITE QUARRYING AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS12.1 GRANITE12.2 GRANITE QUARRYING OPERATIONS22.3 GRANITE PROCESSING OPERATIONS33 LCI METHODOLOGY43.1 LCI DATA COLLECTION43.2 QUALITY OF LCI DATA SET43.3 LCI BOUNDARIES43.3.1 GRANITE QUARRY OPERATIONS43.3.2 GRANITE PROCESSING OPERATIONS554 LCI RESULTS24REFERENCESList of FiguresFIGURE 1. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR GRANITE QUARRYING OPERATIONS2FIGURE 2. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR GRANITE PROCESSING OPERATIONS3List of TablesTABLE 1. GROSS ENERGY TO PRODUCE ONE TON OF GRANITE PRODUCTS6TABLE 2. WATER CONSUMPTION FOR GRANITE QUARRYING AND PROCESSING6TABLE 3. LCI INPUTS FOR GRANITE QUARRYING AND PROCESSING7TABLE 4. LCI OUTPUTS FOR GRANITE QUARRYING AND PROCESSING13TABLE 5. OTHER ANCILLARY INPUTS FOR GRANITE QUARRYING AND PROCESSING22TABLE 6. OTHER ANCILLARY OUTPUTS FOR GRANITE QUARRYING AND PROCESSING23
1 IntroductionThe Natural Stone Council (NSC) is a collaboration of businesses and trade associations thathave come together to promote the use of Genuine Stone in commercial and residentialapplications. By pooling resources, their goal is to increase the understanding of, preference for,and consumption of these natural products. Trade associations affiliated with the NSC includeAllied Stone Industries, Elberton Granite Association, Indiana LimestoneInstitute, Natural Stone Institute, National Building Granite Quarries Association, and theNational Slate Association.Recognizing that green building was becoming a permanent element of the marketplace, theNSC established a Sustainability Committee made up of key industry members to elevate theissue of sustainability within the industry and provide a body responsible for planning andimplementing relevant initiatives. In 2007, the NSC Sustainability Committee engaged in apartnership with the Center for Clean Products (CCP) at the University of Tennessee to assesscurrent industry operations relating to dimensional stone production. Prior to this evaluation, theenvironmental implications of stone extraction and fabrication processes had received littleattention compared to other industries. In particular, life-cycle inventory (LCI) data on naturalstone products was limited, not well documented, and out-of-date. This information gap waspartially due to the size and varying scale of industry members, the vast diversity of products andmaterials produced, and the global distribution of stone quarrying activities. As such, this workpresents the most comprehensive survey to-date of the natural stone industry’s practices.Provided in the following text are the results of the first phase of a three-year project launched bythe NSC to benchmark and improve the environmental profile of the natural stone industry.Specifically, the information that follows is an initial LCI characterizing granite extraction andproduction operations in North America. These data will serve as a baseline from which industrybest practices can be identified, comparisons to competing products can be made with regard toenvironmental considerations, and future research can be prioritized.2 Granite Quarrying and Processing Operations2.1 GraniteGranite is an intrusive igneous rock which is widely distributed throughout Earth’s crust at a rangeof depths up to 31 mi (50 km). Granite’s characteristic grainy structure and strength is the resultof many individual crystalline structures which form tightly together as magma slowly cools withinlarge, deeply buried rock bodies known as plutons. True granite contains 20-60% quartz as wellas both plagioclase and alkali feldspars of which the former may not exceed general balance.Other minerals such as hornblende and biotite may also occur in granite, accounting for its varietyof appearances (Alden 2004).Commercially, the term ‘granite’ includes a range of other types of non-granite dimension stoneincluding any feldspathic crystalline rocks or other igneous or metamorphic rocks which possessqualities similar to granite’s grainy, interlocking texture. Many variations of granite appear on thecommercial market with white, gray, pink, and red being the most common primary colors.Greens and browns are also available as well as darker grays and black.Commercial granite is the second largest category of dimensional stone after limestone. Graniteis currently produced in 17 U.S. states with Massachusetts, Vermont, Georgia, South Dakota, and1
