Beauty School Debt And Drop-Outs - Institute For Justice
Beauty SchoolDebt and Drop-OutsHow State Cosmetology Licensing FailsAspiring Beauty WorkersBy Mindy Menjou,Michael Bednarczuk, Ph.D.,and Amy HunterJuly 2021
Beauty SchoolDebt and Drop-OutsHow State Cosmetology Licensing FailsAspiring Beauty WorkersBy Mindy Menjou,Michael Bednarczuk, Ph.D.,and Amy Hunter
ContentsExecutive Summary 4Introduction 6Background 8Data and Analysis 11Sidebar: Cosmetology School Makes a Bad Match for Aspiring Makeup Artists 14Results 16Sidebar: Beauty Schools Use Ugly Practices to Boost Profits 28Discussion 30Conclusion 32Appendix A: State-by-State Results 34Appendix B: Methods 50Endnotes 54About the Authors 59Acknowledgments 60
Executive SummaryIn recent years, policymakers and scholars have focused increasing attention on overly burdensome occupational licensing laws. But while much research has examined the costs and benefitsof occupational licensing in general, little work has systematically analyzed the experiences ofpeople pursuing careers in cosmetology—one of the most widely and onerously regulated fieldsfor lower-income workers. This study of federal educational data, including a deep dive into alarge, and largely untapped, dataset on nondegree credentials and work experience programs,aims to fill that void.Key findings include:Cosmetology schoolcosts more than 16,000on averageOn average, the education required for cosmetology licensurecosts more than 16,000 andtakes about a year to completefor students graduating on time,and aspirants typically incursignificant student loan debt tofinance it. Cosmetology studentsborrowed over 7,300 on average.4Less than1/3of cosmetology studentsgraduate on timeCosmetology programs rarelygraduate students on time, delaying—or even blocking—aspiringcosmetologists’ entry into theworkforce and increasing theirdebt burden. In the year withthe highest on-time graduationrates, at least 15% of cosmetologyschools graduated no students ontime. On average, less than a thirdof cosmetology students graduateon time. And less than two-thirdsgraduate even with another yearin school.Cosmetologists earnonly around 26,000a year on averageIf aspiring cosmetologists graduate and become licensed, theyfrequently end up in jobs wherethey earn low wages and worklong hours with very little timeoff, likely making it difficult torepay loans. On average, cosmetologists earn around 26,000 ayear—less than restaurant cooks,janitors and concierges, occupations without burdensome statelicensure or state-mandatededucation requirements.
Our data also suggest state licensure requirements largely explain why cosmetology school takes as long as it does. State-mandated instructional hours vary widelyacross the states, yet nearly all cosmetology program lengths in our dataset exactlymatch the hours required for licensure locally. When states have lowered hoursrequirements, cosmetology schools have generally followed suit.Prior research indicates state cosmetology schooling requirements bear littlerelation to public health and safety—thejustification for restricting occupationalentry through licensing. Not only do manyof the services cosmetologists provide,such as shampooing, conditioning, blowdrying, curling and styling hair, pose littleor no risk to the public, but average licensing requirements for cosmetologistsoutstrip those for other occupations thatpresent greater inherent risks. Moreover,state-mandated cosmetology schoolcurricula typically devote little time tohealth and safety.Given the steep costs associated withcompleting the education required forcosmetology licensure, state lawmakersshould look hard at whether cosmetologylicense requirements are justified—orwhether they are, instead, unnecessarily preventing people from enteringthe field. At a minimum, states shouldexempt obviously safe niche services andreduce required hours for cosmetologylicensure, as some states have alreadydone. States should also expand therange of settings where haircuts andother traditional salon services may beoffered. This could create job opportunities while helping meet demandfor such services at home or outdoors,which have grown in popularity due tothe COVID-19 pandemic.An even better approach would beto consider whether cosmetology licensure is needed at all. As in the foodservice field, facility or salon licensessubject to inspections may protect thepublic just as well without serving asa barrier to occupational entry. Peoplewould still be free to attend cosmetology school to build their skills andmarketability. Best of all, it wouldleave consumers, not the government, in charge of deciding whether aperson is good at cutting hair or doingnails—as they should be.5
IntroductionOvernight in 2018, hundreds of Minnesotansspecial event services permits. Before the board’swho made a living styling hair and applyingreinterpretation, all that a special event hair andmakeup for weddings and proms were forcedmakeup artist needed to work was a kit, a modeunderground or out of business altogether. Theirof transport and a willing client.2services were safe and popular and had beenMinnesota special event hair and makeuparound for years without issue, but the Minneartists are far from the only beauty industrysota Board of Cosmetology suddenly decidedworkers required to attend cosmetology schoolthey needed to be strictly regulated. To do so,before they can work. For example, nearly athe board reinterpreted the state’s cosmetologydozen states require full cosmetology licenlicensing law to require a license—for the firstsure for shampooers, including states like Iowa,time—for on-site hair and makeup for weddings,Nebraska and South Dakota that have some