Sunflower Production Guide (A1995) - North Dakota State University
A1995 (December 2020)SunflowerProductionGuideEdited and Compiled byHans Kandel, Greg Endres and Ryan BuetowNorth Dakota Agricultural Experiment Stationand North Dakota State University Extension(Sam Markell, NDSU)
ForewordThe first edition of “Sunflower Production and Marketing ExtensionBulletin 25” was published in 1975. Revised editions followedin 1978, 1985, 1994 and 2007. This publication replaces thepublication titled “Sunflower Production,” which was published in2007.The purpose is to update information and provide a productionand pest management guide for sunflower growers. This revisedpublication is directed primarily to the commercial production ofsunflower, not to marketing and processing. It will attempt to givespecific guidelines and recommendations on production practices andpest management based on current information.This publication also is directed primarily toward sunflower productionin the northern part of the Great Plains of the U.S. However, much ofthe information is relevant to other production areas.All pesticides recommended have a U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency label unless otherwise specified. Thispublication contains certain recommendations for pesticidesthat are labeled only for North Dakota. The users of anypesticide designated for a state label must have a copy of thestate label in their possession at the time of application. Statelabels can be obtained from agricultural chemical dealers ordistributors. Use pesticides only as labeled.AcknowledgmentsThe editors are indebted to the contributors for writing sections of thispublication. The editors also appreciate the efforts made by previouscontributors because these previous sections often were the startingpoint for current sections.This publication was compiled and published in cooperation with theNational Sunflower Association (www.sunflowernsa.com).Foreword / Acknowledgments1
ContributorsPatrick Beauzay, state IPM coordinator and research specialist,NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105Gary Brewer, former department chair and professor, Department ofEntomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105Ryan Buetow, Extension cropping systems specialist, NDSU ResearchExtension Center, Dickinson, ND 58601Anitha Chirumamilla, Extension agent, agriculture and naturalresources, Cavalier County, Langdon, ND 58249Greg Endres, Extension cropping systems specialist, NDSU ResearchExtension Center, Carrington, ND 58421Dave Franzen, Extension soils specialist, NDSU Extension,North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105Bob Harveson, Extension plant pathologist, University of Nebraska,Scottsbluff, NE 69361Kenneth Hellevang, Extension agricultural engineer, NDSU Extension,North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105Karl Hoppe, Extension livestock systems specialist, NDSU ResearchExtension Center, Carrington, ND 58421Brent Hulke, sunflower breeder, U.S. Department of Agriculture –Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), North Dakota StateUniversity, Fargo, ND 58105Joe Ikley, Extension weed specialist, NDSU Extension, North DakotaState University, Fargo, ND 58105Hans Kandel, Extension agronomist, NDSU Extension, North DakotaState University, Fargo, ND 58105Page Klug, research wildlife biologist, USDA-Animal and Plant HealthInspection Service-Wildlife Service National Wildlife ResearchCenter, North Dakota Field Station, North Dakota State University,Fargo, ND 58105Jan Knodel, Extension entomologist, NDSU Extension, North DakotaState University, Fargo, ND 58105Sam Markell, Extension plant pathologist, NDSU Extension,North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105Febina Mathew, oilseeds plant pathologist, South Dakota StateUniversity, Brookings, SD 57007John Nowatzki, ag machine systems specialist, NDSU Extension,North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 581052Sunflower Production Guide www.ndsu.edu/extension
Frayne Olson, Extension crops economist, NDSU Extension,North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105John Sandbakken, Executive director, National Sunflower Association,Mandan, ND 58554Tom Scherer, Extension agricultural engineer, NDSU Extension,North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105Former editors: David W. Cobia, David E. Zimmer, Marcia McMullenand Duane R. BerglundFormer contributors:Ron R. Allen, Roger Ashley, William S. Ball, James Bauder,Duane R. Berglund, Al Black, Carl Bradley, Lawrence Charlet,David W. Cobia, William Danke, Alan Dexter, Carl Fanning,Gerhardt N. Fick, George Flaskerud, Basil Furgala, Phil Glogoza,Thomas Gulya, James Hanzel, James Helm, Harvey J. Hirning,Edna T. Holm, Vernon L. Hofman, David H. Kinard,Larry Kleingartner, Arthur Lamey, Greg Lardy, George Linz,Darnell Lundstrom, Dean McBride, Hugh McDonald, Jerry Miller,John Nalewaja, Berlin Nelson, David M. Noetzel, William K. Pfeifer,Lyle Prunty, Charlie E. Rogers, LeRoy W. Schaffner, Albert Schneiter,Robert and Jay Schuler, John T. Schulz, Don Tanaka,Tommy E. Thompson, Sebastian Vogel, Howard D. Wilkins,David E. Zimmer, Richard Zollinger and Joseph C. Zubriski.Contributors3