New Hampshire leading production (Dolley 2007). Its primary uses include curbing, monumentalrough and dressed stone, as well as an array of applications throughout the building industry; thisstudy focuses on dimensional granite production. Two general phases of granite production exist:quarrying and processing. Each of these phases is described below.2.2 Granite Quarrying OperationsExtraction (more commonly referred to as quarrying) consists of removing blocks or pieces of stone froman identified and unearthed geologic deposit. Differences in the particular quarrying techniques usedoften stems from variations in the physical properties of the deposit itself—such as density,fracturing/bedding planes, and depth—financial considerations, and the site owner’s preference.Nevertheless, the process is relatively simple: locate or create (minimal) breaks in the stone, remove thestone using heavy machinery, secure the stone on a vehicle for transport, and move the material tostorage. A flow diagram of typical quarrying operations is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1. Process flow diagram for granite quarrying operations.As shown in Figure 1, the first step in quarrying is to gain access to the granite deposit. This is achievedby removing the layer of earth, vegetation, and rock unsuitable for product—collectively referred to asoverburden—with heavy equipment and transferring to onsite storage for potential use in laterreclamation of the site. After the face of the granite is exposed, the stone is removed from the quarry inbenches, usually 8 to 12 feet square extending 20 feet or more using a variety of techniques suitable tothe geology and characteristics of the granite deposit. Quarrying operations typically include the drillingof holes along the perimeter of the bench, followed by either cutting the stone out of the deposit usingsaws equipped with diamond wire, or by splitting the stone using hydraulic splitters or small explosivecharges. Once the bench is cut or split loose from the deposit, heavy equipment is used to lift the granitebench and transfer it to an inspection area for grading, temporary storage, occasional preprocessing intoslabs, and eventual shipment from the site. Granite of insufficient quality or size for current demand isstored on-site for future use, crushed for use in paving and construction applications, or stored for futuresite reclamation activities.2
2.3 Granite Processing OperationsProcessing operations include much more variation than extraction. Nevertheless, the generalprocedures begin with initial cutting, followed by application of a finish, and conclude with a secondcutting or shaping step. Due to the array of stone products, the second and/or third steps may beeliminated, specifically when the product will have a “natural” appearance. Figure 2 depicts thefabrication process.Figure 2. Process flow diagram for granite processing operations.Processing commences with transportation of the (raw) stone from the quarry to the processing facility, asdepicted by Figure 2. It should be noted that this step may consist of multiple transportation steps; priorto reaching the doors of the facility, the stone may be transferred to a number of vendors or distributionlocations worldwide. Additionally, some granite (blocks) may have been cut into slabs before reachingthe main fabrication plant. These are most commonly sliced to a thickness of 3/4 in (2 cm) or 1-1/4 in (3cm) in lengths of approximately10-12 ft and widths around 3-5 ft. The route that the stone takes throughthe plant therefore depends on its physical state upon arrival, as well as the product to be produced.The first step of the process is a primary cutting or shaping of the material. This is typically accomplishedfor granite using a circular blade saw, but a diamond wire saw, a gang saw with steel shot, or a splittercan also be implemented. When operating a circular or diamond wire saw, a continuous stream of waterover the saw is required in order to dissipate heat generated by the process; sufficiently-elevatedtemperature