ofproms and otherthe most burdensomespecial events.1cosmetology licensJust to legally style hair and applyJust to legallyes in the country.3makeup, special event hair and makeupstyle hair and applySeveral states requireartists would have neededmakeup, artiststhe same for naturalto become licensed cosmetologists.would have neededhair braiders, amongto become licensedthem Idaho, Montanacosmetologists. In Minnesota, that endeavorand Wyoming, which also have some of the mostrequires spending about a year in cosmetologyburdensome licenses.4 And every state licensesschool—and thousands of dollars in tuition—cosmetologists, with cosmetology school beinglearning how to cut and color hair and providethe primary route to licensure.5other services that hair and makeup artists doIn recent years, cosmetology licensing has atnot customarily provide. It also requires passingtracted concern from across the ideological specthree exams and paying 285 in fees. On top oftrum due to the costs it imposes on both workersthat, to provide services on location at weddingand consumers.6 But while much research hasvenues or other special events, artists would alsobeen done on the costs and benefits of occupahave needed to become licensed salon managtional licensing in general,7 little work has beeners—requiring three years of salon work experidone to systematically analyze the experiences ofence, another exam and more fees—and obtainpeople pursuing cosmetology careers.6
This study of federal educational data, including a deep dive into alarge, and largely untapped, dataset on nondegree credentials and workexperience programs, aims to change that. Key findings include: The education required for cosmetology licensure is expensiveand time-consuming, and students typically incur significantstudent loan debt to finance it. Cosmetology programs rarely graduate students on time,delaying aspiring cosmetologists’ entry into the workforce andincreasing their debt burden. If aspiring cosmetologists graduate and become licensed, theyfrequently end up in jobs where they earn low wages withlittle time off, likely making it difficult to repay loans.Our data also suggest state licensure requirements largely explainwhy cosmetology school takes as long as it does. State-mandatedinstructional hours vary widely across the states, and nearly all cosmetology program lengths in our dataset exactly match the hours requiredfor licensure locally; schools generally do not offer more training thanrequired. And when states have lowered hours requirements, cosmetology schools have typically followed suit.Unfortunately, state cosmetology schooling requirements appeardisconnected from the government’s interest in protecting publichealth and safety—the justification for restricting occupational entrythrough licensing.8 Many niche cosmetology services—like shampooing,conditioning, blow drying, curling, styling and braiding hair, as well asapplying makeup—pose little or no health risk to the public. On average, licensing requirements for cosmetologists outstrip those for otheroccupations that present greater inherent risks. And, as mentioned,cosmetology license requirements vary greatly across the states, eventhough any risks are unlikely to vary geographically.This study explores the costs associated with completing the education required for cosmetology licensure and finds they are steep.Given these costs, state lawmakers should take a hard look at whethercosmetology license requirements are justified—or whether they are,instead, unnecessarily holding back people trying to enter the field. Asthe economy recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, removing needlessregulatory barriers will help more people get back to productive workmore quickly.7
BackgroundCosmetology is a vast and highly regulatedindustry in the United States. In 2019, almostthree-quarters of a million people were workingas cosmetologists nationwide.9 And every singleone of those people needed a license to do theirjob: Cosmetology is licensed by all 50 states andthe District of Columbia.10Requirements for cosmetology licensure arenot trivial. Previous Institute for Justice researchhas found state licensing laws cost aspiring cosmetologists over a year—386 days—in educationand experience on average (assuming a courseof full-time study and on-time graduation). Theyalso require aspirants to pass two exams andpay 177 in fees.11 Among average licensingrequirements for 102 lower-income occupationsIJ studied for the 2017 edition of License to Work,these requirements ranked as the 30th mostburdensome. And because cosmetologists arelicensed everywhere in the United States, theoccupation ranked as the fourth most widely andonerously licensed.12Cosmetology licenses’ education requirementsimpose heavy burdens, far heavier than those forsome other occupations with far greater relevance to public health and safety. For perspective,entry-level emergency medical technicians areconsidered qualified to administer lifesaving firstaid after only about a month’s worth of trainingon average. This means the average cosmetologist must, to legally cut hair for pay, complete11 times as much training as the average EMT.13In another example, tattooing is arguably riskierand more invasive than anything cosmetologistsdo, but some states (Alabama, California andFlorida, for instance14) approve tattooists for workafter only a few hours of training in bloodbornepathogens and communicable diseases.8Moreover, a recent review of state cosmetologylicensing laws in 37 states and the District ofColumbia finds, on average, only about 25% ofmandated cosmetology training hours directlyaddress health and safety concerns.15 A