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ContentsForeword. 1Acknowledgments. 1Contributors. 2I. Introduction. . 7Historical Perspective. 9Taxonomy. 10Growth Stages. 11Description of Sunflower Growth Stages. 12II. Production. 15World Production. 17U.S. Production. 17Acreage. 17Seed Yield Per Acre. 18Prices. 19Sunflower Marketing Strategy. 19III. Hybrid Selection and Production Practices. 23Hybrid Selection. 25Sunflower Market Types. 25Criteria for Hybrid Selection. 26Production Practices. 27Seed Quality. 27Soils. 27Soil Fertility. 27Other Nutrients. 35Organic Sunflower Nutrient Management. 35Water Requirements for Sunflower. 36Soil Water Management for Dryland Sunflower . 37Irrigation Management. 37Tillage, Seedbed Preparation and Planting. 40Tillage and Seedbed Preparation. 40Conventional-till Production Systems. 40Air Drill Use. 41No-till Production Systems. 42No-till and One-pass Seeding. 42Planting Dates. 43Row Spacing and Plant Population. 43Postharvest Tillage. 46Crop Rotation. 46Pollination. 47Pollinator Safety. 48Contents5
IV. Pest Management. 49Integrated Pest Management. 51Insect Pest Management. 54Diseases of Sunflower. 99Weeds. 123Birds. 130Other Pests and Damage. 135V. Hail Injury. 139VI. Harvesting. . 147VII. Drying and Storage. . 153VIII. Feeding Value of Sunflower Productsin Beef Cattle Diets. 161IX. U.S. Grades and Standards for Sunflower. 167X. Glossary. 1716Contents
I. Introduction(Ryan Buetow, NDSU)Introduction7
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IntroductionHans KandelThree primary types of sunflower are grown: (1) oilseed for vegetableoil production, (2) nonoilseed for human food and bird food marketsand (3) Conoil, which can be used for the dehull confection, oil orbird food markets. The oilseed hybrids may be of three fatty acidtypes: linoleic, mid-oleic (NuSun) or high oleic. They are usually blackseeded and have a thin hull that adheres to the kernel.Seed of the oilseed varieties contains from 38% to 50% oil and about20% protein. Some black-seeded oil types go into the hulling marketfor birdseed. Nonoilseed sunflowers also has been referred to asconfectionery sunflower, and seeds usually are white striped and large.Nonoilseed sunflowers generally have a relatively thick hull thatremains loosely attached to the kernel, permitting more completedehulling. Seed of the nonoilseed hybrids generally is larger than thatof the oilseed types and has a lower oil percentage and test weight.Sunflowers are a major source of vegetable oil in the world. Historical PerspectiveSunflower, native to North America, grows wild in many areas of theU.S. Sunflower has a long and varied history as an economic plant,but the time and place of its first cultivation is uncertain. Sunflowerwas used by North American inhabitants before colonization of theNew World. Spanish explorers collected sunflowers in North America,and by 1580, it was a common garden flower in Spain. Early Englishand French explorers, finding sunflower in common use by the nativeAmericans, introduced it to their respective lands. It spread along thetrade routes to Italy, Egypt, Afghanistan, India, China and Russia.Sunflower developed as a premier oilseed crop in Russia and hasfound wide acceptance throughout Europe. Oilseed sunflower hasbeen an economically important crop in the U.S. since 1966. Before1966, sunflower acreage in the U.S. was devoted primarily tononoilseed varieties.The center of sunflowers’ origin has been identified as being limited tothe western Plains of North America, but whether the domesticatedtype originated in the Southwest or in the Mississippi or MissouriRiver valleys has not been determined. The wild form of the cultivatedsunflower is well-known, which is not true with most of our cultivatedcrop species today.The Native Americans used sunflower as a food source before thecultivation of corn. Sunflower also was used as a medicinal crop,Introduction9
