Modeling And Design Of Smart Card Prepayment System For . - IJSR
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 Impact Factor (2015): 6.391Modeling and Design of Smart Card PrepaymentSystem for Efficient Utilisation of Electrical Energyin the Distribution SystemSharad Chandra Rajpoot1, Kishan Gupta2, Prashant Singh Rajpoot3, Nirmal Panigrahi41Assistant Professor (EE) G.E.C. Jagdalpur, Bastar, Chhattisgarh, India2Electrical Instructor Aadimjati Kalyan Vibhag, Ratanpur, Bilaspur, India3Assistant professor (EE) L.C.I.T., Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India4Lecturer (EE) L.C.I.T., Bilaspur, ChhattisgarhAbstract: Today the metering instrument technology grown up significantly, such that the Consumed energy can be calculatedmathematically displayed, data can be stored, data can be transmitted etc. Presently the micro-controllers are playing major role inmetering instrument technology. The present project work is designed to collect the consumed energy data of a particular energyconsumer through wireless communication system (without going to consumer house); the system can be called as Automatic MeterReading (AMR) system. The automatic meter reading system is intended to remotely collect the meter readings of a locality using acommunication system, without persons physically going and reading the meters visually. The application of the e-metering system isextended to streamline power distribution with online monitoring of power quality, real time theft detection and automatic billing. Thepower utility can recharge the prepaid card remotely through mobile communication based on customer requests. The proposed prepaidmeter is implemented in a software model and MATLAB has been used for simulation. This meter has the characteristics of highaccuracy, prepayment, multi-metering, agile measuring approaches, different events record and complete data freezing.Keywords: smart energy meter, e-metering system, MATLAB, power theft, distribution system, GSM system ,power quality, automaticmeter reading1. IntroductionThe Electrical metering instrument technology has come along way from what it was more than 100 years ago. Fromthe original bulky meters with heavy magnets and coils,there have been many innovations that have resulted in size& weight reduction in addition to improvement in featuresand specifications [1]. Resolution and accuracy of the meterhave seen substantial improvements over the years.Introduction of the digital meter in the later part of lastcentury has completely changed the way Electricalparameters are measured. Starting with Voltmeters &Ammeters the digital meter has conquered the entirespectrum of measuring instruments due to their advantageslike ease of reading, better resolution and ruggedconstruction [2]. The particular significance is theintroduction of the Electronic Energy Meter in the mideighties [7]. Now a days, the energy consumption andenergy distribution has become a big subject for discussionbecause of huge difference in energy production andconsumption. In this regard, energy consumers are facing somany problems due to the frequent power failures; anotherimportant reason for power cuts is due to the un-limitedenergy consumption of rich people [1]. In this aspect, tominimize the power cuts and to distribute the energy equallyto all areas, some restriction should have over the powerconsumption of each and every energy consumer, andaccording to that the Government should implement apolicy, by introducing Autonomous Energy Meterseverywhere in domestic sector[4].Hence, the need has cometo think on this line and a solution has to be emerged out.From the customer’s perspective, if electrical equipment isto operate correctly, the electrical energy must be suppliedat a voltage that is within a specified range around the ratedvalue of the equipments in operation [9]. Most of theequipments in use today require good power quality.However, due to several factors the significant amount ofdistortion is present in the supply in most of the cases [11].These factors may be external disturbances ininterconnected power grids, environmental disturbances likelightning strike or the non-linear characteristics of theequipments in operation now-a-days [12].Maintaining thepower quality within acceptable limits is critical not only forthe utility companies, but also for the consumers[1].Keeping the above issues in mind, we have worked onthe development of a micro-controller based smart meterwith data logging capacity and ability to monitor some basicpower quality variations at the same time [14].The idea is toattempt to develop a meter that will give us sufficient data toanalyze customer behavior and at the same time will becapable of tracking power quality variations [21].1.1 Motivation and ObjectiveIn the distribution power system, electric power isdistributed among various consumers, thus a number oftapings are taken from a distribution line. In the developingcountries and even in the small areas there is a lots ofproblems related to the power theft. Which results in a largeamount of power wastage and the overall efficiency ofpower system is reduced to a great extent. The objective ofVolume 6 Issue 3, March 2017www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: 3031706569