can cause major machine and material damage. Natural-faced products, such as veneer orflooring, may be completed with this step, while other products require a finishing application, secondarycutting, or both.An array of finishing applications exists, and each uses specific types of equipment to accomplish theresulting appearance. Polished or honed finishing is frequently given to granite products, but thermalfinishes are also common. The former is applied manually and/or mechanically through the use ofpolishing pads, while thermal finishes are applied with a flame or blow torch apparatus.A secondary shaping step may be necessary if the product includes any features or custom size orshape. As with primary cutting, a circular blade saw as well as a diamond wire saw are the most commontools implemented for granite. High-pressure water, a CNC (computer numerical control) machine, or asplitter also may perform the shaping. Cooling water is again necessary for large circular and diamondwire saws, as well as for cutting with high-pressure water and a CNC. Splitters are simply guillotine-likemachines and are operated hydraulically.Once a product is completed, it is packaged and stored for shipment or direct sale. Granite of insufficientquality or size for current demand is stocked on-site for future use, crushed for use in paving andconstruction applications, or stored for site reclamation activities.3
3 LCI Methodology3.1 LCI Data CollectionInformation for this study was acquired through the distribution of a technical data collection tool. Thissurvey was developed by the Center for Clean Products after touring approximately 15 stone quarriesand processing facilities located throughout the United States, and through extensive consultation withindustry experts and quarry operators. Choosing a diverse array of facilities was key to this process as abroad understanding of stone industry operations was needed to fashion questions that apply to allmembers. As such, facilities of diverse magnitudes, locations, and products were toured during thebeginning half of 2007.The survey was distributed to granite quarries and processing facilities throughout North America inJanuary of 2008. Responses were received, follow-up conducted, and the resulting data aggregated andanalyzed in the period from March to July 2008.3.2 Quality of LCI Data SetThe dataset presented in this report represents approximately 700,000 tons of quarried granite and nearly175,000 tons of dimensional granite products generated in North America. Data also reflects a diversityof operations with respect to size and location. Respondents indicated annual quarry production rangingfrom approximately 400 tons to 240,000 tons, while processors reported a range of roughly 90-55,000tons/year. Quarry data were submitted from companies located in 71% of the 17 states containing activequarries in 2006 (Dolley 2007), as well as two Canadian provinces. Reporting processing facilities arelocated in 17 states and one Canadian province.3.3 LCI Boundaries3.3.1 Granite Quarry OperationsThe LCI for quarry operations includes the inputs and outputs for each of the processes depicted inFigure 1. Specifically, processes and operations represented in the inventory presented in this reportinclude: Removal of overburden using heavy equipmentTransfer of overburden to on-site storageQuarry operations required to remove stone from deposit including drilling, cutting, splitting,and use of explosive chargesOn-site transport of stone using heavy equipment.Transport of scrap stone to on-site storageOnsite generation of energy and compressed airCapture and treatment of wastewaterUpstream production of energy and fuelsEquipment and ancillary materials (e.g. drill bits, maintenance items) are listed in Tables 5 and 6 but havenot been included in this inventory.4