source of dye, oil for ceremonial body painting and pottery, and as ahunting calendar. When sunflower were tall and in bloom, the bison fedon it, and according to stories told, the fat and the meat were good.Cultivation of sunflower was undertaken by New World settlers asa supplementary food. Later, sunflowers were grown primarily as agarden ornament. They also were grown as an ensilage crop in the late1800s and early 1900s.Expanded world production of sunflower resulted primarily fromdevelopment of high-oil varieties by plant scientists and thedevelopment of hybrids. Sunflower is widely grown in the world wherethe climates are favorable and a high-quality oil is desired. TaxonomyThe cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the 67species in the genus Helianthus. All are native to the Americas andmost are found in the U.S. It is a member of the Asteraceae family andhas a typical composite flower (Figure 1).The basic chromosome number for the Helianthus genus is 17.Diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species are known.The majority of the species are perennial, with only about a dozenannual species. Plant breeders have made interspecific crosses withinthe genus and have transferred such useful characteristics as higher oilpercentage, cytoplasmic male sterility for use in production of hybrids,and disease and insect resistance to commercial sunflower.Figure 1.Detailsof thehead of asunflowerandselectedparts.(J. Miller andC.Y. Oseto)10Sunflower Production Guide www.ndsu.edu/extension
Growth StagesThe division of growth into vegetative and reproductive stages asdeveloped by Schneiter and Miller is shown in Figure 2. This schemeis important because it gives producers, scientists and the industry acommon basis to discuss plant development.A1145Figure 2. Stages ofsunflower development.Vegetative StagesStages ofSunflowerDevelopment(A.A. Schneiter and J.F. Miller)V-ETrue leaf — 4 cmReviewed byHans Kandel, Extension AgronomistAuthorsA.A. Schneiter, former NDSU professorJ.F. Miller, former USDA-ARSD.R. Berglund, emeritus NDSU extension agronomistV-2V-12Reproductive StagesV-4R-1R-2Lessthan2 cmMorethan2 cmR-2R-3R-5.1R-3 Top ViewR-5.5R-3R-4 Top ViewR-5.9R-6North Dakota State UniversityFargo, North DakotaReviewed July 2019R-7R-8R-9Introduction11
Description of Sunflower Growth StagesThe total time required for development of a sunflower plant andthe time between the various stages of development depends on thegenetic background of the plant and growing season environment(Table 1). When determining the growth stage of a sunflower field, theaverage development of a large number of plants should be considered(Table 2).This staging method also can be used for individual plants. Instages R7 through R9, use healthy, disease-free heads to determineplant development if possible because some diseases can causehead discoloration. Also, in a number of hybrids, the stay-greencharacteristic is present, which means the yellowing or browning ofthe bracts may not be a good indicator of plant maturity.Table 1. Growing degree days: sunflower growth and development.SunflowerStagePlant Emergence4 true Leaves8 true Leaves12 true Leaves16 true Leaves20 true LeavesMiniature terminal budBud 1” from leafBud 1” from leafBud open ray flowers visibleEarly flower50% floweredFlowering completeBack of head - pale yellowBracts green - head back yellowBracts yellow - head back brownAverage GDD1 units fromplanting and days from plantingGDD 78486104119Sunflower growth and development respond to heat units similar to corn and several othercrops. In sunflower, the base temperature of 44 F is used to determine growing degree days(GDD). The daily GDD formula is: GDD [(daily maximum temperature daily minimumtemperature) 2] – 44 F. Source: North Dakota Agricultural Weather Network112Sunflower Production Guide www.ndsu.edu/extension
Table 2. Description of sunflower growth stages.StageDescriptionV (number)Vegetative Stages(e.g., V1, V2, V3, etc.)These are determined by countingthe number of true leaves at least 4centimeters (cm) in length beginning asV1, V2, V3, V4, etc. If senescence of thelower leaves has occurred, count leaf scars(excluding those where the cotyledons wereattached) to determine the proper stage.R1 Reproductive StagesThe terminal bud forms a miniature floralhead rather than a cluster of leaves. Whenviewed from directly above, the immaturebracts have a many-pointed starlikeappearance.R2The immature bud elongates 0.5 to 2 cmabove the nearest leaf attached to thestem. Disregard leaves attached directly tothe back of the bud.R3The immature bud elongates more than 2cm above the nearest leaf.R4The inflorescence begins to open. Whenviewed from directly above, immature rayflowers are visible.R5 (decimal)(e.g., R5.1, R5.2, R5.3, etc.)This stage is the beginning of flowering.The stage can be divided into substagesdependent upon the percent of the headarea (disk flowers) that has completed or isin flowering. Ex. R5.3 (30%), R5.8 (80%),etc.R6Flowering is complete and the ray flowersare wilting.R7The back of the head has started to turn apale yellow.R8The back of the head is yellow but thebracts remain green.R9The bracts become yellow and brown. Thisstage is regarded as physiological maturity.From Schneiter, A.A., and J.F. Miller. 1981. Description of Sunflower Growth Stages. CropSci. 21:901-903.Introduction13
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II. Production(Sam Markell, NDSU)Production15
