Resource For Implementing A Street Sweeping Best Practice
2008 RIC06Resource for Implementing aStreet Sweeping Best PracticeTake thesteps.tive Solutions!ovannIrch.Knowledge.seaReTransportation Research
Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No.2.3. Recipients Accession No.MN/RC – 2008RIC064. Title and Subtitle5. Report DateResource for Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeFebruary 20086.7. Author(s)8. Performing Organization Report No.Renae Kuehl, Michael Marti, Joel Schilling9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.SRF Consulting Group, Inc.One Carlson Parkway North, Suite 150Minneapolis, MN 55477-444311. Contract (C) or Grant (G) No.12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address13. Type of Report and Period CoveredMinnesota Department of TransportationResearch Services Section395 John Ireland Boulevard Mail Stop 330St. Paul, Minnesota 55155Final Report90351 – RIC Task 614. Sponsoring Agency Code15. Supplementary Noteshttp://www.lrrb.org/PDF/2008RIC06.pdf16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)This resource was developed to assist agencies in implementing a street sweeping best practice. The TechnicalAdvisory Panel decided these best practices are most useful for application in the State of Minnesota. Theseinformation sheets are designed to provide technical staff, policy and decision makers with guidance on anumber of topics including: Best Practices Overview, Types of Sweepers, Reasons for Sweeping and Sweepingand Roadway Function.This series of information sheets were put together for agencies to develop criteria to enhance the streetsweeping process. The four information sheets are intended to be used as a group, highlighting the differentcomponents that should be considered when implementing/enhancing a street sweeping program.17. Document Analysis/Descriptors18.Availability StatementStreet SweepingMechanical SweepersRegenerative Air SweepersVacuum SweepersAir QualityWater QualityRoadway Maintenance Clean-upRoadway DebrisDebris and Trash RemovalSweeping FrequencyGreen PavementsBest PracticesNo restrictions. Document availablefrom: National Technical InformationServices, Springfield, Virginia 2216119. Security Class (this report)20. Security Class (this page)21. No. of PagesUnclassifiedUnclassified2122. Price
Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeIntroductionThe Minnesota LRRB has developed a series of information sheets as a resource forImplementing a Street Sweeping Best Practices. These sheets are designed to provide technicalstaff, policy and decision makers with guidance on a number of topics including:1. Best Management Practices Overview2. Types of Sweepers3. Reasons for Sweeping4. Sweeping and Roadway FunctionIn preparing this resource it is acknowledged that there are numerous research studies andreports on Street Sweeping. At the time of printing, this resource is a synthesis of the TechnicalAdvisory Panel (TAP) consensus of the most useful information for application in Minnesota.This series of information sheets were put together for agencies to develop criteria to enhancethe street sweeping process. The four information sheets are intended to be used as a group,highlighting the different components that should be considered when implementing/enhancinga street sweeping program.Additional copies of these sheets can be obtained at the LRRB Website: www.lrrb.org (Search:Street Sweeping)AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the following individuals and organizations for theircontributions to this document:Technical Advisory PanelTom Colbert, City of Eagan (Chair)Jim All, Environmental Enhancements, LLCKen Haider, Ramsey CountyKevin Harms, Olmsted CountyMike Kennedy, City of MinneapolisMark Kinter, Industry Technical AdvisorKevin Larson, City of Brooklyn ParkAlan Rindels, Mn/DOTKathleen Schaefer, Mn/DOTJim Triebold, City of WoodburyDisclaimer:This report represents the results of research conducted by the authors and does not necessarily represent the views or policies of the MinnesotaDepartment of Transportation or the Minnesota Local Road Research Board. This report does not contain a standard or specified technique.The authors and the Minnesota Department of Transportation and/or Local Road Research Board do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade ormanufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to this report.Local Road Research Board: February 2008
Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeStreet Sweeping Best Practice OverviewBMP - OverviewOverviewAs with any other best practice, an agency needs to balance many factorsin order to achieve their best practice. The information presented withinthis document is provided to assist an agency in developing a best practice.This information includes:Reasons for sweeping (air quality, water quality, safety, appearance,maintenance clean-up) Types of roadways to be swept Type of debris to be swept (dust, small particles, large particles,vegetation, packed dirt, etc.) Available equipment How the equipment can be used Budgets – capital, operations and maintenance costs Agency’s approach to water quality regulationsThe following pages of this overview will provide general best practice