7 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHART SYMBOLS AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 CHART LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 NAVIGATION AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION CULTURE RAILROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POPULATED PLACES OUTLINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS CULTURAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17 18 18 19 HYDROGRAPHY SHORELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAKES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESERVOIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COASTAL HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 20 21 21 23 RELIEF CONTOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ELEVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNRELIABLE RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHADED RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AREA RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS RELIEF FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 25 25 26 26 26
8 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27 28 30 31 31 31 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS AIRPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIRSPACE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NAVIGATION AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HYDROGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 32 32 33 34 34 GENERAL INFORMATION Symbols shown are for World Aeronautical Charts (WAC), Sectional aeronautical charts and Terminal Area Charts (TAC). When a symbol is different on any VFR chart series, it will be annotated thus: WAC or Not shown on WAC.
9 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRPORTS AIRPORTS LANDPLANEMILITARY SEAPLANEEMERENCY Refueling and repair facilities for normal traffic. No facilities or complete information is not available All recognizable runways, including some which may be closed, are shown for visual identification. HELIPORT (Selected) Airports having control towers (CT) are shown in blue, all others in magenta. ULTRALIGHT FLIGHT PARK SEAPLANEMILITARY AIRPORT DATA GROUPING Refueling and repair facilities for normal traffic. LANDPLANE-CIVIL Refueling and repair facilities for normal traffic. AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SEAPLANE-CIVIL Refueling and repair facilities for normal traffic. LANDPLANE CIVIL-MILITARY Refueling and repair facilities for normal traffic. SEAPLANE CIVILMILITARY Refueling and repair facilities for normal traffic. LANDPLANEEMERGENCY No facilities or Complete information is not available. Add appropriate notes as required: "closed, approximate position, existence unconfirmed. (Selected)
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO (VOR) RANGE RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION ILS COMPONENTS Shown when component of airway system or used in the description of Class B airspace. BROADCAST STATIONS (BS) VOR FLIGHT SERVICE STATION (FSS) VORTAC VOR-DME REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (RCO) NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON (NDB) AIR FORCE STATION (AFS) NDB-DME LONG RANGE RADAR STATION (LRRS) 10
11 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRSPACE INFORMATION CLASS B AIRSPACE AIRSPACE INFORMATION CLASS D AIRSPACE Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL are shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215 /AIM) All mileages are nautical (NM). All radials are magnetic. CLASS E AIRSPACE The limits of Class E airspace shall be shown by narrow vignettes or by the dashed magenta symbol. Individual units of designated airspace are not necessarily shown; instead, the aggregate lateral and vertical limits shall be defined by the following: Airspace beginning at the surface designated around airports . CLASS C AIRSPACE Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215 /AIM) Airspace beginning at 700 feet AGL . Airspace beginning at 1200 feet AGL or greater that abuts uncontrolled airspace (Class G) . Differentiates floors of airspace greater than 700 feet above the surface. When the ceiling is less than 18,000 feet MSL, the value, prefixed by the word "ceiling,” shall be shown along the limits. OFFSHORE CONTROL AREAS
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRSPACE INFORMATION CANADIAN AIRSPACE Individual units of designated Canadian airspace are not necessarily shown; instead, the aggregate lateral and vertical limits shall be portrayed as closely as possible to the comparable U.S. airspace. Appropriate notes as required may be shown. AIRSPACE INFORMATION AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) Note. Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with International Boundary, projection lines or other linear features. LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAYS VOR and LF / MF (CLASS E AIRSPACE) Low altitude Federal Airways are indicated by centerline. Only the controlled airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown. MISCELLANEOUS AIR ROUTES FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS (FIR) and /or (CTA) OCEANIC CONTROL AREAS (OCA) 12
13 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRSPACE INFORMATION SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL are shown. The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space permits. AIRSPACE INFORMATION SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES / AIRPORT PATTERNS (FAR 93) Appropriate boxed note as required shown adjacent to area. SPACE OPERATIONS AREA (FAR 91.143) MODE C (FAR 91.215) Appropriate notes as required may be shown. MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTR) MISCELLANEOUS AIRSPACE AREAS Parachute Jumping Area with Frequency SPECIAL MILITARY ACTIVITY ROUTES (SMAR) Glider Operating Area Ultralight Activity Hang Glider Activity Boxed notes (as in text) shown adjacent to route. SPECIAL CONSERVATION AREAS National Park, Wildlife Refuge, Primitive and Wilderness Areas, etc.