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Production World ProductionJohn Sandbakken and Hans KandelSunflower is native to North America but commercialization of theplant took place in Russia. Sunflower oil is the preferred oil in most ofEurope, Mexico and several South American countries.Major producing countries or areas are Ukraine, Russia, EuropeanUnion, Argentina, Turkey and the U.S. (Figure 3). These countries/areas of the world produced in 2019 about 86% of the world’s oilseedand nonoilseed sunflower.Figure 3. 2019 world production of all sunflowers. U.S. ProductionAcreageThe first sustained commercial production of oilseed sunflower in theU.S. occurred in 1966, when about 6,000 acres were grown. Totalcombined acreage of oilseed and nonoilseed sunflower increasedgradually in the late 1960s and expanded rapidly in the 1970s,reaching a peak in 1979 at 5.5 million acres. The U.S. share of worldproduction has declined as production in Argentina and other countrieshas increased.The bulk of U.S. sunflower production occurs in North Dakota andSouth Dakota. Other contributing states include Kansas, Minnesota,Colorado, Texas and Nebraska (Table 3). The majority of the acreageharvested is for oil production versus nonoil uses (Table 4).Production17
Table 3. Total planted sunflower acreage by states 1995-2019.North DakotaSouth DakotaKansasMinnesotaColoradoTexasNebraskaOther statesTotal U.S.Thousand Acres1995200020052010acres x 337511,9511,8601,351Table 4. Harvested U.S. sunflower acreage 1995-2019.19952000200120052010acres x 100020152019Oilseed2,829 2,116 2,060 2,032 1,422 1,510 1,118Nonoilseed539531495578451290126TotalThousand Acres 3,368 2,647 2,555 2,610 1,873 1,800 1,244Seed Yield Per AcreAnnual average North Dakota sunflower yields from 1990 to 2019ranged from 840 to 1,750 pounds per acre for oilseed and from 780to 1,860 pounds per acre for nonoilseed sunflower. Average yield forall oil and nonoil sunflower per acre for the 1990-2019 period was1,383 pounds per acre. Yearly variability is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4. Average North Dakota sunflower yield 1990-2019in pounds per acre.18Sunflower Production Guide www.ndsu.edu/extension
PricesHistorically, sunflower depended heavily on the export market foreither seed or oil. With the advent of NuSun and high oleic sunflower,the market has switched almost exclusively to a U.S. and Canadianmarket. Both of these oils are very stable and do not requirehydrogenation as do competitive oils, such as traditional soybean andcanola oils, when used in a frying application. Sunflower prices noware more determined by their relationship to corn oil prices.Large domestic users tend to buy in advance. Thus prices are notdirectly affected by the Chicago soybean oil contract and are not aslikely to be as volatile. More opportunities are available to presella portion of the crop well before planting begins. This ensures adomestic user of a supply and allows a producer to “lock in” a pricefor a portion of his production.Storage of sunflower is necessary. The domestic market needs a12-month supply of oil and crushers will need a steady supply ofseed. Crushers likely will have to provide producers with storagepremiums for delivery in the out-of-harvest months.Oilseed sunflower producers have the advantage of multiple marketoptions: the hulling market, the crush market or the bird food market.Supply and demand drive prices in all three markets.Nonoilseed sunflower production is geared to the “in-shell” markets.Nonoilseed hybrids produce a significant level of large seeds. Growersoften are paid on a percentage of large seed. Quality standards forconfection sunflower are high and allow little tolerance for off-colorand insect damage.Sunflower Marketing StrategyFrayne OlsonSunflower marketing strategies usually use the cash forward contractfor locking in a price prior to harvest. Use of this contract may beappropriate on a portion of the sunflower crop, but on-farm storagefor sale at a later date is also common. Storage costs and the risk ofquality loss must be weighed against the potential for higher prices inthe future.Production ContractsProduction contracts are common in the sunflower industry. Thissection provides a brief overview of key contract provisions thatshould be reviewed and understood before entering into a productioncontract.Production19
Understand what you are signing – Reading and understandingcontract provisions always is important because they describethe rights and responsibilities of both parties in the agreement.Considerable differences can occur in contract terms amongcompanies and contract provisions often change through time.Discussing contract provisions with the buyer before signing a contractcan prevent misunderstandings and help maintain a strong workingrelationship.Production requirements – Most sunflower production contractsspecifically require the farmer (seller) to use accepted agronomicproduction practices and apply only registered crop protectionproducts. Some contracts also include a list of acceptable hybrids orrequire the seed to be purchased from