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 Impact Factor (2015): 6.391this project report is to analyze the effect on the power flowin the distribution lines, when an extra tapping or anunauthorized load is connected in a distribution line i.e.called POWER THEFT in general language. And further todetect this unauthorized tapping and give signals for takingappropriate action against the tapping. So that the efficiencyof power system gets increased. [1]Today the metering instrument technology grown upsignificantly, such that the Consumed energy can becalculated mathematically displayed, data can be stored,data can be transmitted etc. Presently the micro-controllersare playing major role in metering instrument technology.The present project work is designed to collect theconsumed energy data of a particular energy consumerthrough wireless communication system (without going toconsumer house); the system can be called as AutomaticMeter Reading (AMR) system. The automatic meter readingsystem is intended to remotely collect the meter readings ofa locality using a communication system, without personsphysically going and reading the meters visually.[2]2. Smart Meters2.1 OverviewIntroduction to Smart meters are innovative and advancedutility metering systems that record several quantities like aconsumer’s energy, water or gas usage in real time. Theterm smart meter is most commonly used to refer toelectricity meters that keep detailed statistical data on theenergy usage. It is designed to record how much electricalenergy is consumed and at what time. Commerciallyavailable smart meters can vary with respect to the featuresbut they have the same basic functionalities. Smart metersare meant to facilitate real time data acquisition and remotecommunication of the data to the utility companies. Inaddition, they may perform additional functions like poweroutage notification and power quality monitoring. Smartmeters may also be capable of implementing time-of-usepricing. [18]Internationally, smart meter deployment has been a criticalaspect of the intelligent energy network. Various countrieshave been promoting the installation of intelligent meters,especially over the last decade. The most successfulimplementation of smart meters in the world has been inItaly. Italy has more than 30 million smart meters, whichcovers around 80% of their households. Besides, the smartmeter deployment scenario in USA, Canada, Australia andEurope are discussed in.[2]2.2 Remote Metering of Energy MetersThe introduction of electronic energy meters for electricalenergy metering has resulted in various improvements in theoperations of utilities apart from the increase in revenue dueto better recording of energy consumption. One suchadditional benefit is the possibility of reading the metersautomatically using meter-reading instruments even withoutgoing near the meter. Meter Reading Instruments (MRI) isintelligent devices with built in memory and keyboard. Themeter reader can download the energy consumption andPaper ID: 3031706related information from the electronic meter into the meterreading instrument either by connecting the MRI physicallyto the meter using their communication ports or bycommunicating with the meter from a distance using RadioFrequency (RF) communication media. [8] RFcommunication method is similar to a cordless telephone,which is quite common these days. The meter and the MRIare provided with an antenna. When the meter readerpresses a button on the MRI, it communicates with the meterthrough RF and asks for all the data that are preset. Themeter responds with all relevant data like meteridentification number, cumulative energy consumed till thattime etc. After reading many meters like that in one MRI,the meter reader can go to the office and transfer all thesedata into a computer, which will have all these data for theprevious billing period. Using these two data, the computercalculates the consumption for the current billing period andprepares the bill for each consumer. [10]The use of RF communication enables the utility to installthe meters on top of the electric pole out of reach of theconsumers thereby eliminating chances of tamper of themeter. Frequencies in the range of 400 MHz to 900 MHzcommunication can be achieved using low powertransmitters at reasonable costs. Power line carriercommunication is another method of remote metering. Inthis method the meter data is transferred to an MRI orcomputer by using the power line itself as the medium oftransmission. This solution is generally cheaper than RF butneeds good quality power lines to avoid loss of data. Thismethod is more attractive for limited distancecommunication. Third medium of