Zeus Extensible Traffic Manager (ZXTM) 3 - Broadband Testing
Zeus Extensible TrafficManager (ZXTM) 3.1A Broadband-Testing Report
First published February 2005 (V1.0)Published by Broadband-TestingLa Calade, 11700 Moux, Aude, FranceTel : 33 (0)4 68 43 99 70Fax : 33 (0)4 68 43 99 71E-mail : info@broadband-testing.co.ukInternet : HTTP://www.broadband-testing.co.uk 2005 Broadband-TestingAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, photocopied, stored on a retrieval system, or transmitted without theexpress written consent of the authors.Please note that access to or use of this Report is conditioned on the following:1.The information in this Report is subject to change by Broadband-Testing without notice.2.The information in this Report, at publication date, is believed by Broadband-Testing to be accurate and reliable, but is not guaranteed. All useof and reliance on this Report are at your sole risk. Broadband-Testing is not liable or responsible for any damages, losses or expenses arisingfrom any error or omission in this Report.3.NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED ARE GIVEN BY Broadband-Testing. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING IMPLIEDWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED ANDEXCLUDED BY Broadband-Testing. IN NO EVENT SHALL Broadband-Testing BE LIABLE FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL ORINDIRECT DAMAGES, OR FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT, REVENUE, DATA, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, OR OTHER ASSETS, EVEN IFADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.4.This Report does not constitute an endorsement, recommendation or guarantee of any of the products (hardware or software) tested or thehardware and software used in testing the products. The testing does not guarantee that there are no errors or defects in the products, or thatthe products will meet your expectations, requirements, needs or specifications, or that they will operate without interruption.5.This Report does not imply any endorsement, sponsorship, affiliation or verification by or with any companies mentioned in this report.6.All trademarks, service marks, and trade names used in this Report are the trademarks, service marks, and trade names of their respectiveowners, and no endorsement of, sponsorship of, affiliation with, or involvement in, any of the testing, this Report or Broadband-Testing isimplied, nor should it be inferred.
TABLE OF CONTENTSZXTM 3.1 REPORT – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 1INTRODUCTION – LAYER 7: ONLY THE BEGINNING. 2ZXTM 3.1 – FEATURES AND FUNCTIONALITY OVERVIEW. 3What Exactly Is ZXTM? . 3Key Layer 7 Features . 4Features Previously Highlighted. 4New Feature Highlights . 5Management Interface. 5Rate Shaping . 6Client (Connection) Aggregation . 6Inbound And Outbound Event-Based Decisions. 7Content Masking. 8Request Buffering. 10Compression . 11ZXTM Feature Test: Sample Scenarios . 13Scenario 1: Avoiding The Dreaded “Page Not Found” Syndrome . 13Scenario 2: Transparently Repairing Broken Website Images . 13Scenario 3: Using Google As Your Own Site Search Engine . 14ZXTM 3.1 PERFORMANCE TESTS . 17Test Overview. 17Requests Per Second. 18Throughput . 19SSL . 19Compression . 21OVERALL SUMMARY. 22APPENDIX: THE TESTBED DETAILS. 23TABLE OF FIGURESFigure 1 – ZXTM Within The Backend Network . 4Figure 2 – The Revised ZXTM GUI . 5Figure 3 – Inbound and Outbound Event Control . 8Figure 4 – L7 Content Masking Example – Zeus Rival. 9Figure 5 – L7 Content Masking Example – ZXTM TrafficScript. 10Figure 6 – Request Buffering – WebSphere Example. 10Figure 7 – Making Intranet Server Available As Extranet . 14Figure 8 – Zeus.com Search Engine . 15Figure 9 – The SOAP Response . 16Figure 10 – The SOAP Response Formatted Into HTML . 16Figure 11 – Performance Chart: Requests Per Second . 18Figure 12 – Performance Chart: Throughput. 19Figure 13 – Performance Chart and Table: SSL Transactions Per Second . 20Figure 14 – Performance Chart and Table: Compression . 21Figure 15 – Spirent WebAvalanche 2500. 23Figure 16 – Creating A WebAvalanche Test . 24
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Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportZXTM 3.1 REPORT – EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWith ZXTM, Zeus is looking to enter the Layer 7 trafficmanagement market in a different way to that taken by the playersto date. Zeus has forcedly – and correctly – come to the Layer 7market from an intelligent software perspective, and at a verycompelling price:performance point.Intelligent traffic management is what ZXTM is all about. Therefore,in order to really make this a really flexible tool, Zeus has createdthe TrafficScript language to define rules with. This has thecapability to inspect all aspects of the incoming request, from thesource and destination port and IP address to the type and actualcontent of the traffic. TrafficScript also supports DTD and XSLTXML processing.ZXTM has a number of interesting and unique features. Theseinclude the “draining nodes” feature which lets you gracefully takeservers out of an active pool