Pulse-to-pulse Stability Measurements

10m ago
23 Views
1 Downloads
1,005.55 KB
8 Pages
Last View : 3d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Madison Stoltz
Transcription

Pulse-to-pulse stability measurements Anritsu Company Pulse-to-pulse stability analysis, the measure of variation of amplitude and phase amongst a burst of pulses, can be a critical measurement in radar, device characterization and other systems studies. In a radar context, that stability may establish the detection limits (either in terms of cross-section or speed) in a dense environment. In device characterization, poor pulse-to-pulse stability in the measurement may limit the detection of second- and lower-order trapping and thermal time constant effects. This note will discuss some of the attributes of the pulse-to-pulse (P2P) measurement with the MS464XB VNA (options 035 and 042), the intrinsic stability measures, and how the performance can be optimized. Background In many pulse measurement scenarios, the time evolution of a parameter between pulses and within a pulse can be of interest. Particularly on the longer time scales, there is also a distinction between variations when a device first turns on versus that when it has been operating for some time (see Fig. 1). Differences may be due to thermal issues, interaction with a control system, or other factors. From a measurement perspective, this is primarily a difference in how the measurement is triggered to ensure that the data is taken at the desired point in the time evolution of the DUT. Pulse envelopes Start up Initial changes in magnitude and phase? Variation even aside from start-up transients? Figure 1. The pulse-to-pulse (P2P) measurement situation and the distinction between start-up-related and quasi-steady-state measurements are shown here.

There are many numerical definitions that have been employed to quantify P2P variation (e.g., [1]) but some of the more common, when using direct digitization, are based on a RMS-like quantity that is either relative to the mean value or relative to a neighboring value. Depending on the nature of the data, these two definitions can give different results. Sometimes, the magnitude and phase of the response parameter are analyzed separately. The phase expressions are the least ambiguous and can be written as S phase ,mean 10 log10 S phase ,adj 10 log10 1 N 1 N i 1 ( N 1 N 1 i 1 i ( i 2 ) i 1 )2 N pulses or measurements being analyzed and Φ is the mean Where N is the number 1 of ( i )2 (and all of the phase values Φ are those of the 10 log S phase ,value mean phase across10 those measurements NN i 1 parameter of interest, such as SM21, usually in degree terms). Sometimes a minus sign is present (M )2 Ni 1 N 1 1 i 1 in S definitions the 22 dB value positive. In terms of magnitude, there is the Sthese 10 log log1010to make 10 (Mi i resulting ,mean mag ( 2 i 1)) phase phase ,,adj mean 10 log 10 N additional question on if the linear or log magnitudes should be processed as part of the NN 1i 1i 1 statistics. Log magnitude processing is often used but this does produce a number of numerical N 1 1 issues if the ( i 2 i 1 )2 S phase ,adj log10 N 1 are significant. 10variations N (M1 i 1 M ) N i 1 i 2 S mag ,adj 10 log10 i 1 (M i M 2 ) S mag ,mean 10 log10 (Ni 1 1) M 2 N N M (M i M )2 S mag ,mean 10 log10 N i 11 N M 22 2 (NM Mi ) i 1 X i 1 X i 1 SSmag ,adj 10 log10 i 1 vector ,mean 10 log10 (NN1 1N) MM 22 2 (M i 1 M i ) i 1 S mag ,adj 10 log10 (NN 11) inMdB 2terms 2 Where M is the magnitude of the parameter of interest (such as S21) and M is X i 1 X i N 2 the average of that magnitude across the N measurements. Still yet another definition is based S vector,adj 10 log10 i 1 X i 1 X 2 on the summed vector (N differences. 1) M S vector,mean 10 log10 i 1 2 N N M 2 X i 1 X S vector,mean 10 log10 Ni 11 22 N X i 1 MX i S vector,adj 10 log10 i 1 (NN 1 1) M 2 2 X i 1 X i i 1 S vector,adj 10 log10 (N 1) M 2 Where X is the complex variable (S21 for example) and the denotes magnitude of the complex difference. Normally this definition is applied against linear magnitude rather than log magnitude. The final result in all cases, however, is expressed in dB terms. 2