reportcommissioned by a beauty industry trade group,the Professional Beauty Association, finds thatseveral states’ formal curricula devote less than10% of required hours to health and safety, withsome specifically mandating as little as 1%.16In addition, cosmetology schooling requirements are applied so inconsistently as to callinto question how narrowly targeted they are toprotecting public health and safety. First, hours ofrequired schooling vary greatly across the stateseven though risks associated with the occupationare unlikely to vary geographically. Education requirements range from 1,000 clock hours (abouteight months) in New York17 to 2,300 (nearly 18months) in Oregon.18 And in recent years, a fewstates have modestly trimmed required education hours for cosmetologists without apparentill effect. Utah cut hours from 2,000 to 1,600 in2013; West Virginia from 2,000 to 1,800 in 2013;Wisconsin from 1,800 to 1,550 in 2013; Nevadafrom 1,800 to 1,600 in 2015; Idaho from 2,000 to1, 600 in 2018; and Nebraska from 2,100 to 1,800in 2018.19Internationally, some jurisdictions do not relyon licensing to regulate cosmetologists at all.Among them are the United Kingdom20 and 12 ofthe 27 members of the European Union, includingSpain and Poland.21 Instead of licensing, the United Kingdom has voluntary certification,22 which iswhen workers, of their own accord, earn credentials that are not required by the government as acondition of legal employment in an occupation.
Usually, these credentials areoffered by private professionalassociations or other non-governmental organizations. In theUnited Kingdom, voluntary cosmetology certification is offeredthrough the Hair and BarberCouncil, which maintains theUK Register of Qualified Hairdressers, a state-recognized listof hairdressers and barbers whohave obtained certain qualifications and applied for membership on the list.23 Membership allows workers to call themselvesState Registered Hairdressers.Most SRHs earn the requiredqualifications by completing acosmetology program.24Second, state laws differ in thetypes of services that require acosmetology license or anotherlicense administered by cosmetology boards, such as anesthetics or specialty license.This is particularly true of services distinct from cutting andchemically treating hair, such asshampooing, blow drying andstyling, makeup artistry, eyebrowthreading, eyelash extensionsand natural hair braiding.25Cosmetolo-9
BackgroundIncreasingly, states are recognizing that such niche services are obviously safe and do not requirelicenses. For example, as of 2021, 12 states have exempted eyebrow threaders from licensure as a cosmetologist or esthetician: Arizona, California, Colorado, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, North Dakota, Texas and Wisconsin.26 Other states that have recently reformed cosmetologylaws to de-license niche services include: Arizona (shampooers and hair stylists27; makeup artists28). Arkansas (shampooers, hair stylists and blow dry bars29). Minnesota (shampooers, hair stylists and makeup artists30); see “Cosmetology SchoolMakes a Bad Match for Aspiring Makeup Artists” on page 14. Mississippi (makeup application and eyelash extensions31). Tennessee (shampooers32). Utah (shampooers and hair stylists33). Virginia (shampooers and hair stylists working in a licensed salon34; makeup artists35). West Virginia (shampooers36).As of this writing, 30 states have exempted natural hair braiders from full cosmetology licensure,while a few have created separate—albeit less burdensome—licensing schemes for braiders.37 Somestates with separate braiding licenses have evenbegun to scale those back. For instance, Virginiacreated its braiding license in 200338 and thenrepealed it in 2012.39 And in June 2020, Floridaeliminated its braiding license as part of a broadereffort to reduce licensing requirements imposedon many occupations. Now, in Florida, anyone canprovide braiding services, free from unnecessarygovernment interference.40Third, cosmetology laws sometimes treat thesame services differently depending on wherethey are performed. For example, when Minnesotastarted regulating special event hair and makeupartists, it did not change its exemption for “servicesfor theatrical, television, film, fashion, photography,or media productions or media appearances.”41Nor did it attempt to regulate retail makeup.42Put differently, hair and makeup artists needed alicense to work on brides or prom attendees butnot to work on news anchors, retail customers ormodels in bridal magazines. Such exemptions frommakeup artistry licensing are common.4310In short, not only do cosmetology licensingrequirements vary greatly across states, but sodo the types of activities that require a license.In some states, an aspiring makeup artist, naturalhair braider, hair stylist or shampooer might berequired to attend thousands of hours of cosmetology school—hours that may not teach theservices in which they want to specialize44—whilein other states, these activities are fully exemptfrom licensing. That some states are beginning torecognize that, at a minimum, services like thesedo not require a license further calls into question the steep burdens imposed by cosmetologylicensing schemes.But despite modest reductions in cosmetologylicensing hours, and greater exemptions for people providing niche services, licensing burdensremain high. And while previous research hasestimated average hours, very few studies havequantified how much time and money it actuallycosts to complete required education or whetherthat investment pays off in the form of earnings.45This study takes advantage of a large, and largelyuntapped, data source to do just that.
