Determination Of Individual Characteristics In Modern Gujarati Language .
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 Determination of individual characteristics in Modern Gujarati language for handwriting analysis Swetang Patel14 Abstract This paper gives information about Graphology, handwriting analysis, different types of handwriting characteristics. Gujarati language also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language and its native language to the Gujarat of India. Gujarati is the variant of Devanagari, the main difference being the absence of the shirorekha or the line above the character and also more rounded shapes than others. The first writing systems were developed more than five thousand years ago. They have used anticipated pictorial representation to communicate a message. Writing or handwriting is a universal skill that does not distinct from sex, colour, or creed and race. Introduction Standardization is a socio-economic circumstance dating from the beginning of the 20th century. In the history of national language standardization defined as “The construction – and subsequent dissemination – of a uniform supra dialectal normative variety”. In writing, physical body parts are used so it is a physical process. Through the nervous system, the brain sends the signal or order to the arms, hands and fingers, where they are manipulated as writing tools together. In such a way, the aim to write forms deep within the creative processes of the mind and makes writing an expressive gesture representative of the mind behind the pen.[1] Every written sample shows the same variety as the faces, fingerprints, bodies, voices of all persons in this world. Generally we recognize our friends’ voices on the phone, and by the frequency of tone alone and know about their state of happiness, sadness, anger, warmth or can be said as the emotional state of a person. As same, handwriting is a reflection of mood changes, characterizing the state of mind of a writer at that moment. Writing or handwriting is a universal skill that does not distinct from sex, colour or creed and race. Graphology offers a neutral outline of the distinctive personality and behaviour of an 14 M.Sc. Criminology, GFSU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 139 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 individual, without their physical presence. [2] Graphology is also called Graphoanalysis, is a process which is used by some to attempt to determine personality traits and details about an individual based on their handwriting. Graphology began in 1871 by Jean-Hippolyte Mlchon, and it is still popular in Europe, especially in France. Graphology is not undertaken as real science because of the evidence which is against it. One way that has been tested is, by having multiple graphologists who analyse the same handwriting sample. The advantage of graphology is that it will not matter how rarely or frequently you write, how praised or ugly your handwriting, it always has a meaning to the eye of the trained graphologist in the circumstances of personality and character evaluation.[3] Graphology The word “graphology” word is made from the combination of the Greek word “Graphein”, means “to write” and the “Logos” means “an account”. Graphology is the study of writing which is based on the growing body of knowledge which is continuously being tested in practical use. The science of Handwriting or the Graphology is based on the presumption that handwriting expression and personality functioning are convolutedly related. Graphology is based on knowledge, not a codified system like arithmetic. People are not alarmed to find varying, many times conflicting explanations assigned to a stroke or shape. It is manageable to understand writing characters using different approaches to certain origins. Graphology is an art of combining and integrating information that essential training and judgement in its application. Graphology is an inference of different characters from a person’s handwriting. According to the theory of graphology, handwriting is an expression of personality. The way words and letters are formed is analysed systematically so it can reveal traits of personality. Graphologists analyse elements like the size of individual letters and the degree and regularity of slanting, ornamentation, angularity and curvature. Other basic analysis are the general appearance and impression of the writing, the pressure of upward and downward stroked, and the smoothness of the writing.[5] Graphologists have cautioned that the validity of handwriting analysis can be subverted by such consideration as myopia and the loss of motor control. Generally, the scientific basis for graphological interpretations of personality is questionable. 140 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 History of Graphology The first writing systems were developed more than five thousand years ago, they anticipated pictorial representation to communicate a message. Those earlier writing systems include cuneiform which was developed in Sumer (now it is Iraq) and hieroglyphics from Egypt. The first development of pure alphabets that uses a single symbol to represent a single phoneme (letter sound) began in Egypt in 1800 BC and in time the Phoenician alphabet emerged in approximately 1200 BC. The alphabets developed with the coastline of modern Lebanon, consisted of 22 constant letters and did not record vowel sounds. That practice is still in the Arabic and Hebrew written languages today. Timeline of Graphology 1622: The publication “How to recognise from a letter the nature and quality of a writer” written by Italian doctor Camillo Baldi. This is the first publication which is known as a printed publication on the study of different handwriting. Late 18th Century: Gainsborough apparently keeps his model of handwriting on the painting portraits. 