communication possibleis telephone line. This is viable only for industrial meterslike the Trivector meter because of the cost of Modemsrequired and the need for a telephone line, which may not beavailable in every house. This medium has the advantage ofunlimited distance range. Remote metering is typically not adefault option, but something provided for selectedcustomers. The preferred customer base may includesuspicious clients or those located very close to others, suchas in a high-rise building. In the latter case, tens or hundredsof meters may use RF to send billing data to a commoncollector unit, which then decodes the data withmicrocontrollers or computers. [8]2.3 Prepayment MeteringYet another advantage of the electronic meter is thepossibility of introducing Prepaid metering system. Prepaidmetering system is the one in which the consumer paysmoney in advance to the utility and then feeds thisinformation into his meter. The meter then updates the creditavailable to the consumer and starts deducting hisconsumption from available credit. Once the credit reaches aminimum specified value, meter raises an alarm. If the creditis completely exhausted the meter switches off the loads ofthe consumer. [21]2.4 Prepaid Energy Metering570
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 Impact Factor (2015): 6.391Energy meters, the only direct revenue interface betweenutilities and the consumers, have undergone severaladvancements in the last decade. The conventional electromechanical meters are being replaced with electronic metersto improve accuracy in meter reading. Asian countries arecurrently looking to introduce prepaid electricity metersacross their distribution network, after the success of thisnovel methodology in South Africa. The existing inherentproblems with the post-paid system and privatization ofstate held power distribution companies are the majordriving factors for this market in Asia. [17]Over 40 countries have implemented prepaid meters in theirmarkets. In United Kingdom the system, has been in use forwell over 70 years with about3.5 million consumers. Theprepaid program in South Africa was started in 1992 sincethen they have installed over 6 million meters. OtherAfrican counties such as Sudan, Madagascar are followingthe South African success. The concept has found ground inArgentina and New Zealand with few thousands ofinstallations. The prepaid meters in the market today arecoming up with smart cards to hold information on unitsconsumed or equivalent money value. When the card isinserted, the energy meter reads it, connects the supply tothe consumer loads and debits the value. The meters areequipped with light emitting diodes (LED) to informconsumers when 75 percent of the credit energy has beenconsumed. The consumer then recharges the prepaid cardfrom a sales terminal or distribution point and during thisprocess any changes in the tariff can also be loaded in thesmart card. [15]2.5 Benefits of Smart MetersSmart meters are beneficial to both the utility companies aswell as the consumer, whether commercial or domestic.From the perspective of the utility companies, the smartmeters offer the following advantages: It eliminates the requirement for manual meter readingsince the remote meter reading facility incorporated in themeters enable the consumption data to be communicatedback to the utility. The continuous data inflow from the smart meters overlong periods of time may ultimately help the utilitycompanies to forecast the load demand at a particular timeof the day. It gives better overall monitoring and control over thesystem and enables better management of the availablepower resources. It provides near real-time data to the utility companies.This in turn makes it possible for the utilities to detectpower outages and load fluctuations more quickly andhence take necessary steps to restore the system.[21] It allows the utility companies to have sufficient data toimplement tariff rates based on time-of-use. Theelectricity cost per unit can be raised during periods ofhigh demand and lowered during periods when theconsumption is low. Smart meters and time-of-use billing may offer a limiteddegree of control over the load demand during peak loadperiods.[21]Smart meters offer the following advantages to theconsumers: If the smart meter data is available to the consumers, itwill enable them to continuously monitor their energyconsumption. From the consumer’s perspective, smart meter will put anend to the practice of estimated billing by the utilitycompanies. The consumers will also know for sure thatthere are no anomalies in the number of units of energythey are paying for and the number of units of energy theyhave actually consumed. Smart meters, when combined with time-of-use basedbilling, will encourage consumers to be flexible withrespect to the non-critical loads, as this will in turn reducetheir energy bills.