Data and AnalysisThe primary data sources for this study are the National Center for Education Statistics’ 2016National Household Education Surveys Program’s Adult Training and Education Survey46 and theNCES’ Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.47 ATES provided data on people workingas cosmetologists, while IPEDS provided data on cosmetology schools and their students. (SeeAppendix B for more details on the data sources, samples and variables.)ATES DataATES gathered data on adults’ training andeducation in the United States as of 2016, with afocus on nondegree credentials and work experience programs. The ATES data contain information on cosmetologists (n 226) that allow us todraw general conclusions about the educationand employment of people working in the cosmetology occupation.IPEDS DataIPEDS collects data from Title IV schools—thatis, schools that accept federal loans and PellGrants.48 Such schools must provide the federalgovernment with information about costs andprograms, among other things. The IPEDS dataused in this study cover the years 2011–2012through 2016–2017 and contain information onTitle IV schools with cosmetology programs.The number of schools in the dataset varied byyear49 and the research question. Data about program costs, credit hours and months to completeeducation (n 1,025–1,205 schools) are reported at the program level for a school’s largestprogram, while data about graduation rates andfinancial aid (n 202–347 schools) are reported atthe school level.50 For research questions usingdata reported at the program level, we limitedour dataset to schools where cosmetology wasthe largest program or the only program. Forquestions using data reported at the school level,our dataset includes schools whose only programwas cosmetology.Limiting the datasets in these ways ensures weare always looking only at data specific to cosmetology programs and students.51 However, it alsomeans our data represent only a subset—and, insome cases, a subset of a subset—of schools withcosmetology programs.52 Nevertheless, the largerof the two IPEDS datasets—comprising program-level data—includes the majority of schoolsthat have cosmetology programs in IPEDS (between 65% and 70%, depending on the year) andare likely representative of the schools attendedby most cosmetology students.53Analyzing these data allowed us to answerquestions about how long it takes and how muchit costs to complete cosmetology school, howmuch school debt aspiring cosmetologists takeon, and how much cosmetologists earn and work.It also allowed us to draw inferences about whatdrives cosmetology curriculum requirements.While we focus on national findings, we alsoprovide findings by state, averaged across theyears of our study, in Table 1. Appendix A providesannual figures.11
Table 1: Key Results by State, 6-Year Averages,2011–2012 to 2016–2017IPEDS ProgramSampleBLSMedianAnnualWage(2019)IPEDS School SampleProgramCostNo. ofProgramsPercent ofStudentswith PellGrantsAveragePellGrantAwardPercent dentLoanPercent ofStudentsWhoGraduatedOn TimePercent ofStudentsWhoGraduatedWithin 18MonthsPercent ofStudentsWhoGraduatedWithin 24MonthsNo. ofSchoolsAlabama 20,900 14,4378.365.3% 4,07068.1% 8,57818.7%65.5%68.4%2.5Alaska 25,420NANANANANANANANANANAArizona 26,340 17,01928.770.7% 4,16471.5% 8,59015.6%55.3%57.1%6.2Arkansas 20,430 14,14919.271.5% 4,35253.0% 7,80937.7%65.3%66.0%4.5California 27,770 17,144100.360.3% 4,07358.0% 7,33718.7%67.7%69.0%15.8Colorado 29,800 17,47922.266.0% 4,11867.7% 8,16614.4%49.8%50.9%6.8Connecticut 30,610 19,3579.556.7% 3,93464.5% 6,70923.7%76.5%78.7%4.7Delaware 31,510 16,4473.047.3% 3,73245.7% 8,7581.7%74.3%74.3%3.8District of Columbia 31,960 15,5831.0NANANANANANANANAFlorida 24,640 