Ireland's Greenhouse 2020-2040 Gas Emissions June 2021 Projections - EPA
Ireland’s GreenhouseGas EmissionsProjections2020-2040June 2021F-gas
Environmental Protection AgencyThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible forprotecting and improving the environment as a valuable assetfor the people of Ireland. We are committed to protectingpeople and the environment from the harmful effects ofradiation and pollution.The work of the EPA can be divided into three main areas: Regulation: We implement effective regulation andenvironmental compliance systems to deliver goodenvironmental outcomes and target those who don’t comply. Knowledge: We provide high quality, targeted and timelyenvironmental data, information and assessment to informdecision making at all levels. Advocacy: We work with others to advocate for a clean,productive and well protected environment and forsustainable environmental behaviour.MONITORING, ANALYSING AND REPORTINGON THE ENVIRONMENT Monitoring air quality and implementing the EU Clean Airfor Europe (CAFÉ) Directive. Independent reporting to inform decision making by nationaland local government (e.g. periodic reporting on the State ofIreland’s Environment and Indicator Reports).REGULATING IRELAND’S GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Preparing Ireland’s greenhouse gas inventories andprojections. Implementing the Emissions Trading Directive, for over 100of the largest producers of carbon dioxide in Ireland.ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTOur Responsibilities Funding environmental research to identify pressures,inform policy and provide solutions in the areas of climate,water and sustainability.LICENSINGSTRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTWe regulate the following activities so that they donot endanger human health or harm the environment: Assessing the impact of proposed plans and programmeson the Irish environment (e.g. major development plans). waste facilities (e.g. landfills, incinerators, wastetransfer stations);RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION large scale industrial activities (e.g. pharmaceutical,cement manufacturing, power plants); Monitoring radiation levels, assessing exposure of peoplein Ireland to ionising radiation. intensive agriculture (e.g. pigs, poultry); Assisting in developing national plans for emergenciesarising from nuclear accidents. the contained use and controlled release ofGenetically Modified Organisms (GMOs); sources of ionising radiation (e.g. x-ray andradiotherapy equipment, industrial sources); large petrol storage facilities; Monitoring developments abroad relating to nuclearinstallations and radiological safety. Providing, or overseeing the provision of, specialist radiationprotection services. waste water discharges;GUIDANCE, ACCESSIBLE INFORMATION AND EDUCATION dumping at sea activities. Providing advice and guidance to industry and the publicon environmental and radiological protection topics.NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT Conducting an annual programme of auditsand inspections of EPA licensed facilities. Providing timely and easily accessible environmentalinformation to encourage public participation inenvironmental decision-making (e.g. My Local Environment,Radon Maps). Overseeing local authorities’ environmentalprotection responsibilities. Advising Government on matters relating to radiologicalsafety and emergency response. Supervising the supply of drinking water by publicwater suppliers. Developing a National Hazardous Waste ManagementPlan to prevent and manage hazardous waste. Working with local authorities and other agencies to tackleenvironmental crime by coordinating a national enforcementnetwork, targeting offenders and overseeing remediation.AWARENESS RAISING AND BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE Enforcing Regulations such as Waste Electrical and ElectronicEquipment (WEEE), Restriction of Hazardous Substances(RoHS) and substances that deplete the ozone layer. Generating greater environmental awareness and influencingpositive behavioural change by supporting businesses,communities and householders to become more resourceefficient. Prosecuting those who flout environmental lawand damage the environment. Promoting radon testing in homes and workplaces andencouraging remediation where necessary.WATER MANAGEMENT Monitoring and reporting on the quality of rivers, lakes,transitional and coastal waters of Ireland and groundwaters;measuring water levels and river flows. National coordination and oversight of the WaterFramework Directive. Monitoring and reporting on Bathing Water Quality.MANAGEMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE EPAThe EPA is managed by a full time Board, consisting of a DirectorGeneral and five Directors. The work is carried out across fiveOffices: Office of Environmental Sustainability Office of Environmental Enforcement Office of Evidence and Assessment Office of Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring Office of Communications and Corporate ServicesThe EPA is assisted by an Advisory Committee of twelvemembers who meet regularly to discuss issues of concernand provide advice to the Board.