3.3.2 Granite Processing OperationsThe LCI for granite processing operations includes the inputs and outputs for each of the processesdepicted in Figure 2. Specifically, processes and operations represented in this portion of the inventoryinclude: Primary shaping of stone into large, less-refined pieces, such as slabs or thin veneerApplication of a surface finish or textureSecondary shaping, including hand detailing, of stone into specific productsPackaging of finished granite products or slabs for shipmentOn-site transport of stone using heavy equipment, such as forkliftsTransport of scrap stone to on-site storage or reclamationOnsite generation of energy and compressed airCapture and treatment of wastewater and other waste materials, such as dustMaintenance activities for processing machinery and heavy equipmentUpstream production of energy and fuelsLight equipment and materials (e.g. drill bits) are listed in Tables 5 and 6 but have not been included inthis inventory.Since a fabrication facility often processes more than one stone type, each facility was categorized as a“granite” facility if the majority of their production was indicated to be granite. Under this condition, 84%of respondents who are labeled “granite” processors indicate that at least 75% of their production isgranite. The majority of the remaining 16% claimed that granite composed 60-70% of their production.4 LCI ResultsData have been obtained for the quarrying and processing of 700,000 tons and 175,000 tons of granite,respectively. The average gross energy required to produce one ton of dimensional granite is 5.60 millionBTUs. Table 1 shows the breakdown of this gross energy per ton of granite product produced. Table 2displays the water required for the same production. Table 3 and 4 display the life-cycle inputs andoutputs for both the quarrying and stone processing operations, as well as their accumulated totals.Table 5 gives the additional ancillary inputs required for the quarrying and stone processing operations,and Table 6 gives the ancillary outputs for these same processes. (Note that Tables 5 and 6 may beincomplete as the level of detail reported for ancillary materials was particularly varied.) Each of thesetables are available in an excel spreadsheet for your convenience on the Natural Stone Council website.Note that the abbreviations found in Tables 1-4 imply the following: W Withheld to avoid disclosure of company proprietary informationN/A Not applicable due to a lack of dataNR Not reported by any facility (i.e., all surveys left this survey question blank)5
Table 1. Gross energy to produce one ton of granite products.1Energy TypeElectricityNatural GasPropaneDieselGasolineOther FuelTOTALEnergy Consumption (Btu/ton)QuarryingProcessingrocessi1.77E 051.65E 061.83E 061.16E-032.32E 062.32E 066.71E 051.38E 058.09E 053.96E 051.58E 055.54E 052.55E 045.25E 047.80E 048.70E 02W8.70E 021.27E 064.33E 065.60E 061Thesevalues represent the total energy consumption of the quarryand processing sites only. See Table 3 for the complete LCI energydata.Table 2. Water consumption for granite quarrying and processing2Energy TypeGroundwaterSurface waterPublic supplyTOTALWater Consumption (gal/ton)QuarryinggTotal4.63E 0177.13E 031.39E 021.39E 0211.51E 031.25E 001.25E 0011.38E 021.87E 0288.78E 032Thesevalues represent the total water consumption at the quarryand processing sites only. See Table 3 for the complete LCI waterdata.6
Table 3. LCI inputs for granite quarrying and processing.Input DescriptionUnitsTotal Input per Ton of Stone ProducedQuarryingProcessingTOTALAir [Renewable resources]kg2.62E 022.15E 032.41E 03Barium sulphate [Non renewable resources]kg9.88E-128.28E-119.27E-11Basalt [Non renewable resources]kg1.49E-028.56E-021.00E-01Bauxite [Non renewable resources]kg6.60E-042.84E-033.50E-03Bentonite [Non renewable resources]kg4.09E-011.36E 001.77E 00Calcium chloride [Non renewable resources]kg1.01E-098.48E-099.49E-09Carbon dioxide [Renewable resources]kg1.26E 001.07E 011.19E 01Chromium ore [Non renewable resources]kg5.76E-054.28E-044.86E-04Clay [Non renewable resources]kg2.78E-029.42E-021.22E-01Colemanite ore [Non renewable resources]kg4.51E-063.75E-054.20E-05Cooling water [Operating materials]Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1,0% Cu; 0,4 g/t Au; 66 g/t Ag) [Non renewableresources]Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1,1% Cu; 0,01 g/t Au; 2,86 g/t Ag) [Nonrenewable resources]Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1,16% Cu; 0,002 g/t Au; 1,06 g/t Ag) [Nonrenewable resources]Copper - Molybdenum - Gold - Silver - ore (1,13% Cu; 0,02% Mo; 0,01 g/t Au;2,86 g/t Ag) [Non renewable kg1.45E-041.35E-031.50E-03Copper