14,01666.263.7% 3,89367.1% 7,25618.5%63.5%64.5%11.2Georgia 22,970 17,56920.772.7% 4,20169.4% 7,85225.0%63.7%65.3%8.2Hawaii 30,970 21,8291.0NANANANANANANANAIdaho 26,040 16,24317.061.0% 4,32058.7% 7,03351.6%78.0%80.4%5.7Illinois 27,040 17,65862.569.7% 3,97875.3% 7,70529.4%51.4%53.3%9.5Indiana 22,280 15,72332.569.2% 4,11767.8% 7,49124.7%52.4%56.5%7.7Iowa 25,990 19,50819.063.8% 4,35372.1% 6,35942.3%66.5%67.3%4.0Kansas 20,700 16,86013.860.1% 4,09665.5% 8,36321.1%66.7%68.6%5.3Kentucky 23,460 15,66224.870.2% 4,74917.5% 6,12461.1%71.2%75.5%2.7Louisiana 19,680 14,30827.363.4% 4,12846.3% 8,78724.8%68.5%71.3%5.7Maine 25,490 15,2794.064.0% 3,94665.0% 6,81416.0%51.0%51.0%1.0Maryland 28,110 18,22620.571.9% 3,73573.1% 6,39835.0%61.5%62.0%11.8Massachusetts 37,670 13,37818.562.6% 3,93167.8% 6,42319.6%71.0%72.9%11.2Michigan 25,510 14,79338.773.3% 4,44762.1% 8,32219.9%50.4%57.3%6.5Minnesota 29,600 17,39818.763.6% 4,00866.8% 7,69323.8%55.4%56.9%10.2Mississippi 24,110 12,37113.275.4% 3,94441.9% 4,97249.7%78.3%81.7%1.7Missouri 23,760 14,62930.867.6% 4,06569.6% 7,79328.0%61.3%63.3%5.5Montana 23,570 12,9337.059.5% 4,48354.2% 5,84065.1%76.3%78.0%4.812
Data and AnalysisBLSMedianAnnualWage(2019)IPEDS ProgramSampleIPEDS School SampleProgramCostNo. ofProgramsPercent ofStudentswith PellGrantsAveragePellGrantAwardPercent ofStudentswith Federal StudentLoansAverageFederalStudentLoanPercent ofStudentsWhoGraduatedOn TimePercent ofStudentsWhoGraduatedWithin 18MonthsPercent ofStudentsWhoGraduatedWithin 24MonthsNo. ofSchoolsNebraska 24,220 19,0587.061.2% 4,78663.2% 9,44356.8%60.3%60.3%1.5Nevada 19,480 20,44310.854.9% 4,04362.6% 8,36312.0%75.3%76.1%5.8New Hampshire 23,670 19,4138.543.9% 4,23064.3% 7,16620.2%71.8%72.1%2.0New Jersey 33,510 16,53124.364.8% 4,35372.6% 6,08231.9%71.2%71.7%2.7New Mexico 21,070 16,6304.853.5% 4,41064.5% 9,30020.5%62.0%62.0%1.0New York 28,220 13,38140.357.9% 3,99255.8% 6,73526.9%72.4%73.2%23.3North Carolina 22,690 17,08326.070.4% 4,08757.9% 7,28033.2%61.3%64.8%10.8North Dakota 25,650 15,6397.047.6% 4,23154.1% 6,95532.5%59.3%61.3%2.3Ohio 22,250 16,59243.573.8% 4,20766.4% 7,63226.2%55.1%58.2%13.2Oklahoma 23,430 12,45924.854.2% 4,25438.6% 7,61717.5%66.3%66.3%1.3Oregon 25,940 19,36222.0NANANANANANANANAPennsylvania 21,570 16,80246.366.6% 4,44275.8% 7,33117.4%72.6%72.6%2.5Rhode Island 28,130 18,3204.757.6% 3,71368.5% 7,4423.4%78.1%78.1%2.3South Carolina 20,230 16,99421.768.7% 4,12754.1% 6,73227.3%62.7%63.7%5.8South Dakota 29,650 14,5373.047.0% 4,11154.5% 6,38717.5%66.8%71.0%2.8Tennessee 24,430 15,74234.370.6% 4,00264.8% 7,56920.4%52.9%56.1%12.0Texas 22,240 15,27490.771.9% 4,20168.0% 7,81726.8%56.2%58.5%13.8Utah 26,060 14,39321.752.4% 4,06439.0% 5,41055.9%78.0%80.6%9.7Vermont 26,830 17,4091.3NANANANANANANANAVirginia 26,510 17,26417.866.9% 4,02167.7% 7,45620.0%57.6%60.7%12.0Washington 38,380 16,07721.759.6% 4,49064.8% 7,50533.9%73.5%74.8%4.3West Virginia 20,830 14,2816.753.0% 4,10050.0% 4,5697.0%71.0%71.0%1.0Wisconsin 26,420 17,66923.064.0% 4,22765.4% 8,76533.3%63.1%64.4%9.0Wyoming 30,900 16,7751.0NANANANANANANANAAverage 26,270 16,10422.865.4% 4,02163.2% 7,45627.2%63.0%65.0%7.0Note: NA indicates unavailable data. Information was not available at the school level for several states. This often occurred where schools had multiple programs, as itwas often unclear which data could be associated with a school’s cosmetology program. Information was not available at either the program or school level for Alaska, asIPEDS does not contain data on Alaska cosmetology schools for any of the school years in our study period.13
Cristina Ziemer is a Twin Cities-areahair and makeup artist.Photo by Chelsea Photography LLCCosmetology School Makes a BadMatch for Aspiring Makeup Artists14Debbie Carlson founded the first dedicatedmakeup school in the Upper Midwest.