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-2040Table of ContentsKey Findings 21.Introduction 32.Approach 52.1 Methodology changes in the 2020-2040 projections 3.4.5.6.5Key Trends – Emissions projections out to 2030 73.1 Energy Industries 93.2 Transport 113.3 Agriculture 133.4 Residential 163.5 Manufacturing Combustion 183.6 Commercial and Public Services 193.7 Emissions from Industrial processes and Waste 203.8 Fluorinated gas emissions 203.9 Cross-cutting Measures 21Projected performance against targets under theNational Policy Position 22Projected performance relative to EU 2020 and 2030 Targets –Non ETS Emissions 23Conclusion 26Appendix – Underlying assumptions and additional data 27Environmental Protection AgencyPage 1
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-2040Key FindingsAlmost 2% per yearannual emissionsreductionImplementation of “Additional Measures” (including those in the 2019 ClimateAction Plan) is projected to save 58 Mt CO2 eq over the period 2021-2030compared to the “With Existing Measures”. This represents a reduction of 1.8% perannum in emissions over the period.2020 targetsIreland’s emissions covered by the 2013-2020 EU Effort Sharing Decision target areestimated to have been 7% below 2005 levels in 2020. Ireland is estimated to havecumulatively exceeded its compliance obligations by 12.2 Mt CO2 eq over the 20132020 period, and will need to use credits and/or purchase surplus annual emissionallocations from other member states to achieve compliance.2030 targetsThese Projections indicate that Ireland can meet its non-ETS EU targets over theperiod 2021 to 2030 assuming full implementation of the 2019 Climate Action Planand the use of the flexibilities available. Future, more ambitious targets as presentedin the European Climate Law and Ireland’s Climate Bill will require many (as yetunidentified) additional measures.Decarbonisingelectricity generationIncreased renewable electricity generation, including a projected 5GW of offshore windgeneration, is expected to contribute to a 70% contribution of renewable energy inelectricity generation by 2030. Energy industries emissions are projected to decrease byone third by 2030 compared to the most recent figures in 2019.Early actionin agricultureAgriculture emissions are projected to decline by 1.2% per annum over the 20212030 period, provided the 16.5 Mt CO2 eq savings from the agriculture sectoridentified in the 2019 Climate Action Plan are realised. Increase use of protectedurea fertilisers and low emission slurry spreading, along with other measurestargeting methane emissions from animals, will be required.Avoiding post-COVIDrebound in transportThe impact of COVID is projected to have led to a 14% reduction in transportemissions in 2020 compared to 2019. The measures in the 2019 Climate Action Planinclude 936,000 electric vehicles on the road by 2030 and are projected to reduceemissions to 25.5% below 2019 levels by 2030. It will be necessary to avoid a postCOVID surge in emissions to achieve that reduction.Energy efficientbuildingsThe projected impact of COVID in the residential sector in 2020 is an increase ofalmost 9% in emissions compared to 2019, driven by increased working from home.This highlights the need for our houses to become far more efficient, particularlyin the context of broader home working. Implementing the 2019 Climate ActionPlan measure for the installation of over 600,000 heat-pumps by 2030 as well asretrofitting 500,000 homes to a B2 equivalent BER will help achieve this.COVID-19 impact andGreen RecoveryA strong impact from COVID is seen in the emissions projections for 2020 and 2021.A decrease of transport emissions and increase in residential emissions are the mostobvious effects projected. Agriculture emissions are projected to have been littleaffected and energy emissions decreases are not primarily COVID related. As theeconomy exits from COVID restrictions, a “green recovery” where investment istargeted at measures which reduce or avoid greenhouse gas emissions, can result inbetter outcomes for society and the environment.Scale of ambitionrequires immediateactionThe scale and pace of the changes needed to achieve the targets set out in the 2019Climate Action Plan are significant, but the extent of change required to meet theClimate Bill and European Climate Law targets is unprecedented. Further ambitiousmeasures in key sectors such as agriculture, transport and power generation willneed to be identified, planned and implemented as soon as possible.Environmental Protection AgencyPage 2
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-20401. IntroductionThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the national body with responsibility to develop, prepare andpublish projections of greenhouse gas emissions for Ireland. The EPA produces national greenhouse gasemission projections on an annual basis. These projections are compiled to meet EU reporting obligation1sand to inform national policy development.This report provides an assessment of Ireland’s total projected greenhouse gas emissions from 2020 to 2040,updated using the latest Inventory data for 2019. The report also provides an assessment of Irelands progresstowards achieving its emission reduction targets for 2020 and 2030 as set out under the EU Effort SharingDecision (ESD)2 and Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR)3.The EPA and SEAI published a joint report in January 2021 