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRSPACE INFORMATION SPECIAL AIRSPACE AREAS Appropriate notes as required may be shown. AIRSPACE INFORMATION IFR ROUTES Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Arrival SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS (SFAR) AREAS Departure CHART LIMITS NATIONAL SECURITY AREA OUTLINE ON SECTIONAL OF TERMINAL AREA CHART HIGH ENERGY RADIATION AREAS Appropriate notes as required may be shown. OUTLINE ON SECTIONAL OF THE INSET CHART TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA (TRSA) Appropriate notes as required may be shown. 14
15 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information NAVIGATION AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION ISOGONIC LINE & VALUE NAVIGATION AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION AERONAUTICAL LIGHTS Isogonic lines and values shall be based on the five year epoch chart. LOCAL MAGNETIC NOTES Unreliability Notes COMPASS ROSETTE Shown only in areas void of VOR roses. Compass rosette will be set to ground magnetic variation. INTERSECTIONS Named intersections used as reporting points. Arrows are directed toward facilities which establish intersection. AERONAUTICAL LIGHTS MARINE LIGHTS With Characteristics of Light
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information NAVIGATION AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION VISUAL GROUND SIGNS Shore and Landmarkers VFR CHECK POINTS VFR WAYPOINTS Stand-Alone Colocated with VFR Check Point OBSTRUCTION GROUP OBSTRUCTION HIGH INTENSITY OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS High intensity lights may operate parttime. NAVIGATION AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION MAXIMUM ELEVATION FIGURE (MEF) WARNING, CAUTION NOTES Used when specific area is not demarcated. 16
17 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information CULTURE RAILROADS All gauges CULTURE RAILROAD SIDINGS AND SHORT SPURS Single Track TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ROADS Double Track Dual Lane Category 1 More Than Two Tracks Primary Category 2 Electric RAILROADS IN JUXTAPOSITION Secondary Category 2 TRAILS Category 3 RAILROADNONOPERATING, ABANDONED, DESTROYED, OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION Provides symbolization for dismantled railroad when combined with label "dismantled railroad." ROAD MARKERS U.S. Route No. RAILROAD YARDS Limiting Track To Scale Interstate Route No. Air Marked Identification Label ROAD NAMES Location Only RAILROAD STATIONS ROADS UNDER CONSTRUCTION Features Related to Railroads and Roads
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information CULTURE BRIDGES AND VIADUCTS CULTURE FERRIES, FERRY SLIPS AND FORDS Railroad Road OVERPASSES AND UNDERPASSES CAUSEWAYS TUNNELS-ROAD AND RAILROAD PROMINENT FENCES BOUNDARIES International POPULATED PLACES OUTLINED Large Cities Category 1 Cities and Large Towns Category 2 State and Provincial Convention or Mandate Line POPULATED PLACES Towns and Villages Category 3 Date Line 18
19 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information CULTURE CULTURE TIME ZONES SMALL LOCKS MINES AND QUARRIES WEIRS AND JETTIES Shaft Mines and Quarries POWER TRANSMISSION & TELECOMMUNICATION LINES SEAWALLS PIPELINES BREAKWATERS Underground DAMS DAM CARRYING ROAD PASSABLE LOCKS PIERS, WHARFS, QUAYS, ETC. MISCELLANEOUS CULTURAL FEATURES OUTDOOR THEATER WELLS Other Than Water
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information CULTURE RACE TRACKS HYDROGRAPHY SHORELINES Definite LOOKOUT TOWERS Air marked identification Fluctuating LANDMARK AREAS Unsurveyed Indefinite TANKS Man-made LAKES Label as required COAST GUARD STATION Perennial When too numerous to show individual lakes, show representative pattern and descriptive note. AERIAL CABLEWAYS, CONVEYORS, ETC. Non-Perennial (dry, intermittent, etc.) Illustration includes small perennial lake HYDROGRAPHY RESERVOIRS OPEN WATER Natural Shorelines Man-made Shorelines INLAND WATER Label when necessary for clarity Too small to show to scale 20
21 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information HYDROGRAPHY Under Construction STREAMS Perennial HYDROGRAPHY MISCELLANEOUS HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES Sand Deposits In and Along Riverbeds WET SAND AREAS Within and adjacent to desert areas AQUEDUCTS Non-Perennial Fanned Out Alluvial fan Abandoned or Under Construction Braided Underground Disappearing Suspended or Elevated Seasonally Fluctuating Tunnels with undefined limits with maximum bank limits, prominent and constant Kanats Underground aqueduct with air vents
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information HYDROGRAPHY HYDROGRAPHY FLUMES, PENSTOCKS AND SIMILAR FEATURES To Scale Elevated Abandoned or Under Construction Underground To Scale FALLS SMALL CANALS AND DRAINAGE / IRRIGATION DITCHES Double-Line Perennial Single-Line Non-Perennial RAPIDS Double-Line Abandoned or Ancient Single-Line Numerous Representative pattern and/or descriptive note. CANALS Numerous 22
23 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information HYDROGRAPHY HYDROGRAPHY COASTAL HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES SALT EVAPORATORS AND SALT PANS MAN EXPLOITED LAND SUBJECT TO INUNDATION SWAMPS, MARSHES AND BOGS SPRINGS, WELLS AND WATERHOLES HUMMOCKS AND RIDGES GLACIERS MANGROVE AND NIPA Glacial Moraines PEAT BOGS ICE CLIFFS TUNDRA SNOWFIELDS, ICE FIELDS AND ICE CAPS CRANBERRY BOGS ICE PEAKS RICE PADDIES FORESHORE FLATS Extensive areas indicated by label only. Tidal flats exposed at low tide.