Cristina Ziemer is one of the hundreds of entrepreneurs,Debbie has also seen firsthand how cosmetologymost of them women, whose small businesses were imper- schools, hungry for financial aid money, reel in aspiringiled when Minnesota began requiring cosmetology schoolmakeup artists. “They tell them, ‘Everything you want is onfor makeup artists. Cristina, who specializes in bridal andthe other side of this contract,’” she says. Such studentsspecial event hair and makeup, took her Twin Cities-areawould often ask Debbie how they could build a career inbusiness underground to avoid fines and criminal penalmakeup like hers. It gave her no pleasure to tell them theyties.would not learn the necessary skills in cosmetology school.Yet, and as Cristina knows all too well, cosmetologyThis experience inspired Debbie to open Faces Etc, theschool does not prepare people to work as makeup artists.first dedicated makeup school in the Upper Midwest andIndeed, she is a cosmetology school graduate.the only licensed makeup school in Minneapolis. WhenCristina hoped cosmetology school would prepare herthe state started requiring cosmetology school for makeupfor an exciting career in makeup. But while she learned allartists, Face Etc’s enrollment plummeted since graduatesabout hair, nails and even waxing, Cristina estimates thecould no longer legally work unless they also had a cosmeone-year, 20,000 program spent only about a week ontology license.cmakeup. Her disappointment was compounded when anUnwilling to let the state destroy their livelihoods,instructor recommended she take a separate 400 makeupCristina and Debbie decided to fight back. In October 2019,artist certification course, saying it would teach her muchthey sued the state cosmetology board.d They also joinedmore about makeup than her cosmetology program.with the Institute for Justice to push for a bill to explicitlyNevertheless, Cristina finished the program. She alsoexempt special event hair and makeup artists from cosmetook—and passed—Minnetology �s three cosmetologyDespite opposition fromsafely do their jobs with just four hourslicensing exams. But shethe cosmetology lobby,fcould not afford the state’s of education, it is worth asking whetherthe bill became law in 100 licensing fee. To save cosmetologists truly need so much more time May 2020.g The new lawfor it, she got a job selling,restores special event hairin school to do theirs.and applying, makeupand makeup artists’ right toat a department storework freely as they alwaysbeauty counter. In the meantime, she began freelancinghad, with one change: Now, they must complete a fouras a makeup artist, eventually building a successful smallhour course on health, safety and infection control. And thebusiness.anew law goes even further. It also frees shampooers andSince she didn’t need a license to do what she was dohair stylists to work in blow dry bars after taking the sameing, Cristina never ended up paying the fee. When she triedshort course.h Just one day after the law went into effect,to pay it later, she was told too much time had elapsed.Debbie offered the first such class to eager students whoShe would need to repeat cosmetology school and oncehad signed up in advance.iagain learn all about cutting and coloring hair and doingThis is important progress, and it will help Minnesota’sother things special event hair and makeup artists do notspecial event hair and makeup artists get back to workdo.bonce the pandemic ends. But cosmetology licensing inDebbie Carlson, during her 40 years in the beautyMinnesota and other states remains burdensome, requiringindustry, has met many women like Cristina who haveaspiring cosmetologists and, in