the company (buyer). Becauseconfection sunflowers are used as human food, the expectation is thatfood safety standards and testing will become more stringent in thefuture. Stricter food safety requirements likely will lead to contractsincluding more detailed production provisions.Act-of-God clause – Some sunflower contracts contain an act-ofGod clause, which releases the farmer (seller) from the terms of thecontract due to an act of God, such as hail, drought, flood or disease.An act-of-God clause normally only covers the production shortfallbelow the contracted amount. The farmer (seller) still is expected todeliver the available production from the contracted acres.The farmer (seller) must notify the company (buyer) as soon aspossible when a potential production problem occurs to ensure thatthis contract provision is enacted. Many contracts require the farmerto provide written notice within 10 days of an event.Grading and quality standards – The U.S. Department of Agriculture’sFederal Grain Inspection Service standards are the core standardsused to trade sunflower. However, some domestic and internationalend users are beginning to request more detailed grading and qualityspecifications. Grading and quality specifications should be listedclearly in the contract. If they are not, be sure to ask the buyer for acopy of the grading and quality standards that will be used.Delivery period – Production contracts typically require delivery atharvest during a pre-specified delivery period or on a “buyer’s-call”basis. Harvest delivery refers to delivery directly from the field to theagreed-upon delivery point during the normal harvest period. This isthe most common type of contract in the sunflower industry. Buyers inother crop sectors commonly offer alternative prices for pre-specifieddelivery windows, such as the first half of November, to better matchdeliveries with expected shipments. Buyer’s-call refers to an openended delivery schedule in which the company (buyer) will determinethe delivery period and schedule deliveries with the farmer (seller)20Sunflower Production Guide www.ndsu.edu/extension
when needed. Buyer’s-call typically requires the farmer to store thecontracted production until delivery is requested.Pricing and payment – Sunflower production contracts typically usea fixed-base price for the contracted production. Price premiums ordiscounts can be used to adjust for grade and quality differences.Some specific premium or discount rates are not known until the timeof delivery. Payment generally is made a short time after all of thecontracted production has been delivered. However, delayed paymentor deferred payment options often are available.Production21
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III. Hybrid Selectionand ProductionPractices(Sam Markell, NDSU)Hybrid Selection and Production Practices23
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Hybrid Selection andProduction Practices Hybrid SelectionBrent Hulke and Hans KandelSelection of sunflower hybrids (Figure 5) to plant is one of the mostimportant decisions a producer must make each season. In additionto intended market, variables such as yield, maturity, dry down,standability, herbicide tolerance, and pest and disease resistance,should be considered.Figure 5. A hybrid seed production field of sunflower.Female and male parents are planted in alternate stripsacross the field. (Marcia McMullen, NDSU)Sunflower Market TypesSeveral different market classes of hybrids exist. Oilseed hybridscurrently marketed in North America are either “NuSun” (mid-oleic) or“high oleic.” NuSun sunflower hybrids will produce an oil with morethan 55% oleic fatty acid, a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acidand 15% to 35% linoleic fatty acid. High oleic sunflower has a highproportion of oleic acid in the oil, typically above 85%, and the oil hasa long shelf life.Nonoilseed hybrids also are available for in-shell markets, and mosthave a high linoleic (traditional) oil profile. Confection hybrids arecharacterized by having large seed, with a distinctive color stripingon the hull. Hybrids with very long, large seed are in demand for theexport market.Hybrid Selection and Production Practices25