One may note some ambiguity in the above with regard to the term ‘measurements’. Classically, this has meant one measurement per pulse, over some defined measurement window somewhere within the pulse, but it could also refer to profiling-like measurements at multiple smaller windows within a pulse (e.g., [3]). These different meanings are used to evaluate different effects since the inherent time constants are quite different. Both types of measurements are supported in the MS464XB. In a profile sense, the data presentation is all based on (normally) smaller measurement windows giving high time resolution (see Fig. 2). As always in pulsed measurements, the phase of the transmission parameter has little meaning when the pulse is off. Since the on-off ratio of the pulse in this example measurement exceeded 100 dB, the phase in the off-state is noise-like. Figure 2. An example profiling-like pulse-to-pulse measurement is shown here. The resolution can be very high (to 2.5ns with the MS464XB) and allow detailed analysis. 3

In the P2P mode, a single window per pulse is used and the resulting displayed data is simplified (see Fig. 3). The window can be made consistent with DUT system operation and is often on a slower time scale. Some forms of stability statistics (more in an absolute variation sense than the dB-relative definitions discussed above) are immediately available. In the particular example below, measurements on 50 sequential pulses are represented and can come from a cold start. By this we mean it is possible to set up triggering so that there is no excitation (DC or RF) of the DUT prior to the first pulse measurement if it is desired to examine initial start-up characteristics. Figure 3. An example classical P2P measurement is shown here where one measurement is performed per pulse. If the behavior in a particular part of a pulse is all that is of interest, this can be an easier way to visualize longer-time-scale distortions. 4

Returning to the earlier definitions of stability, we can look at this example measurement in terms of both sets. If one compared the magnitude-based definitions, one gets a value of -78.4 dB for the mean-referenced version and –59.1 dB for the adjacent-referenced version. The difference may suggest a dominance of short-term variations. Looking at some of the definitions on a pulse-by-pulse basis (the above definitions without the summation sign); one can get an idea of the magnitude of differences between definitions possible even for a relatively stable device. Four of the possible combinations are plotted in Fig. 4. The magnitude only metric shows considerable differences between basing the result of a mean reference or an adjacent reference. The vector-metric shows less of that variation and that may be more useful in certain cases. P2P stability (by pulse) for various definitions -20 -40 -60 dB mag-mean mag-adj -80 vector-mean vector-adj -100 -120 0 5 10 15 20 25 Time (ms) Figure 4. Some of the pulse-to-pulse stability metrics are plotted here for a set of example data. The individual terms in the summations presented in the text are plotted to help show the differences more clearly. 5

Measurement Considerations While there may be a myriad of possible mechanisms within the DUT that could lead to pulse-topulse instability, a first order of business may be to understand and minimize those instabilities from the measurement system itself. Some common candidates: – – – – Noise floor and trace noise Linearity effects Cable drift (thermal, vibrational or otherwise) Overall measurement system RF stability In terms of noise and linearity, one optimization is in signal level into the VNA. If using the regular test ports, an optimal signal level in terms of both linearity and noise is in the –10 to 5 dBm range. If using b1 or b2 direct access ports (which bypass the coupler), the optimal levels are somewhat lower: between –23 and –8 dBm. One can check the received amplitude by looking at the unratioed b2/1 or b1/1 parameters (depending on the DUT direction being measured and with which stimulus port) with no calibrations or normalizations applied: the ideal is no higher than –5 dB but generally as high as possible below that value. Another factor that impacts noise performance is the measurement window. Although this may be dictated by the given test protocol, generally the wider the measurement window, the better for noise performance until one starts running into pulse edge distortions. A simple pictorial representation of these concepts is shown in Fig. 5. Reasonable measurement window Lower noise measurement window DUT output pulse envelope Too wide Figure 5. While many measurement window widths can be used, optimizing the width (if possible for a given application) can result in improved noise performance. The above reasoning follows since the wider measurement window implicitly forces the averaging of additional ADC samples and thus reduces the effective noise floor. Of course, if the test or time resolution requirements dictate a narrower window, this can be accomplished. Cable drift is sometimes more difficult to identify as a measurement issue but can often be important, particularly when longer time constants are involved. Higher quality cables, minimized cable run length and thermal/vibration isolation can all help. Internal instrument stability can sometimes play a role as well, again particularly for longer time constants. Typical instrument stabilities are 0.005 dB/0.05 degrees over moderate time scales but improvements on that can be had with special metrology-equipped versions of the instrumentation. 6