some cases, other beautybeen ill served by cosmetology school. She knows betterindustry workers to spend over a year of education andthan most that makeup is an afterthought in cosmetologyexperience on average.jcurricula. Herself a licensed cosmetologist, Debbie workedIf hair stylists and makeup artists can safely do theirfor years as an instructor and later education director forjobs with just four hours of education, it is worth askinga large chain of cosmetology schools. As she describes it,whether cosmetologists truly need so much more time incosmetology school just teaches students how to touch upschool to do theirs.clients’ makeup.abcdefghijCivil Rights Complaint for Declaratory a
Beauty School Debt and Drop-Outs. How State Cosmetology Licensing Fails Aspiring Beauty Workers Beauty School Debt and Drop-Outs By Mindy Menjou, . Utah cut hours from 2,000 to 1,600 in 2013; West Virginia from 2,000 to 1,800 in 2013; Wisconsin from 1,800 to 1,550 in 2013; Nevada
250-0005 day robert beauty hill rd #39 89 beauty hill road 250-0068 sanger james & donna beauty hill rd #42 90 beauty hill road 250-0006 day robert beauty hill rd 91 beauty hill road 250-0007 schena paula j & ralph a beauty hill rd #47 97 beauty hill road 250-0067 cook david, ronald & marie beauty hill rd #52 110 beauty hill road
letter to a debt collector you owe money to does not get rid of the debt, but it should stop the contact. The creditor or the debt collector still can sue you to collect the debt. Can a debt collector contact anyone else about my debt? If an attorney is representing you about the debt, the debt collector must contact the attorney, rather than you.
Marinello School of Beauty- Burbank ; 4 100% : Marinello School of Beauty- Burbank 32 : 76% : 10 : 24% : Marinello School of Beauty- Castro Valley ; 7 88% : 1 : 13% : Marinello School of Beauty- Cathedral City 4 : 44% : 5 : 56% : Marinello School of Beauty- Chico ; 14 82% : 3 : 18% : Marinello School of Beauty- City Of Industry 12 : 75% : 4 : .
8. Beauty and the Beast, 1960-2003 9. Beauty and the Beast, Chyng Feng Sun, 1997 10. Beauty and the Beast, copies of Beauty and the Beast stories collected by Betsy Hearne, ca. 1819-1989 11. Beauty and the Beast, Devries revisions, ca. 1986 12. “Beauty and the Beast,” Jay MacPherson, 1974 13. Beauty and the Beast and ms. for picture book .
Debt and Equity Risk and Return Return Risk Debt Return limited to interest rate Low risk All equity must be eroded before any loss for debt Equity Unlimited upside More risky than debt Takes the first losses of value The more debt there is, the more risky the equity As long as returns on debt taken on exceed the interest rate on the debt,
UNIFORM DEBT-MANAGEMENT SERVICES ACT Prefatory Note Background The consumer-credit-counseling industry originated in the early twentieth century in the form of debt adjusters (also known as debt poolers, debt consolidators, debt managers, or debt pro-raters). This first generation of credit counselors consisted of profit-seeking enterprises that
Marinello School of Beauty- Castro Valley 2 : 22% : 7 : 78% : . 11 34% : 4 : 100% : Marinello School of Beauty- Sacramento 11 : 34% : 21 : 66% : Marinello School of Beauty- Concord . 1 20% : 2 : 100% : Marinello School of Beauty- Chico 1 : 20% : 4 : 80% : Marinello School of Beauty- Redding . 1 14% : 6 : 86% :
Am I my Brother’s Keeper? Acts 15:19-35 Introduction: Since the beginning of time when the first man and woman rebelled against God, mankind has been separated from God. Every person since that time has been born into that rebellion and sin. Because of sin, people are separated from God and are unable to have a right relationship with Him or each other. Ill. of evil and suffering Inside of .