1875: French abbot Jean Hyppolyte Michon formulated the term “Graphology”, from the Greek words: “Graph” means “to write” or “I write”, and “Logos” means “doctrine” to “Theory”.[6] 1895: “Writing originates in the brain, not in the fingers and that handwriting is actually brainwriting” said by a child psychologist, Wilhelm Preyer. 1920: Henry Grunfeld, co-founder of SG Warburg, detected that someone was stealing petty cash from his family firm in Germany. He took the help of handwriting experts, and they promptly recognised the culprit. Applicants firstly have to submit the samples of handwriting before being accepted for a situation. Grunfeld persisted convicted of the meritss of graphology until his death at age of 95 in 1999. “There is not a single case in 60 years where the graphologists had stated that something that turns out to be wrong.” 1930: Dr Ludwig Klages published an influential “Handwriting and Character”. He is widely considered as the father of modern graphology. 1949-1954: Dr Eric Singer, an Austrian but lived in England, published “Graphology and Everyman”, “The Graphologists Alphabets”, “Handwriting and Marriage”, “Personality in Handwriting”. [7] 141 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 1965: Fransic T. Hilliger established a company “Handwriting Analysis Ltd.”. He was the student of Dr Eric Singer. His business encompasses personnel selection, tuitions, graphotherapy (this therapy proposed that negative emotions can result in disease), and work at London’s Old Bailey as an “Expert witness”. He evolves a method for assessing the degree of any trait or characteristics in a handwriting sample, and setting the first standard for students in the UK. Handwriting Handwriting is writing with the hand as different from print. The term handwriting can be more or less restricted to mean the form of writing peculiar to each person. Scales were developed to measure the quality of the script from grade to grade in the elementary schools, and a series of careful investigations of the handwriting movements were undertaken. Different studies revealed that the pressure on the penholder (grip pressure) as well as the pressure of the pen point on the paper (point pressure) varies continuously during writing, and the speed of writing is not uniform but depends upon the which type of stroke going to made. For example, movement speed usually increases slowly as the strokes begins, comes at maximum in the middle, and drops off in the direction of end. The direction of the stroke, loops and turns, the complexity and the type of stroke that preceded will alter the speed of a given writing movement. Speed is also affected by length of letter elements, usually it takes more time to make long strokes than to make short ones. By comparison of the handwriting movement of poor and good writers, researchers found that these two groups have difference in position of writing hand, speed, and types of movements in fingers and hands while writing. A good writer showed greater uniformity in the formation speed of similar strokes. Overview of Study There are two variation of concern during the comparison handwriting: the variation of the handwriting of the particular individual and the handwriting from one individual to another. These two variabilities are seen when several individuals are asked to write the same word many times. Intuitively, the within writer variability (the variation in a person's handwriting samples) is less than the between-writer variation (the variation between the handwriting samples of two different people). The goal of this study is to initiate this intuitive observation in an objective manner. 142 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 The study consisted of three phases: data collection, feature determination, and determining individuality. In the data collection phase, prototypical handwriting samples were collected. The feature separation phase was to acquire handwriting features that would entitle the writing style of one writer to be differentiate from the writing style of another writer. The validity determination phase was to determine the differences and similarity between the two individual characteristics. The study pertains to natural handwriting and not to forgery or disguised handwriting. Handwritten document examination for forensic analysis is different from recognition of content. Handwriting samples Our objective was to obtain a set of handwriting samples that would capture variations in handwriting between writers. This meant we would need handwriting samples from multiple writers. The handwriting samples of the sample population should have the following properties i. They are sufficient in number to exhibit normal writing habits and to portray the consistency with which particular habits are executed, and ii. For comparison purposes, they should have similar nature in texts, in writing circumstances and in purpose of writing. Various factors can be impact the style of handwriting, e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, handedness, the handwriting system learned, subject matter or content, writing protocol (written from memory, dictated, or copied out), writing instrument like paper and pen, alterations in the handwriting of an individual over time, etc. For instance, we assured that document content would be such that it would apprehend as many features as possible. Only some of these factors were considered in the experimental design. The other factors will have to be part of a different study. However, the similar experimental methodology can be used to determine the influence factors not reviewed. Source document A source document in Gujarati, which was to be copied by each writer, was designed for the purpose of this study. It is concise (55 words) and complete in that it captures all characters (alphabets and numerals) and certain character combinations