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information HYDROGRAPHY ROCKS-ISOLATED HYDROGRAPHY ICE Bare or Awash WRECKS Exposed Permanent Polar Ice REEFS-ROCKY OR CORAL MISCELLANEOUS UNDERWATER FEATURES NOT OTHERWISE SYMBOLIZED FISH PONDS AND HATCHERIES Pack Ice 24
25 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information RELIEF CONTOURS RELIEF UNRELIABLE RELIEF Basic Approximate location Approximate Critical Intermediate Highest on Chart MOUNTAIN PASS Auxiliary HACHURING Depression Illustration includes mound within depression UNSURVEYED AREAS Values SPOT ELEVATIONS ELEVATIONS Position Accurate Label appropriately as required UNCONTOURED AREAS Label appropriately as required RELIEF DATA INCOMPLETE Position Accurate, Elevation Approximate DISTORTED SURFACE AREAS
VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information RELIEF LAVA FLOWS RELIEF CRATERS MISCELLANEOUS RELIEF FEATURES SAND OR GRAVEL AREAS ESCARPMENTS, BLUFFS, CLIFFS, DEPRESSIONS, ETC. SAND RIDGES LEVEES AND ESKERS To Scale SAND DUNES To Scale SHADED RELIEF ROCK STRATA OUTCROP AREA RELIEF FEATURES QUARRIES TO SCALE STRIPMINES, MINE DUMPS AND TAILINGS To Scale 26
27 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRPORTS LANDPLANE All recognizable runways, including some which may be closed, are shown for visual identification. RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO (VOR) RANGE HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS HELIPORT SEAPLANE ULTRALIGHT FLIGHT PARK VOR AIRPORT DATA GROUPING Boxed airport name indicates airport for which a Special Traffic Rule has been established. VORTAC VOR-DME NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON (NDB) NDB-DME
HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION NAVAIDS USED TO DEFINE CLASS B AIRSPACE AIRSPACE INFORMATION CLASS B AIRSPACE Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM) All mileages are nautical (NM) BROADCAST STATIONS (BS) All radials are magnetic. FLIGHT SERVICE STATION (FSS) CLASS C AIRSPACE Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM) REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (RCO) 28
29 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRSPACE INFORMATION CLASS D AIRSPACE HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS AIRSPACE INFORMATION HELICOPTER ROUTES CLASS E (SFC) AIRSPACE SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE CANADIAN AIRSPACE Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown. The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space permits. MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTR) SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES / AIRPORT TRAFFIC AREAS (FAR PART 93) Appropriate boxed notes as required shown adjacent to area. MODE C (FAR 91.215) Appropriate notes as required may be shown.
HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRSPACE INFORMATION MISCELLANEOUS AIRSPACE AREAS NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION OBSTRUCTIONS Parachute Jumping Area with Frequency Glider Operating Area Ultralight Activity Hang Glider Activity SPECIAL CONSERVATION AREAS National Park, Wildlife Refuge, Primitive and Wilderness Areas, etc. TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA (TRSA) MAXIMUM ELEVATION FIGURE (MEF) NAVIGATION DATA Appropriate notes as required may be shown. NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION VFR CHECK POINTS WARNING, CAUTION NOTES VFR WAYPOINTS Stand-Alone Colocated with VFR Check Point 30
31 HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS - Topographic Information CULTURE RAILROADS HYDROGRAPHY SHORELINES Single Track Double Track ROADS MAJOR LAKES AND RIVERS Dual Lane Primary RESERVOIRS BRIDGES RELIEF SPOT ELEVATIONS POPULATED PLACES Built-up Areas BOUNDARIES International State and Provincial POWER TRANSMISSION LINES PROMINENT PICTORIALS LANDMARKS Position Accurate
VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRPORTS LANDPLANE AIRSPACE INFORMATION CLASS B AIRSPACE No distinction is made between airports with services and those without services. Runways may be exaggerated to clearly portray the pattern. Hard-surfaced runways which are closed but still exist are included in the charted pattern. FAR 91 - Fixed wing special VFR operations prohibited. Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215 /AIM) All mileages are nautical (NM). All radials are magnetic. VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO RANGE (VOR) CLASS C AIRSPACE Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM) VOR VORTAC VOR-DME CLASS D AIRSPACE NON-DIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON (NDB) NDB-DME NAVAIDS USED TO DEFINE CLASS B AIRSPACE CLASS E (SFC) AIRSPACE 32
33 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRSPACE INFORMATION VFR FLYWAYS AIRSPACE INFORMATION MISCELLANEOUS AIRSPACE AREAS Parachute Jumping Area Glider Operating Area Ultralight Activity IFR ROUTES Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Arrival Hang Glider Activity NAVIGATION AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION VFR CHECK POINTS Departure SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown. VFR WAYPOINTS Stand-Alone Colocated with VFR Check Point OBSTRUCTIONS Only those obstacles specified by the FAA shall be shown. MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTR) Above Ground Level (AGL) heights are not shown. SPECIAL AIR TRAFFIC RULES / AIRPORT TRAFFIC AREAS (FAR Part 93) Appropriate boxed note as required shown adjacent to area. MODE C (FAR 91.215) Appropriate notes as required may be shown. AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREA (TRSA) NAVIGATIONAL DATA
VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS - Topographic Information CULTURE RAILROADS HYDROGRAPHY SHORELINES Single and Multiple Tracks ROADS MAJOR LAKES AND RIVERS Dual Lane Primary RESERVOIRS POPULATED PLACES Built-up Areas Towns RELIEF Spot Elevations BOUNDARIES International POWER TRANSMISSION LINES PROMINENT PICTORIALS LANDMARKS Position Accurate Mountain Peaks 34
When a symbol is different on any VFR chart series, it will be annotated thus: WAC or Not shown on WAC. 9 VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information AIRPORTS LANDPLANE-MILITARY . VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 22 FLUMES, PENSTOCKS AND SIMILAR FEATURES Elevated Underground FALLS Double-Line Single-Line RAPIDS Double-Line
VFR Country Chart Type Chart Title Effective Date Austria VFR Austria / Österreich Aeronautical Chart VISUAL 500 2022-Mar-24 Benelux VFR Benelux Aeronautical Chart VISUAL 500 2022-Jun-16 Croatia VFR Croatia / Kroatien / Rep.Hrvatska - North Aeronautical Chart VISUAL 500 2022-Jul-14
When a symbol is different on any VFR chart series, it will be annotated thus: WAC or Not shown on WAC. VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Aeronautical Information 10 AIRPORTS LANDPLANE: CIVIL . VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS - Topographic Information 24 FLUMES, PENSTOCKS AND SIMILAR FEATURES Elevated Underground FALLS Double-Line Single-Line RAPIDS Double-Line
VFR FLIGHT OK, VFR AS OPPOSED TO WHAT? VFR as opposed to "IFR". This is one time that aviation does get simple. When you go up in an airplane, there's . Take a look at this chart, it shows the what and where of VFR flight. Notice that the vast majority of U.S. airspace is Class "E", and that it is wide open for VFR operations.
Symbols shown are for World Aeronautical Charts (WACs), Sectional Aeronautical Charts (Sectionals), Terminal Area Charts (TACs), VFR Flyway Planning Charts and Helicopter Route Charts. When a symbol is different on any VFR chart series, it will be annotated as such (e.g. WAC or Not shown on WAC).
USE OF VFR 'MOVING MAP' DEVICES In this leaflet 'VFR Moving Map' means either a device, or software for use on a device, which may be used for the planning and/or execution of a VFR flight. The key feature is that it displays the aircraft's position in real time on a map format that includes relevant aeronautical information for VFR .
USE OF VFR 'MOVING MAP' DEVICES In this leaflet 'VFR Moving Map' means either a device, or software for use on a device, which may be used for the planning and/or execution of a VFR flight. The key feature is that it displays the aircraft's position in real time on a map format that includes relevant aeronautical information for VFR .
Symbols shown are for World Aeronautical Charts (WAC), Sectional aeronautical charts and Terminal Area Charts (TAC). When a symbol is different on any VFR chart series, it will be annotated thus: WAC or Not shown on WAC.
N. Sharma, M. P. Rai* Amity Institute of Biotechnology (J-3 block), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, India A B S T R A C T P A P E R I N F O Media requirement for microalgae cultivation adds most to the cost of biodiesel production at Paper history: Received 30 July 2015 Accepted in revised form 6 September 2015 Keywords: - Chlorella pyrenoidosa Cattle waste Lipid content .