without cutting user connections.Another is the “Diagnose” feature which ensures that yourconfiguration is correct, before you deploy it.ZXTM has extensive redundancy and resilience built-in, whichexceeds the current standard for this product class. It hasdeveloped what it calls N M scalability where near infiniteredundancy and scalability is achieved. Moreover, adding anadditional ZXTM to a cluster is simple, as a new ZXTM isautomatically detected by the existing cluster and the configurationis automatically replicated. So this makes scalability very costeffective (you only have to buy one additional ZXTM if that’s all youneed), and very easy at the same time.Performance – measured across a range of metrics, in real-worldsituations, proved both good in class and excellent on aprice:performance basis. Zeus’ N M scalability suggests that thislevel of performance can continue to increase in direct relation tothe addition of further ZXTM servers. Due to the constraints of ourtest bed in this instance, we were unable to reach the limits of adual ZXTM configuration, but look out for a total scalability test inthe near future.Not only is ZXTM very competitive on a price:performance basis,but equally important here is that, despite this price advantage,ZXTM has class-leading features.Page 1
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportINTRODUCTION – LAYER 7: ONLY THE BEGINNINGThere’s been a lot of talk over the years about what constitutes a Layer 7device.What it is not, is load-balancing. That is a Layer 4 application and a veryworthy one at that. But what is really required, in addition, is to be able tomanipulate any application data at L7 and talk directly to the applicationsand network services. Now we are talking about a revolutionary change innetworking, where it becomes a software technology, not one with a limitedlifespan courtesy of the hardware and available bandwidth technologies.This means that there are no physical limits to what you can do and whereyou can go. It creates a truly ubiquitous development platform which allowsthe network to be changed and developed constantly, without the samekind of impact there is now when making physical additions and changes.Hardware becomes a simple extension of the network logic. The intelligentnetwork takes it and manages it directly, in association with the applicationsand services running across it. It’s what at Broadband-Testing we’re calling“the future of networking” and I have personally spoken about thisdevelopment on panels and at seminars over the past 12 months and metwith a very positive – and interested – reaction from press and analystsalike. And getting these guys on your side is no bad thing So, from my perspective, we are talking about the START of the real L7product phenomenon, not the end. And we also need to look at who needsL7 technology. To date the products have been targeted almost exclusivelyat service providers, search engines, portals, carriers all the top-end,service-oriented guys. But at a (far) lower entry price, the world of mediumenterprise computing has many of these same requirements – serveroptimisation (TCP offload), application optimisation (compression etc), afundamental security (for example, Denial of Service attack) foundation andthe ability thereafter to manipulate data to optimise performance further.It’s all about getting a cost/sales model that gives this market a product atthe right price while still maintaining sufficient margins as the vendor tomake real money. We’re not talking about loss leader products here butmoney-making products in their own right. The Internet (i.e. direct salesacross ) is the perfect vehicle here, but how many of the existing L7product vendors can move down to this model and make a profit?Can Zeus? The answer should be “yes”. But can Zeus also play at the “topend” where a full feature set to rival F5s latest and greatest V9 offering issurely the minimum requirement? As a software-only offering it means itcan be married to whatever hardware you choose, within the bounds ofLinux and Unix support that is. It also offers effectively unlimited scaling –see later – so that heavy-duty clusters of its ZXTM traffic managementsoftware can be created to manage huge amounts of data.This, then, is the promise that Zeus makes with ZXTM. So can it deliver?Read on Page 2
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportThe Aims Of This ReportWithin the scope of this report we’re looking to achieve two aims:1. Test the new features Zeus has added in version 3.1 of its ZXTM trafficmanagement product and identify real-world scenarios where thesefeatures can be applied successfully.2. Highlight the unique features of ZXTM among the Layer 7 TrafficManagement product marketplace3. Carry out performance testing on key performance areas including:-Maximum Requests Per SecondSSL Sessions (terminating at the ZXTM)Maximum ThroughputCompression Rates (maximum connections with compression enabled)All the tests are based around real-world scenarios, real applications andreal data. So the results really do mean something to the network manageror anyone who has to deal with the problems