of interest. In addition, the reference document also include punctuation, and form of a general document that permits extracting macro-document attributes such as word and line spacing, line skew, etc. Forensic 143 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 literature in English refers to many such documents, including the London Letter and the Dear Sam Letter [8]. Each participant (writer) was required to copy-out the source document one time in his/her most natural handwriting, using plain, unruled/ruled sheets, and a medium black/blue ballpoint pen provided by us. Reference document: અનુચ્છેદ ૧: પ્રતિષ્ઠા અતિકારોની દ્રતિ અને એ સર્વ માનર્ો જન્મથી સ્ર્િંત્ર અને સમાન હોય છે િેમનામાં તર્ચારશતિ અને અંિ: કરણ હોય છે. અને િેમણે પરસ્પર બંિુત્ ર્ ની ભાર્નાથી ર્િવર્ું જોઈએ. Illustrative Document: અનુચ્છેદ ૨: દરેક. વ્યતિને જાતિ, ત ંગ, ભાષા, િમવ ,રાજકીય અથર્ા બીજા અતભપ્રાય રાિર ીય અથર્ા સામાતજક ઉદ્ધ્ભર્સ્થા ન, તમ કિ, જન્મ અથર્ા મોભા જેર્ા કોઈ પણ જાિના ભેદભાર્ ર્ગર આ ઘોષણા માં રજૂ કરર્ામાં આર્ે ા અતિકારો અને સઘળા સ્ર્િંત્રિા ભોગર્ર્ાનો હક્ક છે. ર્િુમાં કોઈપણ વ્યતિ િે સ્ર્િંત્ર, ટ્ર સ્ટ્ હેઠળ ના સ્ર્શાસન હેઠળ ન Writer હોય િેPopulation ર્ા અથર્ા સાર્વભમત્ર્ ની decided બીજી કોઈપણ મયાવthe દા હેwriter ઠળ population as representative of the Gujarat State population as We to make આર્ે ા દેStatistical શ અથર્ા issues પ્રદે શની possible. in determining the writer population are: the number of samples હોય toિોmake પણstatistically રાજકીય,valid conclusions and the population distribution needed to make needed હફામર્તર્ષયક અથર્ા Legal & Insights આંિDesire રરાિર ીયMedia મોભાના િોરણે િેની સાથે કોઈપણ ભેદભાર્ 144 www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 conclusions that apply to the Gujarati population, which are issues in the design of experiments [9]. Randomness If the samples are random, then every individual in Gujarat should have an equal chance of participating in the study. We attempted to make our sample population as random as possible. Sample handwriting was obtained by contacting participants in person or by mailing the study. For geographic diversity, we obtained samples from the native communities from different districts (Surat, Valsad, Navsari, Vadodara, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Ankleshwar, Aravalli, Bharuch, Chhota-Udaipur, Junagadh) of the Gujarat State, and few are collected from out of India also like Chicago, New Jersey, USA, Toronto, Canada, Ternopil – Ukraine but are of Gujarati Origin. Sample Size The sample population should be large enough to enable drawing inferences about the entire population through the observed sample population. The issue of large enough is related to sampling error, the error that results from taking one sample instead of examining the whole population, i.e., how close is an estimate of a quantity based on the sample population to the true value for the entire population? Higher precision levels would entail a larger number of samples. Our database has a sample size of about 98, and our results are therefore subject to such a margin of error. Representativeness The sample population should be representative of the Gujarati population. For instance, since the Gujarati population consists of an (approximately) equal number of males and females, it would Be unwise to perform the study on a sample population consisting of only males and expect the conclusions of the study to apply to the entire Gujarati population consisting of males and females (especially in the absence of any scientific evidence that proves or disproves the association between handwriting and gender). The sample was made representative by means of a stratified sample with proportional allocation [9]. Each writer was asked to provide the following Name, Age, Gender, Birth Place, Occupation, Languages known, Current city and Signature in Gujarati language. 145 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 Identification of Handwriting Identification of handwriting presumes considerable importance in the court of law when the authenticity of signature is challenged. Even when the handwriting itself is not to be doubted, the conditions under which it was written sometimes become a great moment. Such questions as whether the writer’s hand was guided or forced to write or whether the alteration was applied after the completion of the document often have to be answered by the expert in court of law. One of the first steps in the investigation of disputed signature or writing is to find out or collect the genuine or natural writing of disputed authors which have to be compared with disputed writings. The experts use the writing characteristics in determining authenticity presuppose that each handwriting has certain persistent characteristics features from which available handwriting samples can be different. And another question is whether the observed difference is within the expected limits or out of them. Many innovative methods are developed to identify and verify authenticity of given pieces of writing: Compare the dates with the age of paper, determining whether writing at the creases preceded or followed creasing, and physical and chemical examination of paper and the ink to determine the origin, manufacturing date, and the date of writing. Use of handwriting analysis People learn handwriting analysis for different purposes like, the criminology firm of science offers a study course which entitles one with a licensed handwriting expert. Testimony from the handwriting expert is admissible in the court of law for the purpose of build identification or validity of a specific document. In this field, the professional title for one is “examiner of questioned document”. Those professional experts work in cooperation with law enforcement agencies, attorneys. There is another wider group of people who study handwriting analysis as a means to find out themselves and others. These experts are