estimating the impact of COVID restrictions on2020 greenhouse gas emissions4. These projections provide an update on this assessment using the latestdata available, with the COVID impacts discussed on a sectoral basis in Chapter 3.Projected emissions data is reported for the following gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrousoxide (N2O) and F-gasesb5. Emissions are classified into nine sectors; Agriculture, Transport, Energy Industries,Residential, Manufacturing Combustion, Industrial Processes, F-Gases, Waste, Commercial and PublicServices.Preparing the EPA projections involves obtaining and processing key data sets such as energy projections(projected fuel sales), animal numbers and emissions from industry, businesses and homes in Ireland.The EPA has produced two scenarios in preparing these greenhouse gas emissions projections; a WithExisting Measures (WEM) scenario and a With Additional Measures (WAM) scenario. These scenarios forecastIrelands greenhouse gas emissions in different ways. The WEM scenario assumes that no additional policiesand measures, beyond those already in place by the end of 2019 (latest national greenhouse gas emissioninventory), are implemented. The WAM scenario assumes that in addition to the existing measures, there isalso full implementation of planned government policies and measures to reduce emissions such as those inthe 2019 Climate Action Plan6. This Plan sets out a major programme of policies and measures aimed to helpIreland achieve its decarbonisation targets.Ireland’s 2020 target under the ESD is to achieve a 20% reduction on 2005 levels of non-Emissions TradingScheme (non-ETS) sector emissions (agriculture, transport, residential, commercial, non-energy intensiveindustry, and waste). Annual binding limits are set for each year over the period 2013-2020. Irelands 2030target under the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) is a 30% reduction of emissions compared to 2005 levelsby 2030. There are also annual binding limits over the 2021-2030 period to meet that target. Irelandscompliance status at 2020 and 2030 can only be determined when the 2020 inventory is compiled, but theProjections allow an early assessment of the likelihood of compliance and indicate what actions may need tobe taken.1REGULATION (EU) 2018/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action2DECISION No 406/2009/EC of 23 April 2009 on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissionsto meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 20203Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement4Monitoring & Assessment: Climate Change: Air emissions Publications Environmental Protection Agency (epa.ie)5F-gases are Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perflurocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6), and Nitrogen /ccb2e0-the-climate-action-plan-2019/Environmental Protection AgencyPage 3
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-2040In relation to 2020 EU targets, Ireland is set to miss its target for compliance with the ESD as our non-ETSemissions are projected to be 7% below 2005 levels in 2020 under both projected scenarios compared to thetarget of 20% below 2005 levels by 2020. In 2020 the sectors with the largest contribution of emissions areAgriculture (37.4%), Transport (18.4%) and Energy Industries (14.8%). This projection includes the impactof COVID on the 2020 emissions which due to national lockdowns saw Transport emissions decline butAgriculture emissions largely unaffected. Ireland is projected exceed the 2020 ESD targets despite theimpact of the pandemic.These Projections indicate that Ireland can meet its non-ETS EU targets over the period 2021 to 2030assuming full implementation of the 2019 Climate Action Plan and the use of the flexibilities available.In terms of the 2030 targets, the ESR provides two new flexibilities (use of ETS allowances and credit fromaction undertaken in the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector) to allow for a fairand cost-efficient achievement of the targets. Ireland can potentially avail of up to 26.8 Mt CO2 eq ofcredits under the latter flexibility, almost 10% of the total available under this flexibility across the EU.This is in recognition of the greater relative contribution of Agriculture to Ireland’s emissions profile, andthe challenges associated with emissions reductions from that sector. Our projections show that Ireland canmeet its 2030 targets only with the use of both flexibilities and, crucially, full implementation of the 2019Climate Action Plan.The Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Bill 2021, when enacted, will set a‘national climate objective’ to achieve a climate neutral economy no later than 2050 and a total reductionof 51% emissions over the period to 2030. Once the policies and measures have been identified to addressthese targets, they will be included in future emissions projections.Environmental Protection AgencyPage 4