[19]2.6 Limitation of Smart MetersFrom the discussions of the previous section, smart metersseem to have a clear edge over the traditional meters.However, smart meters also have certain drawbacks. Thesedrawbacks pose a significant impediment in theimplementation of the smart meters.The drawbacks of smart meters can be summarized asfollows: The biggest problem facing the utility companies inimplementing the smart meters is the capital investmentrequired from the consumer. It is difficult for the utilitiesto convince the consumer about the financial benefits theyare going to enjoy in the long run. In order to convincethe consumers into investing in the smart meters, it isnecessary to educate the customers and change theiroutlook. Implementation of smart meters is faced with thedifficulties associated with the transition to a newtechnology. Overhauling the older metering system andreplacing them with the new meters is a long drawn andcritical process that requires extensive planning. In orderto reap the benefits associated with the smart meteringsystem, the entire network must be equipped with the newadvanced meters. Consequently, it becomes necessary toreach out to all consumers connected to the network andconvince them to upgrade to the new metering system. One of the greatest disadvantages associated with thesmart meters is that the consumers feel it is an invasion oftheir privacy. The argument towards this concern is thatthe meter data will give considerable indications tooutsiders about their private life. The vulnerabilities arisefrom the fact that meter data is communicated to theutility via the internet or via a wireless network. Also,third party corporations will be able to access and analysethe private household data without the consent of theuser.[12]3. Problem StatementEnergy meter are typically calibrated in billing units, themost common one being the kilowatt hour. Periodic readingof electric meters establishes billing cycles & energy usedduring a cycle. In settings, when energy savings duringVolume 6 Issue 3, March 2017www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: 3031706571
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 Impact Factor (2015): 6.391certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand, themaximum use of power in some interval. In some areaselectric rates are higher during certain times of day,reflecting the higher cost of power resources during peakdemand time periods. Also in some areas meter have relaysto turn off non-essential equipment.[17]Data taken from the energy meter by the microcontroller isdisplay into the LCD in digital numeric form.Microcontroller initiates the GSM scheme, which transfersthe information to the transmitter. Load consumption is alsoreceived in the form of message into the mobile. [21]Following are the associated problems regarding traditionalenergy meters: If there is an error on billing, the error will not be detectedeasily. There is a problem of energy thief by person to personand no one can catch the thief. On billing time, there is a huge line for paying. Peoplewere stands for many hours and facing problems. Power distribution system is not efficient Illiterate people do not understand billing system.There is no prevention of manipulation of reading. [21]4. SolutionThe main objective of this dissertation is to design anddevelop an intelligent energy metering system that canefficiently control the amount of electricity consumed by theuser.GSM technology is used so that the consumer would receivemessages about the consumption of power (in watts) and ifit reaches the minimum amount, it would automatically alertthe consumer to recharge The aim of the project is tominimize the queue at the electricity billing counters and torestrict the usage of electricity automatically, if the bill isnot paid. The project also aims at proposing a system thatwill reduce the loss of power and revenue due to powerthefts and other illegal activities. The GSM module providesa mode of communication between the user/meter and theEB Station. This will enable the user to recharge his/herelectricity account from their home.[21]5. MethodologyFigure: block diagram smart card base energy meterAs the card is brought near to card reader it reads the valueof the card and the value is stored in the pre-paid energymeter. As the load is connected its current is sensed andconverted to digital signal and then computed to KWH(kilowatt hour) unit. The readings are decremented as longas load is connected. When the card value is reduced tozero, the load does not get power. The load is also not ONwhen some different card is brought near to card reader. Thedisplay of reading can be shown on LCD display or sevensegments LED display.5.1 Hardware Analysis5.1.1 Main Components1.Transformer 2.Relay 3.Resistor 4.Bridge rectifier 5. LCD6.Transistor 7.Capacitor 8.Diode 9.ICs 10.Power supply11.Energy meter 12.Microcontroller 13.Regulator 14.LED15.PCB 16.Opto Coupler 17.Temperature Sensor 18.Analogto Digital Converter.5.1.1.1 TransformerA smart card is to be entered in Radio Frequency