Producers must be careful to set their combine concave widthsproperly to avoid hull damage on these hybrids. Producers generallyplant nonoilseed hybrids at a lower plant population and increaseinsect scouting and control to maintain high kernel quality. Contractsare available to producers interested in planting nonoilseed hybrids.Conoil hybrids, which are a cross between oilseed and confectiontype, also are available for producing dehulled kernel products and“SunButter” under contract.Criteria for Hybrid SelectionGrowers should use several criteria in hybrid selection. Seed yieldpotential is an important trait to consider when looking at an availablehybrid list. Yield trial results from university experiment stations,National Sunflower Association-sponsored trials and commercialcompanies should identify consistently high yielding hybrids for aparticular area. For North Dakota, information is available on thevariety trial web site www.ag.ndsu.edu/varietytrials/sunflower.Oil percentage should be another trait to consider in oilseed hybridselection. Several environmental factors influence oil percentage, butthe hybrid’s genetic potential for oil percentage in your region is one ofthe most important considerations for hybrid choice because of the oilpremium/discount structure.Maturity and dry down should be considered when deciding whathybrid to plant. Maturity is especially important if planting is delayed,being mindful of the average killing frost in your area. Yield, oil contentand test weight often are reduced when a hybrid is damaged by frostbefore it is fully mature.An earlier hybrid likely will be drier at harvest than a later hybrid,thus reducing drying costs and potentially allowing for earlier harvestto avoid blackbird feeding on the sunflowers. Also, consider plantinghybrids with different maturity dates as a production hedge to spreadrisk and workload at harvest.The most economical and effective means to control sunflowerdiseases and other pests is planting resistant or tolerant hybridsand considering a minimum of three to four years’ rotation betweensuccessive sunflower crops. Hybrids are available with resistance torust, Verticillium wilt and certain races of downy mildew.Whole-plant stability traits, such as root strength and stalk health,are important to reduce lodging, stem diseases and infestation frominsects such as the Dectes stem borer. Hybrid selection may includeselecting a hybrid with resistance to certain postemergence herbicides:Express or Beyond. This nontransgenic resistance was derived fromthe wild species of sunflower or from mutagenesis.26Sunflower Production Guide www.ndsu.edu/extension
Production PracticesSeed QualityHans KandelHigh quality, uniform seed with high-germination, known hybridvarietal purity and freedom from weed seeds and disease should beselected to reduce production risks. The standard germination testprovides an indication of performance under ideal conditions but islimited in its ability to estimate
Karl Hoppe, Extension livestock systems specialist, NDSU Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND 58421 Brent Hulke, sunflower breeder, U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Joe Ikley, Extension weed specialist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota
sunflower oil is used as a low-saturated fat cooking oil. Linoleic types were the predominant oil-sunflower hybrid produced, but their acreage has decreased. NuSun is currently the predominant oil-type sunflower grown, because seeds produce a healthier oil that contains less saturated
maintained as a control. Herbicide application in plots amended with sunflower residue had the least total weed count and biomass, which was even better than herbicide used alone. Integration of recommended dose of Treflan with sunflower residue at 1,400 g m-2 produced maximum (987.5 g m-2) aboveground biomass of broad bean, which was 74 and
Vol. 8 No. 3 Density Distribution Sunflower Plots 3 are depicted by a dark sunflower. If the number of observations in a bin is less than
QUIZ 1 Choose only ONE best answer. The term germinate means: a. is full of germs. b. will not grow. c. beginning to sprout. d. ready to plant Which pests can damage a sunflower crop? a. Caterpillars b. Cockatoos c. Snails d. Rutherglen pest e. All of the above A sunflower seed is a. Lo
Biological Control of Sunflower Insect Pests Many natural enemies have made the transition along with their hosts from native to cultivated sunflower Many potential pests held in check by beneficials Natural enemies known for major pest species predators & parasitoids have been studied little known about pathogens
site with Katie Yates, Chief Financial Officer for South Sunflower County Hospital and Courtney Phillips, Chief Executive Officer for South Sunflower County Hospital and South Sunflower County Hospital Foundation. Above: Architect Rendering Above: Architect Rendering Above: Architect Rendering The Foundation awarded grant funds to
On November 8, 2021, begin using the routing number for Sunflower Bank, N.A. 101100621 (New Routing Number) Sunflower Bank will send a notice of change to service providers and employers requesting they update the account routing number in their records for electronic credits .
Am I My Brother’s Keeper? The Analytic Group as a Space for Re-enacting and Treating Sibling Trauma Smadar Ashuach The thesis of this article, is that the analytic group is a place for a reliving and re-enactment of sibling relations. Psychoanalytic and group analytic writings about the issue of siblings will be surveyed. Juliet Mitchell’s theory of ‘sibling trauma’ and how it is .