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-20402. ApproachAs described in the Introduction the EPA has produced the projected greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 to2040 using two scenarios; With Existing Measures and With Additional Measures. Our analysis in Chapter3 only focuses on projected emissions as far as 2030 as most currently known policies and measures don’textend beyond that date. The With Existing Measures (WEM) scenario assumes that no additional policies and measures beyondthose already in place by the end of 2019 are implemented. This is the cut off point for which details ofthe latest national greenhouse gas emissions (known as the inventory), are available. The With Additional Measures (WAM) scenario assumes implementation of the With Existing Measuresscenario in addition to implementation of planned government policies and measures adopted after the endof 2019. Importantly, this includes Ireland’s 2019 Climate Action Plan6. This plan, published in June 2019,sets out a programme of policies and measures aimed to help Ireland achieve its decarbonisation goals.These emissions projections take into account projected activity data provided by a number of key dataproviders including: Updated energy projections provided by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). Determinationof anticipated progress in the implementation of energy related policies and measures was coordinated byEPA and SEAI in discussion with the relevant Government Departments, particularly in relation to ClimateAction Plan measures. Agricultural projections provided by Teagasc (Agriculture and Food Development Authority) which considerthe impact of Food Wise 20257 for the agriculture sector. Determination of anticipated progress in theimplementation of Agriculture related policies and measures was determined by the EPA in discussionwith the Department of Agriculture and Teagasc.2.1 Methodology changes in the 2020-2040 projectionsA number of changes have been made to the approach used to produce these emissions projectionscompared to our previous assessment8. These changes include both updates to reflect newer source data,and methodological changes made to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results. The EPAprojections incorporate input data from other agencies, in addition to data sourced by the EPA directly fromrelevant Industries.As a result of these methodological updates, there have been significant changes to this year’s projectionsin Agriculture and Transport. The key changes made in preparation for the 2020-2040 projections aredescribed below.The SEAI uses a model developed by the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) to produce thefinal energy demand projections. The energy demand is a key input into the EPA’s work developing theprojections. This model, called the “Ireland Environment, Energy and Economy” model (I3E) reproduces thestructure of the economy in its entirety. The model is adjusted to take into account the projected impact ofenergy related policies and measures. This is the second year where the I3E model was used for the Energyprojections and as it continues to be further refined, adjustments are necessary to ensure alignment Environmental Protection AgencyPage 5
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-2040energy demand outputs with econometric bottom up analysis. This particularly affects the Transport sector inthese projections.In Agriculture, the biggest change impacting the latest projections is the adoption of significant updates tothe bovine methane model. These updates included new housing data, manure storage, slurry spreading,and animal feed data compiled by Teagasc and the Department of Agriculture.The 2020-2040 projections also include some updates to the impact of new climate mitigation policies andmeasures announced in Ireland’s Climate Action Plan, published in June 2019. This includes the impact of acarbon tax rising to 100 per tonne of CO2 in 2030 in the With Additional Measures scenario and 80 pertonne in the With Existing Measures scenario.Environmental Protection AgencyPage 6
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-20403. Key Trends – Emissions projections out to 2030These greenhouse gas emissions projections show total emissions decreasing from the latest Inventory (2019)levels by 3% by 2030 under the With Existing Measures scenario and by 20% under the With AdditionalMeasures scenario.The expected trend in total greenhouse gas emissions under both scenarios is shown in Figure 1. The gapbetween both scenarios is largely attributed to significant reductions in key sectors such as power generation,residential, transport, commercial and public services and agriculture as a result of the Climate Action Plan.This is described in more detail for each sector throughout this chapter.Figure 1: Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions under the With Existing Measures (WEM) and WithAdditional Measures (WAM) scenario out to the year 203070Projections60Mt 27202820292030YearTotal Emissions WEMTotal Emissions WAMThe sectoral percentage share throughout the projected time-period under the With Additional Measuresscenario is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 compares projected emissions in 2020 with those in 2030. Threekey sectors consistently have the largest share of emissions: Agriculture, Transport and Energy Industries.Under the WAM scenario, emissions from Agriculture, Transport and Energy Industries, are projected todecrease by 11.3%, 13.4% and 24.8% respectively over the period 2020 to 2030.Environmental Protection AgencyPage 7