ore (0.14%) [Non renewable resources]kg1.14E-038.42E-039.55E-03Copper ore (1.2%) [Non renewable resources]kg1.79E-051.68E-041.85E-04Copper ore (4%) [Non renewable resources]kg1.59E-136.05E-137.64E-13Copper ore (sulphidic) [Non renewable resources]kg1.89E-107.17E-109.06E-10Crude oil Algeria [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.79E-013.71E-015.50E-01Crude oil Angola [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.93E 003.68E 005.62E 00Crude oil Argentina [Crude oil (resource)]kg4.40E-018.36E-011.28E 00Crude oil Australia [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.70E-015.28E-017.99E-01Crude oil Austria [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.42E-034.08E-035.50E-03Crude oil Bolivia [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.42E-084.15E-085.57E-08Crude oil Brazil [Crude oil (resource)]kg3.48E-016.64E-011.01E 00Crude oil Brunei [Crude oil (resource)]kg8.53E-081.12E-061.21E-06Crude oil Bulgaria [Crude oil (resource)]kg3.43E-082.87E-073.21E-07Crude oil Cameroon [Crude oil (resource)]kg7.47E-021.48E-012.22E-01Crude oil Canada [Crude oil (resource)]kg8.40E 001.60E 012.44E 01Crude oil Chile [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.61E-063.71E-065.33E-06Crude oil China [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.12E-012.13E-013.25E-01Crude oil CIS [Crude oil (resource)]kg6.94E-011.55E 002.25E 00Crude oil Colombia [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.44E 002.74E 004.18E 00Crude oil Czech Republic [Crude oil (resource)]kg9.52E-052.73E-043.68E-04Crude oil Denmark [Crude oil (resource)]kg6.07E-021.60E-012.20E-01Crude oil Ecuador [Crude oil (resource)]kg6.47E-011.23E 001.88E 00Crude oil Egypt [Crude oil (resource)]kg5.78E-031.67E-022.24E-02Crude oil France [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.07E-036.12E-038.18E-03Crude oil Gabon [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.03E 001.95E 002.98E 00Crude oil Germany [Crude oil (resource)]kg7.04E-032.35E-023.04E-02Crude oil Greece [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.84E-048.15E-041.10E-03Crude oil Hungary [Crude oil (resource)]kg4.81E-072.54E-063.02E-067
Crude oil India [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.47E-082.37E-072.61E-07Crude oil Indonesia [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.86E-015.48E-018.34E-01Crude oil Iran [Crude oil (resource)]kg4.00E-021.17E-011.57E-01Crude oil Iraq [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.85E 005.44E 008.29E 00Crude oil Ireland [Crude oil (resource)]kg7.41E-092.17E-082.91E-08Crude oil Italy [Crude oil (resource)]kg9.07E-032.62E-023.53E-02Crude oil Kuwait [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.26E 002.41E 003.67E 00Crude oil Libya [Crude oil (resource)]kg6.28E-021.89E-012.52E-01Crude oil Malaysia [Crude oil (resource)]kg5.24E-086.40E-076.92E-07Crude oil Mexico [Crude oil (resource)]kg8.80E 001.67E 012.55E 01Crude oil Netherlands [Crude oil (resource)]kg5.63E-031.69E-022.25E-02Crude oil New Zealand [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.78E-041.23E-031.41E-03Crude oil Nigeria [Crude oil (resource)]kg3.47E 006.63E 001.01E 01Crude oil Norway [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.34E 004.64E 006.98E 00Crude oil Oman [Crude oil (resource)]kg9.53E-021.81E-012.76E-01Crude oil Poland [Crude oil (resource)]kg3.33E-041.08E-031.40E-03Crude oil Qatar [Crude oil (resource)]kg5.19E-029.90E-021.51E-01Crude oil Romania [Crude oil (resource)]kg5.70E-041.63E-032.20E-03Crude oil Saudi Arabia [Crude oil (resource)]kg8.86E 001.69E 012.58E 01Crude oil Slovakia [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.50E-091.78E-082.03E-08Crude oil South Africa [Crude oil (resource)]kg6.75E-092.36E-083.04E-08Crude oil Spain [Crude oil (resource)]kg4.74E-041.36E-031.83E-03Crude oil Syria [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.95E-071.63E-061.83E-06Crude oil Trinidad and Tobago [Crude oil (resource)]kg3.89E-017.38E-011.13E 00Crude oil Tunisia [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.58E-037.67E-031.02E-02Crude oil Turkey [Crude oil (resource)]kg1.07E-126.56E-127.63E-12Crude oil United Arab Emirates [Crude oil (resource)]kg5.21E-021.01E-011.53E-01Crude oil United Kingdom [Crude oil (resource)]kg2.54E 005.09E 007.62E 00Crude oil USA [Crude oil (resource)]kg3.20E 016.07E 019.27E 01Crude oil Venezuela [Crude oil (resource)]kg8.64E 001.64E 012.51E 01Dolomite [Non renewable resources]kg3.24E-062.09E-052.42E-05Ferro manganese [Non renewable resources]kg4.82E-144.04E-134.52E-13Fluorspar (calcium fluoride; fluorite) [Non renewable resources]kg1.48E-069.26E-061.07E-05Gypsum (natural gypsum) [Non renewable resources]kg1.56E-025.66E-027.22E-02Hard coal Australia [Hard coal (resource)]kg2.27E-021.44E-011.66E-01Hard coal Belgium [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.61E-051.29E-041.45E-04Hard coal Bosnia and Herzegovina [Hard coal (resource)]kg2.90E-062.47E-052.76E-05Hard coal Brazil [Hard coal (resource)]kg5.19E-051.93E-042.45E-04Hard coal Canada [Hard coal (resource)]kg9.53E-024.78E-015.73E-01Hard coal Chile [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.70E-043.91E-045.61E-04Hard coal China [Hard coal (resource)]kg4.36E-032.06E-022.49E-02Hard coal CIS [Hard coal (resource)]kg5.03E-032.76E-023.25E-02Hard coal Colombia [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.26E-011.02E 001.15E 00Hard coal Czech Republic [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.21E-036.72E-037.85E-03Hard coal France [Hard coal (resource)]kg3.28E-042.69E-033.02E-03Hard coal Germany [Hard coal (resource)]kg2.79E-021.64E-011.90E-01Hard coal India [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.61E-061.50E-051.66E-05Hard coal Indonesia [Hard coal (resource)]kg2.55E-022.11E-012.37E-018
Hard coal Italy [Hard coal (resource)]kg4.45E-073.11E-06Hard coal Japan [Hard coal (resource)]Hard coal Malaysia [Hard coal 4E-092.78E-083.02E-08Hard coal Mexico [Hard coal (resource)]kg7.49E-031.42E-022.17E-02Hard coal New Zealand [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.38E-043.17E-044.55E-04Hard coal Poland [Hard coal (resource)]kg8.31E-034.81E-025.59E-02Hard coal Portugal [Hard coal (resource)]kg6.98E-081.85E-072.55E-07Hard coal South Africa [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.75E-021.11E-011.28E-01Hard coal Spain [Hard coal (resource)]kg4.99E-041.71E-032.21E-03Hard coal Turkey [Hard coal (resource)]kg5.03E-093.02E-083.52E-08Hard coal United Kingdom [Hard coal (resource)]kg4.85E-033.33E-023.81E-02Hard coal USA [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.24E 011.06E 021.18E 02Hard coal Venezuela [Hard coal (resource)]kg4.49E-023.69E-014.14E-01Hard coal Vietnam [Hard coal (resource)]kg1.18E-046.16E-047.24E-04Heavy spar (barytes) [Non renewable resources]kg9.89E-013.29E 004.28E 00Inert rock [Non renewable resources]kg9.83E 017.33E 028.31E 02Iron [Non renewable elements]kg2.87E-101.79E-092.04E-091.36E 00Iron ore [Non renewable resources]kg3.06E-011.05E 00Iron ore (65%) [Non renewable resources]kg3.10E-051.94E-042.25E-04Kaolin ore [Non renewable resources]kg7.99E-066.69E-057.48E-05Lead [Non renewable elements]kg9.64E-148.08E-139.04E-13Lead - zinc ore (4.6%-0.6%) [Non renewable resources]kg7.95E-022.65E-013.44E-01Lignite Australia [Lignite (resource)]kg5.63E-032.49E-023.06E-02Lignite Austria [Lignite (resource)]kg8.34E-052.88E-043.71E-04Lignite Bosnia and Herzegovina [Lignite (resource)]kg6.69E-065.70E-056.36E-05Lignite Bulgaria [Lignite (resource)]kg6.31E-063.54E-054.17E-05Lignite Canada [Lignite (resource)]kg5.48E-023.55E-014.09E-01Lignite CIS [Lignite (resource)]kg7.23E-041.47E-032.18E-03Lignite Czech Republic [Lignite (resource)]kg6.16E-042.37E-032.84E-03Lignite France [Lignite (resource)]kg8.42E-057.00E-047.83E-04Lignite Germany [Lignite (resource)]kg2.93E-080.00E 000.00E 00Lignite Germany (Central Germany) [Lignite (resource)]kg6.56E-022.64E-013.28E-01Lignite Germany (Lausitz) [Lignite (resource)]kg2.48E-021.46E-011.67E-01Lignite Germany (Rheinisch) [Lignite (resource)]kg4.60E-022.76E-013.15E-01Lignite Greece [Lignite (resource)]kg2.33E-041.10E-031.33E-03Lignite Hungary [Lignite (resource)]kg2.01E-051.66E-041.86E-04Lignite India [Lignite (resource)]kg3.21E-073.00E-063.32E-06Lignite Macedonia [Lignite (resource)]kg9.61E-067.62E-058.58E-05Lignite Poland [Lignite (resource)]kg2.71E-041.60E-031.86E-03Lignite Romania [Lignite (resource)]kg1.23E-069.45E-061.07E-05Lignite Serbia and Montenegro [Lignite (resource)]kg5.20E-054.37E-044.89E-04Lignite Slovakia [Lignite (resource)]kg3.10E-062.61E-052.92E-05Lignite Slovenia [Lignite (resource)]kg2.09E-051.49E-041.70E-04Lignite Spain [Lignite (resource)]kg1.05E-033.60E-034.65E-03Lignite Turkey [Lignite (resource)]kg1.32E-108.14E-109.45E-10Lignite USA [Lignite (resource)]kg1.28E 001.09E 011.22E 01Limestone (calcium carbonate) [Non renewable resources]kg1.30E 007.44E 008.74E 00Magnesit (Magnesium carbonate) [Non renewable resources]kg3.07E-071.13E-061.44E-069