of traffic management on adaily basis.This report effectively appends and updates the original Broadband-Testingreport on the Zeus ZXTM 2.0 product, which is available from our websiteat: www.broadband-testing.co.ukZXTM 3.1 – FEATURES AND FUNCTIONALITYOVERVIEWWhat Exactly Is ZXTM?ZXTM (Zeus Extensible Traffic Manager) is a software application designedto run on a number of listed supported UNIX and LINUX platforms.This immediately differentiates it from the other Layer 7 products we’ve hadin the Broadband-Testing labs, all of which have been hardware-based.You can even download this one for free evaluation from the Zeus websiteand then keep it if you like it (so long as you pay up!).It operates at both Layer 4 (load-balancing) and Layer 7, so is in directcompetition with the likes of F5 Networks’ BIG-IP Application switches,NetScaler’s 9000 Series Request switches and Cisco CSS11000 switches.Note the common theme here – switches. ZXTM is NOT a switch, buteffectively a server-based network appliance that just happens to be sold assoftware. The range starts with the ZXTM v3.1 L-B, a low-cost, cut-downversion of the full-blown product, with several variants between the two, soyou only pay for what you need. ZXTM typically sits in front of the serverfarm, behind the Internet gateway, as shown over the page:Page 3
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportFigure 1 – ZXTM Within The Backend NetworkThis means it works on a simple gateway principle – one way in, one wayout (though in practise this may be via multiple, trunked Gigabit NICconnections) sharing Gigabit Ethernet switch capacity with the server farm.With its multi-faceted redundancy configurations (see later), it also meansthat huge clusters of distributed ZXTM devices can be created offering bothextreme levels of performance and extreme levels of resilience.Zeus claims that not tying the software down to a specific hardware basemeans that it can always be deployed – and cost-effectively upgraded whenit suits you - on the latest, greatest, fastest server platforms, whereasswitch-based products obviously have a slower migration path to the newerprocessors and backplane technologies because of the upheaval involved.It’s an interesting argument and certainly one that will stimulate the Layer 7market among the analyst community.Key Layer 7 FeaturesFeatures Previously HighlightedIn our first report on the ZXTM product, available from the BroadbandTesting website (www.broadband-testing.co.uk) we highlighted several keyfeatures of the product:Virtual ServersPoolsTrafficScriptDraining NodesHealth MonitorsCatalogsApplication Acceleration and Process OffloadingSSL AccelerationPage 4
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportService ProtectionContent CompressionConnection ManagementSession PersistanceFault Tolerance and ScalabilityLoad BalancingConfiguring and Managing ZXTMWe then put some of these features to the test by creating real-worldscenarios to se if they could deliver real application benefits in the followingareas:Backend UpgradeMonitoringDifferentiated ServicesISP/VISP HostingCustomer Migration (Enterprise ASP)In each case, ZXTM successfully delivered a solution for that requirement,as our last report shows. Now we will focus on new features, or thoseimportant features that were not covered in detail in the first report.New Feature HighlightsManagement InterfaceFigure 2 – The Revised ZXTM GUIWith 3.1 of ZXTM, Zeus has resigned the already excellent GUI slightly, inorder to enable quicker access to more features. An example of this is thePage 5
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportServices button that has been added to the top menu, which gives one-clickaccess a list of key configuration options.The “I want to” wizard option, a drop-down list on the GUI home page, isparticularly well designed and isn’t a limited functionality feature just forshow as many are; Zeus’ own engineers use this facility. In multi-ZXTMdeployments, configurations are automatically synchronised across theentire cluster. Any one ZXTM in the cluster can be used to manage thewhole cluster.From the management interface, all aspects of system activity can beobserved, recorded and downloaded for offline analysis. Significant eventsare alerted immediately via the GUI, Email, SMS or SNMP. An example ofthis clarity is evident at the top of every page, where an applet continuallymonitors the state of all ZXTM machines in a Traffic Management cluster. Itinstantly reports on any error conditions in the cluster and the amount oftraffic flowing through it, such as:The health of ZXTM machines in the clusterThe health of back-end nodes in the clusterThe consistency of configuration across the clusterConfiguration errorsInstantaneous traffic to each running virtual serverRate ShapingWhile bandwidth control is essentially an L4 function, with ZXTM it isgoverned by L7 decision logic. Bandwidth Management classes are used torestrict the bandwidth used by various user-specified sets of connections.Each class imposes a bandwidth limit, and connections may be assigned toa class (according to service, or according to a TrafficScript rule – ZXTM’sscripting tool). Importantly, limits apply to the external interface only, so youdon't unintentionally throttle back internal traffic. Thus, total availablebandwidth can be split up and assigned to different classes of request, andcertain requests can be throttled to ensure that they do not dominate theavailable bandwidth.While this feature is useful for general traffic control and applicationprioritisation is can also be used to ensure that a website copes withextremes of traffic, such as in a flash flood situation, or an attack, wherelegitimate users can continue to access the service unhindered.In a clustered configuration, bandwidth limits are correctly applied acrossthe cluster, being shared automatically. The limits apply cluster-wide, ratherthan per-machine, and the machines negotiate between themselves todetermine how the bandwidth is shared out, depending on the current localtraffic rates to each machine.Client (Connection) AggregationTCP optimisation is a key element in optimising traffic flows between the L7device and the clients at one side and servers at the other.ZXTM has full L7 support for HTTP keep-alives and pipelines from client toZXTM, and independently from ZXTM to back-end server. ZXTM upgradesclient and server connections to keep-alives whenever possible to reducethe latency of a browsing session and to marginally reduce bandwidth.Page 6
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportIt will multiplex multiple client connections down a single keep-aliveconnection to the server, reducing the number of simultaneous connectionsthe server must manage.However, many traffic managers mandate NAT to preserve the client IPaddress in the connection to the server. In this case, it is impossible tomultiplex connections from different clients down a single serverconnection. In this case, the Traffic Manager must maintain a separate poolof keep-alive server connections for each client. These connections will belargely idle, but must be held open. This causes significant non-linearscalability problems for the server. But, because ZXTM does not use NATto preserve the client address, it does not suffer from this problem.Example 1: Server Keep-aliveA client connects to ZXTM, and does not support HTTP keep-alives. ZXTMwill use an already established keep-alive connection to the selected server(or create a new one if one does not exist), so reducing latency andprocessing in both the ZXTM and the server.Example 2: Client Keep-aliveA client connects to ZXTM and sets up a keep-alive connection. ZXTMconnects to a server; the server declines the keep-alive and closes theconnection when the request has completed (this is a common Apacheconfiguration as it mitigates Apache's non-scalability). ZXTM maintains thekeep-alive connection to the client. This reduces latency and processing inboth the client and ZXTM.Example 3: Multiplexing Client ConnectionsSeveral different clients, from several different source IP addresses,connect to ZXTM. ZXTM reuses the same HTTP keep-alive serverconnection for each client's connection, even though the connections havecome from different source IP addresses. This greatly reduces the numberof connections to the server and avoids the scalability problems created byNAT-based traffic managers.Inbound And Outbound Event-Based DecisionsThe ability to manipulate data in either direction – inbound or outbound – isa critical component of an L7 device. That is to say that you:Run a request rule when you get request dataWhen the rule completes, the request is streamed to the serverRun a response rule when you get response dataWhen the rule completes, the response is streamed to the clientWhereas some competing devices need almost 20 separate events toachieve this, ZXTM provides the equivalent functionality with just two. Thisprovides a simple and efficient environment in which to host the rules logic.Example: With increased adoption of always-on broadband Internetconnections, many of Zeus' ISP customers have reported considerablyhigher loads on their mail servers than before.Page 7
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 ReportRead requestfrom clientStream responseto clientStream request toserverRead responsefrom serverFigure 3 – Inbound and Outbound Event ControlThis is because customers' mail software connects to a mail server usingPOP or IMAP and polls it regularly (perhaps once a minute) to check fornew mail. Even though no mail will have arrived, each check consumesresources in the server. Zeus has therefore provided a TrafficScript rulewhich monitors the response from the mail server. If the user has no newmail, ZXTM “remembers” this and for the next five minutes, each time theychecks for new mail, ZXTM immediately returns a 'no-new-mail' response.After the five minutes is up, ZXTM lets the user check the real mailboxagain. This TrafficScript rule involves manipulating the POP or IMAPprotocol in complex ways, parsing responses, remembering persistent stateand faking responses when no mail exists. It is therefore an excellentexample of the power and flexibility of ZXTM's event architecture and thecapabilities of TrafficScript, not the