ID(RFID). It will then send command to energy meter. It willallow the power to user through solid state relay. As long aspower is consumed by the user the reading on energy-meterwill start increasing till it reinserts the card. Whenever thepower is put off, energy-meter will stop the reading.Whenever the card is reintroduced into card reader (RFID),the command will go to energy-meter to cut-off the powerand stop the energy-meter. Whenever power is increased bysecond load, then energy-meter will increment faster.220V AC supply feed into the step down transformer, itdown to 220V AC to 12V AC. Then it introduced to therectifier and filter circuit to convert it into the 12V DCvalue. After that it is passes through the voltage regulator(7805), by which it produced 5V DC. 5V DC supplied to theRFID, GSM Module and Microcontroller.Microcontroller activate to the relaying scheme. Thenswitch is used to connect the desired amount of the load.Load consumption is recorded by the energy meter in KWh.Paper ID: 3031706Figure: Transformer symbolTransformers convert AC electricity from one voltage toanother with little loss of power. Transformers work onlywith AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricityis Accosted-up transformers increase voltage, step-downtransformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a572
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 Impact Factor (2015): 6.391step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mainsvoltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. [21]Turns ratio Power Out Power In (i.e. transformer is constant powerdevice)Where, Primary voltage Secondary current Primary current Secondary voltage Number of turns on primary coil Number of turns on secondary coilStep down 230 to 12vTurn ratio ‹ 15.1.1.2 RelayA relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes underthe control of another electrical circuit. In the original form,the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or closeone or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to control anoutput circuit of higher power than the input circuit. It canbe considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electricalamplifier.0-18A 0-32AFigure: Relays [21]Table: Resistor Colour Coding5.1.1.4 DiodeThe most common function of a diode is to allow an electriccurrent to pass in one direction (called the diode's forwarddirection), while blocking current in the opposite direction(the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as anelectronic version of a check valve. This unidirectionalbehavior is called rectification, and is used toconvert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC),including extraction of modulation from radio signals inradio receivers—these diodes are forms of rectifiers.5.1.1.3 ResistorResistors are the electronic components used to control thecurrent passing through the circuit. They are calibrated inohms. In other word resistance are circuit elements havingthe function of introducing electrical resistance into thecircuit.Figure: Diode characteristicsVolume 6 Issue 3, March 2017www.ijsr.netLicensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BYPaper ID: 3031706573
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 Impact Factor (2015): 6.3915.1.1.5 Prepayment MetersFigure: Prepayment Meters5.1.1.7 Regulator IC (7805)Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5,12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also ratedby the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltageregulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies.Most regulators include some automatic protection fromexcessive current ('overload protection') and overheating('thermal protection').It is a three pin IC used as a voltageregulator; it converts unregulated DC current into regulatedDC current. The voltage regulator we are using here has arating of 35V and it gives an output of 5V. Its ratings andcharacteristics arc provided in the table below. [22]Figure: A Prepayment KeyPrepayment meter and magnetic stripe tokens, from a rentedaccommodation in the UK, describe by the fig. 4.16. Thebutton labeled a displays information and statistics such ascurrent tariff and remaining credit. The button labeled Bactivates a small amount of emergency credit should thecustomer run out The standard business model of electricityretailing involves the electricity company billing thecustomer for the amount of energy used in the previousmonth or quarter. In some countries, if the retailer believesthat the customer may not pay the bill, a prepayment metermay be installed. This requires the customer to makeadvance payment before electricity can be used. If theavailable credit is exhausted then the supply of electricity iscut off by a relay. In the UK, mechanical prepayment metersused to be common in rented accommodation.Disadvantages of these included the need for regular visitsto remove cash and risk of theft of the cash in the meter.