Magnesium chloride leach (40%) [Non renewable resources]kg2.93E-022.18E-012.47E-01Manganese ore [Non renewable resources]kg1.10E-058.23E-059.33E-05Manganese ore (R.O.M.) [Non renewable resources]kg3.10E-031.03E-021.34E-02Molybdenite (Mo 0,24%) [Non renewable resources]kg9.24E-058.59E-049.51E-04Natural Aggregate [Non renewable resources]kg2.20E-011.68E 001.90E 00Natural gas Algeria [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.61E-021.57E-011.83E-01Natural gas Angola [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.37E-014.51E-016.88E-01Natural gas Argentina [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.91E-023.76E-025.67E-02Natural gas Australia [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.74E-023.56E-025.30E-02Natural gas Austria [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.47E-044.47E-045.94E-04Natural gas Bolivia [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.86E-058.33E-051.12E-04Natural gas Brazil [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.96E-023.85E-025.81E-02Natural gas Brunei [Natural gas (resource)]kg7.60E-049.88E-031.06E-02Natural gas Bulgaria [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.25E-092.45E-082.77E-08Natural gas Cameroon [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.84E-023.65E-025.49E-02Natural gas Canada [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.74E 001.58E 011.76E 01Natural gas Chile [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.84E-048.84E-041.27E-03Natural gas China [Natural gas (resource)]kg5.91E-031.15E-021.74E-02Natural gas CIS [Natural gas (resource)]kg6.94E-022.09E-012.62E-01Natural gas Colombia [Natural gas (resource)]kg6.59E-021.29E-011.95E-01Natural gas Czech Republic [Natural gas (resource)]kg6.83E-062.04E-052.72E-05Natural gas Denmark [Natural gas (resource)]kg5.07E-031.48E-021.89E-02Natural gas Ecuador [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.97E-027.67E-021.16E-01Natural gas Egypt [Natural gas (resource)]kg5.63E-041.68E-032.24E-03Natural gas France [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.62E-041.29E-031.56E-03Natural gas Gabon [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.47E-012.80E-014.28E-01Natural gas Germany [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.47E-028.59E-029.97E-02Natural gas Greece [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.81E-055.39E-057.20E-05Natural gas Hungary [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.08E-068.47E-069.55E-06Natural gas India [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.23E-071.15E-061.28E-06Natural gas Indonesia [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.78E-023.41E-025.19E-02Natural gas Iran [Natural gas (resource)]kg4.45E-031.34E-021.79E-02Natural gas Iraq [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.17E-012.32E-013.49E-01Natural gas Ireland [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.65E-054.85E-056.51E-05Natural gas Italy [Natural gas (resource)]kg9.47E-043.31E-034.26E-03Natural gas Japan [Natural gas (resource)]kg8.76E-097.33E-088.21E-08Natural gas Kuwait [Natural gas (resource)]kg4.66E-029.25E-021.39E-01Natural gas Libyan [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.80E-035.14E-036.93E-03Natural gas Malaysia [Natural gas (resource)]kg7.26E-049.60E-031.03E-02Natural gas Mexico [Natural gas (resource)]kg5.08E-019.93E-011.50E 00Natural gas Netherlands [Natural gas (resource)]kg5.62E-011.23E 001.78E 00Natural gas New Zealand [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.18E-058.13E-059.30E-05Natural gas Nigeria [Natural gas (resource)]kg6.32E-011.24E 001.87E 00Natural gas Norway [Natural gas (resource)]kg8.09E-021.99E-012.69E-01Natural gas Oman [Natural gas (resource)]kg5.35E-031.88E-022.41E-02Natural gas Poland [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.15E-057.45E-059.55E-05Natural gas Qatar [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.35E-021.53E-011.66E-01Natural gas Romania [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.51E-051.04E-041.40E-0410