In the hardware-space of the MS464XB, the basic instrument stability (whether with or without the optional RF stimulus modulators) and linearity is adequate for many pulse-to-pulse stability measurement applications. The residual stability at 40 GHz is plotted in Fig. 6 for a typical setup driving direct into the instrument’s port 2, using RF stimulus modulation and a final signal level of –5 dBm. The values are generally lower at lower frequencies so this plot is, in some sense, a worst-case scenario. but care was taken with minimal cable lengths and good environmental stability. A 100 μs pulse period was used with a variety of measurement window widths which may be needed depending on the application. One can see some elevation at the narrowest measurement window width and the noise reduction is less of a factor. Residual system P2P stability at 40 GHz, vector-mean definition vs. measurement window width (100 us period) -40 dB -60 50us -80 10us 1us -100 -120 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (ms) Figure 6. Example residual P2P stabilities for the MS464XB at 40 GHz for a variety of measurement window widths are plotted here. This value would apply equally for a start-up transient kind of measurement or a quasi-steady-state measurement Summary Pulse-to-pulse stability measurements can be important for applications ranging from radar to device characterization and modeling. A wide variety of metrics exist for presenting the data and the numeric differences can be significant so understanding the details of the definitions can be important. For any of these metrics, good measurement system pulse-to-pulse stability is useful. Instrument configurations with improved performance along with some optimization hints have been presented. References 1. M. Cicolani, A. Gentile, S. Maccaroni, and L. Marescialli, “Pulse-to-pulse stability characteristics of robust design centered high performance/low cost T/R module,” Proc. 36th Eur. Micr. Conf., pp. 1802-1805, Sept. 2006. 2. C. Salmer, P. H. Eudeline, and P. A. Rolland, “Pulse to pulse stability of solid state transmitter module for radars application,” Proc. 28th Eur. Micr. Conf., pp. 79-84, Oct. 1998. 3. J. Delprato, D. Barataud, M. Campovecchio, G. Neveux, C. Tolant, and P. Eudeline, “Timedomain envelope measurements and simulations of pulse-to-pulse stability in microwave power amplifiers,” 2014 Int. Micr. Symp. Dig., June 2014. 7

United States Anritsu Company Italy Anritsu S.r.l. India Anritsu India Pvt Ltd 1155 East Collins Boulevard, Suite 100, Richardson, TX, 75081 U.S.A. Toll Free: 1-800-267-4878 Phone: 1-972-644-1777 Fax: 1-972-671-1877 Via Elio Vittorini 129, 00144 Roma Italy Phone: 39-06-509-9711 Fax: 39-06-502-2425 2nd & 3rd Floor, #837/1, Binnamangla 1st Stage, Indiranagar, 100ft Road, Bangalore - 560038, India Phone: 91-80-4058-1300 Fax: 91-80-4058-1301 Canada Anritsu Electronics Ltd. 700 Silver Seven Road, Suite 120, Kanata, Ontario K2V 1C3, Canada Phone: 1-613-591-2003 Fax: 1-613-591-1006 Brazil Anritsu Electrônica Ltda. Praça Amadeu Amaral, 27 - 1 Andar 01327-010 - Bela Vista - São Paulo - SP - Brazil Phone: 55-11-3283-2511 Fax: 55-11-3288-6940 Mexico Anritsu Company, S.A. de C.V. Av. Ejército Nacional No. 579 Piso 9, Col. Granada 11520 México, D.F., México Phone: 52-55-1101-2370 Fax: 52-55-5254-3147 United Kingdom Anritsu EMEA Ltd. 200 Capability Green, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3LU, U.K. Phone: 44-1582-433280 Fax: 44-1582-731303 France Anritsu S.A. 12 avenue du Québec, Batiment Iris 1-Silic 612, 91140 Villebon-sur-Yvette, France Phone: 33-1-60-92-15-50 Fax: 33-1-64-46-10-65 Germany Anritsu GmbH Nemetschek Haus, Konrad-Zuse-Platz 1 81829 München, Germany Phone: 49-89-442308-0 Fax: 49-89-442308-55 Sweden Anritsu AB Kistagången 20B, 164 40 KISTA, Sweden Phone: 46-8-534-707-00 Fax: 46-8-534-707-30 Finland Anritsu AB Teknobulevardi 3-5, FI-01530 Vantaa, Finland Phone: 358-20-741-8100 Fax: 358-20-741-8111 Denmark Anritsu A/S Kay Fiskers Plads 9, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark Phone: 45-7211-2200 Fax: 45-7211-2210 Russia Anritsu EMEA Ltd. Representation Office in Russia Tverskaya str. 16/2, bld. 1, 7th floor. Russia, 125009, Moscow Phone: 7-495-363-1694 Fax: 7-495-935-8962 United Arab Emirates Anritsu EMEA Ltd. Dubai Liaison Office P O Box 500413 - Dubai Internet City Al Thuraya Building, Tower 1, Suite 701, 7th Floor Dubai, United Arab Emirates Phone: 971-4-3670352 Fax: 971-4-3688460 Singapore Anritsu Pte. Ltd. 11 Chang Charn Road, #04-01, Shriro House Singapore 159640 Phone: 65-6282-2400 Fax: 65-6282-2533 P. R. China (Shanghai) Anritsu (China) Co., Ltd. 27th Floor, Tower A, New Caohejing International Business Center No. 391 Gui Ping Road Shanghai, Xu Hui Di District, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China Phone: 86-21-6237-0898 Fax: 86-21-6237-0899 P. R. China (Hong Kong) Anritsu Company Ltd. Unit 1006-7, 10/F., Greenfield Tower, Concordia Plaza, No. 1 Science Museum Road, Tsim Sha Tsui East, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China Phone: 852-2301-4980 Fax: 852-2301-3545 Japan Anritsu Corporation 8-5, Tamura-cho, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, 243-0016 Japan Phone: 81-46-296-1221 Fax: 81-46-296-1238 Korea Anritsu Corporation, Ltd. 5FL, 235 Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-400 Korea Phone: 82-31-696-7750 Fax: 82-31-696-7751 Australia Anritsu Pty Ltd. Unit 21/270 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia Phone: 61-3-9558-8177 Fax: 61-3-9558-8255 Taiwan Anritsu Company Inc. 7F, No. 316, Sec. 1, Neihu Rd., Taipei 114, Taiwan Phone: 886-2-8751-1816 Fax: 886-2-8751-1817 Anritsu utilizes recycled paper and environmentally conscious inks and toner. Anritsu All trademarks are registered trademarks of their respective companies. Data subject to change without notice. For the most recent specifications visit: www.anritsu.com 11410-0833, Rev. A Printed in United States 2014-010 2014 Anritsu Company. All Rights Reserved