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-2040Figure 2: Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections by sector out to the year 2030 under WithAdditional Measures scenario70Projections60Mt 27202820292030Energy IndustriesResidentialManufacturing CombustionCommercial/Public ServicesTransportIndustrial ProcessesF-GasesAgricultureWasteFigure 3: Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections by sector share under the With AdditionalMeasures scenario in in the year 2020 and 2030Year 2020Waste,1.6%Agriculture,37.4%Year Transport,18.4%Commercial/Public ransport,19.0%Commercial/Public Services,2.5%The increased proportion of emissions in 2030 from Agriculture (which is predominately from Methane (CH4)and Nitrous Oxide (N2O)) is largely a consequence of other sectors of the economy projected to decarbonizemore swiftly. However, significant Agriculture emissions reductions have been committed to be delivered, asset out in Teagasc’s Marginal Abatement Cost Curve9 and the AgClimatise 1-2030.pdfEnvironmental Protection AgencyPage 8
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-20403.1 Energy IndustriesThe majority of emissions within Energy industries comefrom power generation and are largely regulated underthe EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). In addition,203013%emissions from manufacture of solid fuels, petroleumrefining (also largely included within ETS) and fugitiveemissions are included. This sector contributed 15.8%of Ireland’s total emissions in 2019 and is projected tobe 13.3% in 2030 (in the With Additional Measuresscenario). The projected trend in emissions fromenergy industries out to 2030 under the With ExistingMeasures and With Additional Measures scenarios is shown in Figure 4.With Existing Measures scenario Under the With Existing Measures scenario, emissions from the energy industries sector are projectedto increase by 1.4% to 8.6 Mt CO2 eq over the period 2020 to 2030. In terms of the renewable energy generated, this scenario projects Ireland reaching approximately 40%of electricity consumption from renewable energy by 2020. Renewable electricity generation capacityis dominated by wind energy. In 2030 it is estimated that renewable energy generation increases toapproximately 55% of electricity consumption. The operation of three peat plants used for electricity generation until the end of 2020 only are includedin the assumptions underpinning the energy projections following which just one plant continues tooperate. In the assumptions underpinning the With Existing Measures, scenario, one peat station continues tooperate until planning permission expires in 2023, cofiring with 30% biomass. The Moneypoint power station is assumed to operate in the market up to end 2025 at which point itno longer generates electricity from coal. It is assumed there will be a roll out of approximately 2.25 million smart meters by 2024, on a phasedbasis starting in 2019.With Additional Measures scenario Under the With Additional Measures scenario, emissions from the energy industries sector are projectedto decrease by 24.8% to 6.3 Mt CO2 eq over the period 2020 to 2030. In this scenario it is assumed that for 2020 there is approximately a 40% share of renewable energy inelectricity generation. In 2030 it is estimated that renewable energy generation increases to approximately70% of electricity consumption. This is mainly a result of further expansion in wind energy (comprising3.5 GW offshore and approximately 8.2 GW onshore). Expansion of other renewables (e.g. solarphotovoltaics) also occurs under this scenario. Under the With Additional Measures the same peat assumptions are in place as for the With ExistingMeasures scenario. In this scenario the Moneypoint power station is assumed to operate in the market up to end 2024 atwhich point it no longer generates electricity from coal as set out in the 2019 Climate Action Plan.Environmental Protection AgencyPage 9
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-2040 In terms of inter-connection, it is assumed that the Greenlink 500MW interconnector to the UK to comeon stream in 2025 and the Celtic 700MW interconnector to France to come on stream in 2026.Figure 4: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections from the Energy Industries Sector under theWith Existing Measures (WEM) and With Additional Measures (WAM) scenario out to 203014Projections12Mt 2820292030YearEnergy Industries WAMEnergy Industries WEMIn both scenarios we can see a rising trend in emissions from 2028 to 2030 as projected increases inelectricity demand outpace additional abatement measures.COVID Impact on EnergyEmissions from the Energy Industries sector are estimated to have decreased by 10.7% between 2019 and2020. Whilst the pandemic measures played a part in this, reduced coal and peat use in power generationand an increase in renewable generation were more significant factors.Environmental Protection AgencyPage 10