Natural gas Saudi Arabia [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.05E-016.09E-019.14E-01Natural gas Slovakia [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.62E-081.91E-072.17E-07Natural gas South Africa [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.15E-062.59E-052.90E-05Natural gas Spain [Natural gas (resource)]kg4.91E-051.50E-041.99E-04Natural gas Syria [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.09E-081.76E-071.96E-07Natural gas Trinidad and Tobago [Natural gas (resource)]kg8.87E-027.13E-018.02E-01Natural gas Tunisia [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.28E-041.00E-031.33E-03Natural gas Turkey [Natural gas (resource)]kg1.08E-136.64E-137.71E-13Natural gas United Arab Emirates [Natural gas (resource)]kg2.01E-034.18E-036.19E-03Natural gas United Kingdom [Natural gas (resource)]kg8.04E-022.09E-012.88E-01Natural gas USA [Natural gas (resource)]kg6.90E 001.26E 021.33E 021.12E 00Natural gas Venezuela [Natural gas (resource)]kg3.79E-017.40E-01Nickel ore [Non renewable resources]kg1.25E-081.04E-071.16E-07Nickel ore (1.6%) [Non renewable resources]kg1.10E-023.68E-
2 granite quarrying and processing operations 1 1 2 3 2.1 granite 2.2 granite quarrying operations 2.3 granite processing operations 3 lci methodology 4 43.1 4 lci data collection 3.2 quality of lci data set 3.3 lci boundaries 4 3.3.1 granite quarry operations 4 3.3.2 granite processing operations 5 4 lci results 5 references 24 list of figures
(2) Granite quarrying 311 (3) Marble quarrying 311 (4) Sandstone quarrying 312 (5) Cutting and dressing 313 (6) Quarrying and splitting slate 318 (7) Kinds of finish 320 G. Machines and implements used in stone working 320 (1) Drills and drilling machines 320 (2) Channeling machines 321 (3) Gadding and gadding machines 324
On other models, extra memory is needed to support Granite. EX560 requires 16GB of RAM when configured for Granite. EX1160 requires 20GB of RAM when configured for Granite h. With the Granite license, this can grow to encompass the Granite blockstore. Increasing VSP partition decreases Granite block store and vice versa. i.
granite that is 3/8 inch (1 cm) to 2-1/2 inches (6.34 cm) in thickness, including the following: rough sawed granite slabs; face-finished granite slabs; and finished dimensional granite, including, but not limited to,
2.2 Stone Cladding The Natural Stone Institute is a trade association representing every aspect of the natural stone industry, with history going back to 1894. [1]. NSI members commonly produce stone cladding, stone flooring, and stone countertops. Stone cladding is applied to a building exterior to separate it from the natural
Scattered granite stone blocks probably part of the cist. 5. Stone block (N 11 37ʹ 45.7ˮ E 76 12ʹ 15.6ˮ) Scattered granite stone blocks probably part of the cist. 6. Megalithic cist / stone circle (N 11 37ʹ 46.1ˮ E 76 12ʹ 17.0ˮ) Spotted three stone blocks formed circular and projected part
ANNUAL REPORT . 2018. 2018 Annual Report. 3. Dear Stakeholders: . "Granite Equity" is defined and used in this letter and report as all investment entities used to make all equity investments in all Portfolio Companies since inception. It includes Granite Equity LLC, Granite Equity Associates LLC, Granite-Sartell Water Co-Investment LP .
Alexis Stone Andrew Stone Curtis C. Stone Emily Stone Marleta (Birchard) Shadduck Dave Shadduck End of 2016 Stone Reunion Minutes . Stone Reunion and Stone Memorial Association 2017 Invitation and 2016 Meeting Minutes 5 Vital Statistics Summary (information obtained between July 30, 2016 and June 10, 2017)
Short presentation on archaeological illustration generally. Introduction to pottery illustration, the equipment and the layout, presentation and conventions commonly used. Demonstration of how to draw a rim, followed by practical session Session 2 - 11th Oct. 1- 4.30pm. - Nadia Knudsen Presentation and demonstration of how to draw a pot base and a complete profile of a vessel followed by a .