A 100 μs pulse period was used with a variety of measurement window widths which may be needed depending on the application. One can see some elevation at the narrowest measurement window width and the noise reduction is less of a factor. Summary Pulse-to-pulse stability measurements can be important for applications ranging from radar to

Related Documents:

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (Carrier based Pulse Width Modulation Technique), Space vector pulse width modulation Single pulse modulation contains only one pulse per half cycle and the width of the pulse can be used to control the output voltage. In mul

Aug 07, 2015 · Energy level diagram E E Spin gymnastics and Energy level diagrams . Two-pulse echo 90 pulse 180 pulse two-pulse echo ( 2x FID) FID thermal o equilibrium rotated by 90 . frequency during pulse sequence - leads to dephasing and loss of signal - contributes to T m

Count the number of pulse beats in one minute. How many pulse beats could you count? The number of beats per minute is called the pulse rate. A resting person, usually has a pulse rate between 72 and 80 beats per minute. Find other places in your body where you can feel the pulse. Record your own pulse beats per minute and those of your classmates.

This is the same icon (except not illuminated) when disconnected from Junos Pulse: Right-clicking on this icon will allow you to connect or disconnect from Junos Pulse. Alternatively, to reconnect to Junos Pulse, you can click Start, All Programs, Juniper Networks, Junos Pulse, and then Junos Pulse.

※Pulse Secure client directconnection notsupport(Ac esonlythrugbw) 5 2. EnterUseraccount . - Allow the Pulse Client download. 25 9. Pulse Client automatic installation - Pulse Clientauto-install progress. 26 10. Pulse Clientautomatic installation . ps-pulse-linux-9.1r

9/18/2016 9Nurul/DEE 3413/Modulation Types of Modulation Pulse Modulation Carrier is a train of pulses Example: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse width modulation (PWM) , Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) Digital Modulation Modulating signal is analog Example: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Delta Modulation (DM), Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM), Differential Pulse

Fig. 3: SSP/SWEEPS endodontics with (i) single-pulse SSP and (ii) dual-pulse SWEEPS laser-assisted irrigation. In the SWEEPS dual-pulse sequence, the initial laser pulse is followed by a subsequent laser pulse delivered at an optimal time - when the initial bubble generated by the first pulse is in the final phase of collapse (Fig. iic).

Iowa, 348 P. Sharma, O. P. (1986) Textbook of algae. Tata Mcgrawhill Publishing company Ltd. New Delhi. 396. p. UNESCO (1978) Phytoplankton manual. Unesco, Paris. 337 p. Table 1: Relative abundance of dominant phytoplankton species in water sarnples and stomach/gut of bonga from Parrot Island. Sample Water date 15/1/04 LT (4, 360 cells) Diatom 99.2%, Skeletonema costatum-97.3% HT (12, 152 .