[21]5.1.1.6 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electro-opticalamplitude modulator realized as a thin, flat display devicemade up of any number of color or monochrome pixelsarrayed in front of a light source or reflector, it is oftenutilized in battery-powered electronic devices because ituses very small amounts of electric power.CharacteristicInput VoltageOutput VoltagePower DissipationStorageTemperatureRating9V5V20.8 W-55 to 150oC6. Advantages of Project Cost saving of energy-meter reading. Prevention of manipulation of reading both by technician& consumer. Advance collection of revenue. Power distribution management is efficient. Analysis of load consumption is easy. User who does not know unit of energy (in KWH) can’tunderstand billing methodology. Saves lot of time and power for electricity department. Energy conservation. User can recharge number of unit’s required (prepaidsystem). Lots of time and power saving for electricity department. Automatic controlling of energy meter. Non-volatile memory based energy meter storage.7. Limitation of ProjectFigure: Liquid crystal display (LCD) circuit diagramPaper ID: 3031706 Such systems are costlier compare to bill that consumerpays per month. Such system installation cost is huge.574
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-7064Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 Impact Factor (2015): 6.3918. Application of Smart Card Based EnergyMeter It is used in residential areas like homes, hotels,apartments, complex etc. In large & big factories, it is used for saving the power. In big textile industries, it is also used for saving thepower. In field areas like farms, there are large power motors areused, so for their power saving purpose, we use smartcard based energy meter. With the help of smart card based energy meter, we canprevent to commit a theft of electricity. Household electrical systems. Hotels and short term residential houses. Industrial power consumers. Shared meter systems.for 12 hours. In this process only the exposed copperportion is etched out by the solution. [21]Now the petrolwashes out the paint and the copper layout on PCB isrubbed with a smooth sand paper slowly and lightly suchthat only the oxide layers over the Cu are removed. Now theholes are drilled at the respective places according tocomponent layout. [18]9.1.2 Layout DesignWhen designing the layout one should observe the minimumsize (component body length and weight). Before starting todesign the layout we need all the required components inhand so that an accurate assessment of space can be made.Other space considerations might also be included from caseto case of mounted components over the printed circuitboard or to access path of present components. [17]9. Design Specification9.1 Steps Taken While Preparing Circuit9.1.1 PCB DesigningThe main purpose of printed circuit is in the routing ofelectric currents and signal through a thin copper layer thatis bounded firmly to an insulating base material sometimescalled the substrate. This base is manufactured with anintegrally bounded layer of thin copper foil which has to bepartly etched or removed to arrive at a pre-designed patternto suit the circuit connections or other applications asrequired. The term printed circuit board is derived from theoriginal method where a printed pattern is used as the maskover wanted areas of copper. The PCB provides an idealbaseboard upon which to assemble and hold firmly most ofthe small components. [21]From the constructor's point of view, the main attraction ofusing PCB is its role as the mechanical support for smallcomponents. There is less need for complicated and timeconsuming metal work of chassis contraception exceptperhaps in providing the final enclosure [18].Most straightforward circuit designs can be easily converted in to printedwiring layer the thought required to carry out the inversioncan be footed high light an possible error that wouldotherwise be missed in conventional point to point wiring.The finished project is usually neater and truly a work of art.Actual size PCB layout for the circuit shown is drawn on thecopper board. The board is then immersed in FeCi3 solutionIt might be necessary to turn some components around to adifferent angular position so that terminals are closer to theconnections of the components. The scale can be checked bypositioning the components on the squared paper. If anyconnection crosses, then one can reroute to avoid suchcondition. All common or earth lines should ideally beconnected to a common line routed around the perimeter ofthe layout. This will act as the ground plane. If possib
2.4 Prepaid Energy Metering . Paper ID: 3031706 570. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) . Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Energy meters, the only direct revenue interface between utilities and the consumers, have undergone several advancements in the last decade .
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