Ireland’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2020-20403.2 TransportThe main source of emissions from the transport sector is road transport,accounting for approximately 95% of transport emissions in 2019.Freight transport energy demand is strongly influenced by the level ofcommercial activity in the economy. Personal transport energy demand is2030significantly influenced by both the level of employment as well as the oil19%price. This sector also includes combustion of fuel used in rail, navigation,domestic aviation and pipeline gas transport. This sector contributed over20% of Ireland’s total emissions in 2019, this is projected to reduce to19% by 2030 (in the With Additional Measures scenario).With Existing Measures scenario Under the With Existing Measures scenario, transport emissions are projected to increase by 10.2%over the period 2020-2030 to 11.6 Mt CO2 eq (see Figure 5). The main policy instruments impacting transport emissions in this scenario are the Biofuels ObligationsScheme10 and uptake of electric vehicles. The Biofuel Obligation Scheme places an obligation on fuel suppliers to blend an increasing percentageof biofuel with their fuel. In terms of biofuels used in road transport fuel in the With Existing Measuresscenario a statutory target of approximately 12% applies from 1 January 2020. In terms of the uptake of Electric Vehicles, the With Existing Measures scenario assumes approximately490,000 Electric Vehicles on the road by 2030. This includes approximately 326,000 PassengerBattery Electric Vehicles and 148,000 Passenger Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. This is in linewith the assumptions agreed during the preparation of the energy projections.With Additional Measures scenario Under the With Additional Measures scenario, transport emissions are projected to decrease by13.4% over the period 2020 to 2030 to 9.1 Mt CO2 eq (see Figure 5). For the With Additional Measures scenario, it is assumed that the Biofuel Obligations Scheme is developedfurther. Incremental increases are assumed to occur with 10% blend for petrol (E10) and a 12% blend fordiesel (B12) in place in 2030. This scenario assumes 936,000 Electric Vehicles on the road by 2030, as a result of the implementation ofthe 2019 Climate Action Plan. This includes approximately 550,000 battery electric vehicles and 288,000plug in hybrid electric vehicles. Other key policies and measures assumed in the transport emissions projections include VehicleRegistration Tax and Motor Tax Rebalancing and the improved vehicle fuel economy of the private car fleetand light goods vehicles. Both scenarios also include the impact of transport infrastructure projects suchas Dublin Metro, Dart Expansion and BusConnects programme11. The projected trend in emissions from the transport sector out to 2030 under the With Existing Measuresand With Additional Measures scenarios is shown in Figure 5. The extent of the impact of additionalmeasures included in the Climate Action Plan over the period can be clearly seen, as well as thesignificant impact of CO
The EPA produces national greenhouse gas emission projections on an annual basis. These projections are compiled to meet EU reporting obligation1s and to inform national policy development. This report provides an assessment of Ireland's total projected greenhouse gas emissions from 2020 to 2040, updated using the latest Inventory data for 2019.
QuickSpecs HPE MSA 2040 Storage Overview Page 2 HPE MSA 2040 Storage (SFF) HPE MSA 2040 Storage (LFF) MSA 2040, 2 SAN controllers installed 1. Power supplies 4. Management Ethernet port . HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAN Dual Controller with 24 1.2TB 12G SAS 10K S FF HDD 28.8TB Bundle. 6.
HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAS Dual Controller LFF Storage K2R83A HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAS Dual Controller SFF Storage K2R84A MSA 2040 Array Bundles: HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAN Dual Controller with 24 900GB 12G SAS 10K SFF HDD 21.6TB Bundle M0S99A HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAN Dual Controller with 24 1.2TB 12G SAS 10K SFF HDD 28.8TB Bundle
HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAS Dual Controller LFF Storage K2R83A HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAS Dual Controller SFF Storage K2R84A MSA 2040 Array Bundles: HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAN Dual Controller with 24 900GB 12G SAS 10K SFF HDD 21.6TB Bundle M0S99A HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAN Dual Controller with 24 1.2TB 12G SAS 10K SFF HDD 28.8TB Bundle M0T00A
QuickSpecs HPE MSA 2040 Storage Overview HPE Page 2 MSA 2040 Storage (SFF) HPE MSA 2040 Storage (LFF) MSA 2040, 2 SAN controllers installed . 1. Power supplies 4. Management Ethernet port 2. 8 and/or 16Gb Fibre . HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAN Dual Controller with 24 1.2TB 12G SAS 10K SFF
The HP MSA 2040 Storage ships standard with a license for 64 Snapshots and Volume Copy for increased data protection. There is also an optional license for 512 snapshots. The HP MSA 2040 can also replicate data between arrays (P2000 G3 and/or MSA 2040) with the optional Remote Snap feature. HP MSA 2040
QuickSpecs HPE MSA 2040 Storage Overview Page 2 MSA 2040, 2 SAN controllers installed 1. Power supplies 4. Management Ethernet port 2. 8 and/or 16Gb Fibre . HP MSA 2040 Energy Star SAS Dual Controller with 24 1.2TB 12G SAS 10K SFF HDD 28.8TB Bundle M0T01A NOTES:
QuickSpecs HP MSA 2040 Storage Models DA - 14603 North America — Version 5 — March 31, 2014 Page 3. MSA 2040 Controller-less Chassis (DC-powered) HP MSA 2040 SFF DC-power Chassis C8R11A (Will accept one or two MSA 2040 SAN or SAS controllers and can accommodate up to
The AAT Advanced Diploma in Accounting is a potential stepping stone for students to take into employment, further education or training. It may be suited to students studying part time alongside employment or to those already working in finance. This qualification will also suit those looking to gain the skills required to move into a career in finance as it provides a clear pathway towards a .
