Social Psychology - Kopykitab

Social Psychology Arun Kumar Singh

Social  Psychology ARUN KUMAR SINGH Former, Professor and Head Postgraduate Department of Psychology Patna University, Patna Delhi-110092 2015

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Arun Kumar Singh 2015 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN-978-81-203-5057-1 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi-110020.

To My Wife Kumud Rani

Contents Preface  xiii 1. INTRODUCING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1–19 Learning Objectives    1 Key Terms  1 Definition and Nature of Social Psychology   2 Social Psychology: A Historical Perspective   4 Overview of Social Psychology in Indian Perspective    11 Social Psychology as a Science   12 Fundamental Axioms of Social Psychology   14 Relation of Social Psychology with Other Sciences   15 Summary and Review  18 Review Questions  19 2. RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Learning Objectives    1 Key Terms  20 Objectives of Social Psychological Research   21 Basic Concepts of Research   22 Basic Research Methods   24 Validity of Experiment   44 Social Psychology of Experiment   46 Role of Theory in Social Psychological Research   50 Types of Research in Social Psychology   52 Summary and Review 59 Review Questions  61 v 20–62

vi  Contents 3. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 63–81 Learning Objectives  63 Key Terms 63 Role Theories   65 Motivational Theories   67 Learning Theories   69 Cognitive Theories   73 Symbolic Interaction Theories   75 Socio-Cultural Theories   77 Evolutionary Theories   78 Summary and Review  80 Review Questions  81 4. SELF AND IDENTITY 82–107 Learning Objectives  82 Key Terms  82 Meaning and Nature of Self   83 Development (or Sources) of Social Self   85 Self and Culture   88 Effects of Self Upon Thoughts, Behaviour and Emotions: Process of Self-Regulation   91 Identity: The Self We Interact   93 Self-Esteem   96 Self-Serving Bias   103 Self as an Object of Prejudice   104 Summary and Review  106 Review Questions  107 5. SOCIAL COGNITION, SOCIAL PERCEPTION AND ATTRIBUTION 108–168 Learning Objectives  108 Key Terms  108 Meaning and Nature of Social Cognition   109 Components of Social Cognition: Schema and Prototype   110 Impact of Schema upon Social Cognition: Schematic Processing   113 Self-Fulfilling Nature of Schema   115 Cognitive Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts for Reducing Our Efforts in Social Cognition   116 Potential Sources of Errors in Social Cognition   119 Cognition and Affect: A Reciprocal Relationship   124 Field of Interpersonal Perception: Social Perception and Person Perception   126 Role of Non-verbal Cues in Person Perception: Forming Impression of Others   127

Contents vii Recognising Deceptions in Non-verbal Cues   133 Impression Formation   134 Integrating Information about Others   136 Impression Management   144 Downside of Impression Management   147 Self-Perception   148 Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Others’ Behaviour   149 Theories of Attribution   149 Bias and Error in Attribution   158 Applications of Attribution Theory   162 Cultural Basis of Attribution   165 Summary and Review  166 Review Questions  168 6. SOCIALISATION 169–194 Learning Objectives  169 Key Terms  169 Meaning and Nature of Socialisation   170 Theoretical Perspectives of Socialisation   171 Process of Socialisation   179 Agents of Socialisation   181 Outcomes of Socialisation   187 Concept of Adult Socialisation   192 Summary and Review  193 Review Questions  194 7. SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND PERSUASION Learning Objectives  195 Key Terms  195 Brief Historical Review   196 Defining Attitude and Its Components   196 Functions of Attitude   199 Attitude and Behaviour   200 How do Attitudes Guide Behaviour?   204 Formation and Maintenance of Attitudes   206 Attitude Change and Persuasion   209 Theories of Attitude Organisation and Change   222 Cognitive Consistency Theories and Attitude Change   222 Social Learning Theories of Attitude Change   235 Other Theories of Attitude Change   237 Conclusion Regarding Theories Attitude Change   241 When do Attitude Change and Persuasion Become Difficult?   242 Dimensions of Attitude   244 195–256

viii  Contents Measurement of Attitude   245 Conclusion-Regarding Attitude Measurement   254 Summary and Review  254 Review Questions  256 8. STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 257–294 Learning Objectives  257 Key Terms  257 Nature and Contents of Stereotypes   258 Why do People Form and Use Stereotypes?   262 Activation of Stereotypes   264 Impact of Stereotypes on Judgements and Actions   265 Changing Stereotypes and Barriers to Stereotype Change   266 Gender Stereotypes   268 Shifting Standards: Does no Difference in Evaluations or Ratings Mean Absence of Stereotypic Thinking?   272 Stereotypes Associated with Single and Married Persons   273 Concept of Prejudice and Discrimination   274 Forms of Prejudice and Discrimination   276 Origin, Development and Maintenance of Prejudice and Discrimination   278 Reduction of Prejudice and Discrimination   287 Measurement of Prejudice   291 Summary and Review  292 Review Questions  294 9. BEHAVIOURS IN GROUP Learning Objectives  295 Key Terms  295 Meaning and Nature of Social Group   296 Group: Some Basic Features and Aspects   297 Why do People Join a Group?: Benefits and Costs of Joining   301 Types of Groups   302 Group Development   305 Effects of Presence of Others: Social Facilitation and Social Inhibition   306 Social Loafing   309 Effects of Being in Crowd: Deindividuation   311 Group Decision-making   313 Group Polarisation: Risky Shift Beyond Risk-Caution Dimension   314 Groupthink: Does Group Hinder or Assist Group Decision?   316 Biased Use of Information in Groups   319 Failure to Share Unique Information from Some Members   320 Ways of Improving Group Decisions   320 Guidelines for Effective Decision-making   321 295–333

Contents ix Group Interaction: Cooperation versus Competition   321 Cooperation and Competition in Two-person Games   323 Determinants of Cooperation and Competition   326 Communication Network in Group   329 Summary and Review  331 Review Questions  332 10. SOCIAL NORMS AND CONFORMITY BEHAVIOUR 334–348 Learning Objectives  334 Key Terms  334 Concept of Social Norms   335 Formation of Social Norms   336 Early Experiments on Norm Formation   337 Meaning of Conformity Behaviour   339 Why do We Conform?   340 Factors Influencing Conformity   342 How can We Resist Social Pressure to Conform?   345 Summary and Review  347 Review Questions  348 11. LEADERSHIP AND SOCIAL POWER 349–385 Learning Objectives  349 Key Terms  349 Defining Leadership   350 Emergence of Leadership   351 Functions of Leaders   352 Transformational and Transactional Leaders: Differential Impact   353 Personal Characteristics of Leaders   356 Basic Dimensions of Leader Behaviour   359 Types of Leaders   360 How is a Leader Perceived by the Followers?   363 Theories of Leadership   365 Meaning and Bases of Social Power   378 Determinants of Social Power   381 Summary and Review  383 Review Questions  385 12. INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AND RELATIONSHIP Learning Objectives  386 Key Terms  386 Meaning and Nature of Interpersonal Attraction   387 Theories of Interpersonal Attraction   387 386–410

Social Psychology 30% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120350571 Author : SINGH, ARUN KUMAR Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/7665 Get this eBook

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 63-81 Learning Objectives 63 Key Terms 63 Role Theories 65 Motivational Theories 67 Learning Theories 69 Cognitive Theories 73 Symbolic Interaction Theories 75 Socio-Cultural Theories 77 Evolutionary Theories 78 Summary and review 80 review QueStionS 81 4. SELF AND IDENTITY 82-107