called as graphologists. They know about enhancement in formation of writing and suggest similar enhancement in the personality of the writer. Character attributes that vary from the norm will show up in the handwriting. The graphologists get to know about how to analyse the difference between normal and abnormal handwriting. Gujarati script and Evolution of the Script Gujarati (also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujaratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi) is 146 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 an Indo-Aryan language and its native language to the Gujarat of India. This language is part of the greater family of Indo-European languages. Gujarati name given because this is the language of the Gujjars. Origin of the Gujarati’s can be traced back to Old Gujarati (circa 11001500 AD). In India, Gujarati is the official language in the state of Gujarat, and in Union Territories of Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. This language is also a statutory provincial language in state West Bengal. As per the 2011 census, 4.5% of Indian population speaks Gujarati. Worldwide there are 65.5 million people who speak Gujarati, and these people make Gujarati 26th most spoken native language in the world. Gujarati is extensively spoken in large parts of Africa, Madagascar, UK and USA, and as well as various emigrants’ communities around the world. Gujarati is the variant of Devanagari, the main difference being the absence of the Shirorekha or the line above the character and also more rounded shapes than others. Initially it was used for commercial ends, it has been introduced to as saraphi (banker’s) or mahajani (trader’s) script. According to development, Gujarati is divided into three historical stages 1. Old Gujarati (1100-1500 CE) Old Gujarati also known as Gujarati Bhakha or Gurjar apabhramsa. It is the antecedent of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani language which is spoken by the Gurjars, who were residing and ruling in Gujarat, Rajputana, Punjab, and central India. This language was used as the literary language around the 12th century. Texts of this era display the different characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. While generally known as Old Gujarati many scholars prefer the name of Old Rajasthani, based on the different opinion that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not distinct yet. 2. Middle Gujarati (AD 1500-1800) According to Ernst Kausen and Mistry, in this period Gujarati split from Rajasthani language and develop certain features which are the hall-marks of modern Gujarati such as the phonemes Ꜫ and ⴢ, the auxiliary stem chh*, and the possessive morphological marker n*. A substantial amount of literature was created in this period.[4] 3. Modern Gujarati (AD 1800-) After 1800 Modern Gujarati came into its own and the language and script used till date from 147 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 this period. The creation of metal types for printing Gujarati in 1815 saw a growth of literature and Lexicography as is attested by the first printed book published in 1815 namely “a Gujarati translation of Dabestan-e Mazaheb” prepared and printed by Parsi priest Fardunjee Marzban.[4] Handwriting Analysis While doing analysis of any evidence including handwriting, we can determine the characteristics of any object or we can say that every evidence/object has its own characteristics, and those characteristics can be divided into two: Class characteristics. Individual characteristics. Class characteristics are those characteristics that are common to a particular group,for example the eye colour in humans, according to the eye color, humans can be classified into different groups and each member of that group will have the same characteristics but they will be common to all in that class, example: group with eye color black. Individual characteristics are those characteristics that will be particular to each evidence/object, and those characteristics would not match with the characteristics of any other object, example, firing pin marks, tool marks, etc. Document examiner examines the entire document to understand the source and determine the authenticity of the document which is disputed. A document expert examines the two types of characteristics as classic characteristics and individual characteristics. other than characteristics, there are some factors which affect the handwriting, they can be, Age, Mood, Time to write, Surface , Writing instrument, Illness, Drink and drugs, Trying to write in different ways.[11] Class/ General characteristics: The general or common pattern of handwriting, letters space, shapes etc. and it is limited to a group, age, language etc. Some classic characteristics of handwriting: 1. Arrangement: This characteristics is about arrangement of characters/letters, words and sentences. 2. Alignment: The relation of the difference of the word, signature or written sentence, to a real or imaginary base line is considered as the alignment. 148 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 3. Relative size and Proportions: The overall size of writing may decrease or increase but the regularity to the relative size of one letter to the other letters is near to fixed and it remains impartially constant. 4. Writing Slants: The inclination slant of letters or strokes of letters with the real or imaginary baseline is referred to as writing slant. 5. Size: From person to person, the size of writing may be different. 6. Movement: The manner in which the fingers, hand, forearm, or entire hand move to develop writing is called writing movement or movement in writing. There are some sub-characteristics of movement available: finger movement, wrist movement, Forearm movement, Whole-arm movement.