first time we’ve lauded this particularfeature.Content MaskingThis is seen by Zeus as one of ZXTM's core strengths.Content masking is where you hide information that may be valuable –sensitive personal information such as banking details, for example – duringa data transfer. While this feature is supported by some of Zeus’ key rivals,it can be a relatively complex rule to set up. However, with TrafficScript it issimply a few lines of scripting.In the example below, we look at how ZXTM can mask details of someone’ssocial security number. A published example of this kind of masking by akey rival of Zeus took around 50 lines of code to achieve, as illustratedbelow. But with TrafficScript we were able to perform the same function withsignificantly less effort (and therefore processing overhead). Note also, thathalf of the TrafficScript “code” here consists simply of remark lines.Page 8
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 Reportrule ssn rule {when HTTP REQUEST {Set secure dir "/cgi-bin/"}# Check for sensitive documents.if {[HTTP::uri] contains secure dir } {set check content 1# Don't allow data to be chunked.if {[HTTP::version] "1.1"} {if {[HTTP::header is keepalive]} {# Adjust the Connection header.HTTP::header replace "Connection" "Keep-Alive"}HTTP::version "1.0"}} else {set check content 0}when HTTP RESPONSE {if { check content 1} {# Calculate the amount to collectset content length 0if {[HTTP::header exists "Content-Length"]} {set content length [HTTP::header "Content-Length"]}# If the header is missing, use a sufficiently largenumberif { content length 0} {set content length 4294967295}HTTP::collect content length}}when HTTP RESPONSE DATA {set payload [HTTP::payload [HTTP::payload length]]set ssnx “xxx-xxx-xxxx”# Find the SSN numbersregsub -all {\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}} payload ssnxnew response# Replace the content if there was a matchif { new response ne payload} {HTTP::payload replace 0 [HTTP::payload length] new response}}HTTP::closeFigure 4 – L7 Content Masking Example – Zeus RivalAbove is an example of content masking a social security number using arival technology to ZXTM while, on the next page is TrafficScript’s version.Page 9
Broadband-Testing Zeus ZXTM 3.1 Report# Obscure any social security numbers in the response# Social security numbers resemble 123-45-6789# only process text/html responses.if( http.getResponseHeader( "Content-Type" ) ! "text/html") break;# only process responses from requests for /cgi-bin/.:if( ! string.startsWith( http.getPath(), "/cgi-bin/" ) )break;# Automatically reads entire body, dechunking if required body http.getResponseBody(); new string.regexsub( body,"\\d{3}-\\d{2}-\\d{4}", "xxx-xx-xxx", "g" );if( new ! body ) http.setResponseBody( new );Figure 5 – L7 Content Masking Example – ZXTM TrafficScriptRequest BufferingMany client applications scale poorly and non-linearly as they handle moreand more TCP connections – generally because they schedule connectionsin a per-thread or per-process manner. One way around this is to employrequest buffering. ZXTM has full client and server request buffering, andZXTM's unlimited inspection depth can be used to take maximumadvantage of this capability. ZXTM buffers up a client's request beforeconnecting and forwarding the request to the server. Likewise, it buffers theresponse from the server, and can close the server connection long beforeit has sent the entire response to the client. The net result is that the serverconnection is very short-lived, and the server is largely insulated from theeffects of slow, unreliable connect
With ZXTM, Zeus is looking to enter the Layer 7 traffic management market in a different way to that taken by the players to date. Zeus has forcedly - and correctly - come to the Layer 7 market from an intelligent software perspective, and at a very compelling price:performance point. Intelligent traffic management is what ZXTM is all about.
ZXTM from Zeus Technology operates at both Layer 4 (L4) load-balancing and Layer 7 (L7) intelligent traffic management levels and it is Ethernet-based but it is not a switch, or really any kind of "Ethernet device" per se, but effectively a server-based network
Zeus Traffic Manager's built-in RTP proxy can be used to manage and make fault-tolerant both the SIP and RTP traffic in an environment where all clients are local: Using Zeus Traffic Manager's built-in RTP proxy when all clients are local In more complex environments, a specialized RTP proxy is required. I NV I T E m a ry @ e xa m p le . c om
Zeus Traffic Manager can manage the client connections on behalf of Apache. In this case, the Apache server behaves as if it were communicating on a fast, low-latency network. Zeus Traffic Manager can give consistent performance and can eliminate the latency effects that cause poor performance in Apache.
Load Balancing systems have found greater usage in a number of our day to day things [7]. Some of the few examples are: DNS (Domain Name Server), ZXTM LB (Zeus Extensible Traffic Manager Load Balancer) and AMAZON Load Balancing. These provide effective load
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