[12] 7. Spacing: This characteristic shows the empty space between the letters or words or lines. Spacing can be studied from three different manners: Spacing between letters, spacing between words, spacing between lines. Classic Sample 1 Sample 2 Characteristics Slant Size Spacing Individual characteristics: these characteristics are limited to an individual writer. This characteristic makes handwriting unique from others. 1. Skill level: Skill level can be said as an appreciation of beauty as applied to handwriting. 2. Form: This can be the most basic individual characteristics. Form is a pictorial representation of a letter or writing movement. 3. Height ratios: Height ratios are a correlation or comparison of the height of an individual letter or letter segment to another letter, usually within the same word or signature. 149 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 4. Loops: this found in a cursively written letter may be symmetrical or may be flat on one side and therefore be asymmetrical. They may be thin or bulbous. They may be rounded at the apex or may be sharply pointed like a needle. 5. Pen lifts: The writing implements lifts from the paper, usually interior to a word or signature. 6. Entry/Exit strokes: The entry and exit strokes of a letter may repeat themselves in similar letter formations. 7. Retracing: This is the process where in the pen inks a written portion of the line, usually in the opposite directions, such as a downward movement followed by an upward movement over the existing line.[13] Individual Sample 1 Sample 2 Characteristics Form Loops Pen lift Pen Pressure In Gujarati Language, certain individual characteristics can be found that are very peculiar to each writer. Rounding/ looping of the starting two trufs in “ઘ”, Looping of the upper part in “ર”, Formation and reformation of lines in “ત્ર” Recirculating of semicircles in “ઉ” Slanting in right or left direction in “ખ” Formation of pockets in “ચ” Irregularity in forming words including “જ” Irregularity in connection in “ગુ” 150 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 Connecting stroke or single stroke in “હ” Connecting two characters in “સ્ર્” Slant and curve in “ણ” Loop and curve of the left to center part of “ભ” Curve and loop of the left to center part of “અ” Curve, connecting stroke or single stroke of the left to center part of “િ” Loop and curve of the left to center part of “બ” Curve and centered line of the left to center part of “ક” Curve, connecting stroke, or reformation and centered line in “ષ” Loop and curve in “મ” Curve stroke of left part in “ગ” Result and Discussion Handwriting plays an important role in linking various crimes as well as solving various civil cases as well as cases of disputes. But differentiation of handwriting can be a very difficult job if proper examination is not done for the samples and questioned. Different languages can have different characteristics depending on their language system and the root from where a particular language is originated from. Languages originated from the same parent system may have a little or a lot similarity in their characteristics. But different languages cannot have a common base therefore no similarity. This paper works on the determination of individual characteristics in Modern Gujarati language. And for the same, there can be quite a difference in individual characteristics of certain letters. Changes can be seen in the looping of “ઘ” as seen in the table below, the changes can be due to the way a writer learns or other factors. Additionally there are changes in formation loop and curve in strokes in “જ” visible from the samples compared with the standard. Other characteristics that can be differentiated is irregularity in loop formation and retracing of stroke in “ર”. Gujarati characters have peculiar characteristics like reformation of strokes, loop, retracing of a single stroke, regularity or irregularity in connecting two or more strokes unlike English or other languages. . There are 151 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 different connecting strokes in connecting of two different character as a single joint character like “ત્ર” or “સ્ર્”. Table showing different characteristics in the Modern Gujarati Language. Characteristi cs Standar d sample Formation of loop in “જ” જ Rounding/ ઘ looping the S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 of starting two trufs in “ઘ”, Looping of ર the upper part in “ર” ત્ર Formation and reformation of lines in “ત્ર” Recirculating ઉ of semicircles in “ઉ” Slanting in ખ right or left direction in 152 Legal Desire Media & Insights www.legaldesire.com/forensics S10
International Medico-Legal Reporter Journal February 2021 ISSN: 2347 - 3525 “ખ” Irregularity in ૐ forming “ૐ” Conclusion Forensic document analysis and examination is one of the important keys to criminal investigations. Handwriting analysis is the standard forensic method to assess the identification of a person from the document. Handwriting or signature analysis categories into questioned document sections in forensic science. Expert Questioned Document Examiners (QDE) examines the questioned documents. QDE checks for any alteration or forgeries into a document and compares it with the original document if available. Ha
Gujarati language for handwriting analysis Swetang Patel14 Abstract This paper gives information about Graphology, handwriting analysis, different types of handwriting characteristics. Gujarati language also known as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language and its native language
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3.1.1 Determining the melting point in the capillary tube 16 3.1.2 Immediate melting point 16 3.2 Principles of melting point determination 18 3.2.1 Melting point determination according to the pharmacopoeia 19 3.2.2 Thermodynamic determination of melting points 20 3.3 Melting point determination yesterday and today - an overview 21