information for street sweeping pertaining to:Various ways of treating quality (street sweeping versus other methods) Capital cost of street sweepers Operational cost of street sweeping Maintenance cost of street sweepingFrom a combination of the information provided within this resource, conversations and networking with peeragencies and from technical assistance from manufactures, an agency will have the information and knowledge tobalance the key factors and develop a best management practice.Various Ways of Treating QualityMinnesota is known for the quality of receiving waters for recreation and the propagation of fish and wildlife.Improving quality in the 1970s and 80s involved separating stormwater and wastewater from combined sewers,primarily in the Metro Area and providing extensive treatment for the latter source to maintain receiving water qualitystandards. As mandated by the Clean Water Act and EPAs Phase 1 (11/16/90) and Phase 2 (12/8/99) stormwaterregulations, treatment methods have involved implementing best management practices (BMP) such as detentionponds, underground structural devices, street sweeping and more recently rain gardens and low impact developmentcriteria.While Minnesota emphasized construction of structural BMP devices, street sweeping as a nonstructural operationprovides significant benefits in achieving quality not only in the receiving water, but roadway appearance, safety,potential air quality improvement and improving structural device maintenance. Implementing a street sweepingprogram using higher efficiency street sweepers either alone or in combination with mechanical sweepers andcoupled with sweeping frequencies reflecting the amount of roadway material generated is a prudent approach forachieving quality.Table 1 provides a suggested street sweeping program recognizing the differences in roadway material generation.Minimum street sweeping frequencies may be adjusted dependent upon the receiving water and the level of qualitydesired by the owner/operator or mandated by regulation.Local Road Research Board: February 2008Page 1 of 18Sweeping and Roadway FunctionConverse to some other major Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO), here in Minnesota, and specifically theTwin Cities metropolitan area, one important factor that has influenced street sweeping practices is the overallapproach taken in addressing and treating water quality standards.Reasons for Sweeping Types of Sweepers
Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeStreet Sweeping Best Practice OverviewAreaMaximum Frequency16 times per year16 times per year9 times per year16 times per year9 times per year2 times per weekTypes of SweepersArterialsCommercialLight IndustrialHeavy IndustrialResidentialCentral Business District2Minimum Frequency9 times per year9 times per year6 times per year9 times per year4 times per yearBiweeklyBMP - OverviewTable 1:1Proposed Street Sweeping FrequenciesSchilling, J.G. 2005. Street Sweeping – Report No. 3, Policy Development and Future Implementation Options for Water Quality Improvement. Prepared for Ramsey-WashingtonMetro Watershed District (http://www.rwmwd.org) Little Canada, Minnesota 55117.1Frequency may depend upon business community and local government expectations.2Cost ConsiderationsReasons for SweepingThe capital cost for purchasing a street sweeper can be quite high,ranging from 140,000 to 250,000 depending upon the sweeper type(mechanical, regenerative-air, etc.) and options included. Table 2 is amodification of previous information1 augmented by recent sweeperpurchasing information from governmental units. Major optionsaffecting the purchase price are secondary engine fuel type and size(gasoline, diesel, CNG), sweeper box material (metal type, coatings),hopper dump style, and accessories (vacuum wand, interior cabfeatures, etc.). An equally important factor in the purchasing decision isstreet sweeper service life. While high efficiency street sweepers(regenerative-air and vacuum) are initially more expensive, theirexpected average service life range is significantly longer thanmechanical sweepers due primarily to less moving parts requiringrepair and replacement. Longer service life translates into lowerOperation and Maintenance expense on a unit basis (dollar cost percurb-mile swept).Sweeping and Roadway FunctionTable 2:Street Sweeper Cost Data (2007 dollars) 1Sweeper TypeMechanicalRegenerative-air orVacuum/ Newer TechnologyPurchase Price( ) 140,000 175,000 - 250,000Schilling, J.G. 2005. Street Sweeping – Report No. 1, State of the Practice. Prepared for Ramsey-Washington MetroWatershed District (http://www.rwmwd.org). Little Canada, Minnesota 55117.1Local Road Research Board: February 2008Page 2 of 18
Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeStreet Sweeping Best Practice OverviewBMP - OverviewOperator TrainingStreet sweepers, whether mechanical or high efficiency types, arecomplex machines to operate in an efficient manner. Operator trainingshould include two important components:1. Street sweeper operation2. Reasons for street sweeping Daily operation checklistprocedures Machine operation Trouble-shooting indicators andproblems Daily and long-term preventivemaintenance Minor repairs Machine and personal safetyrequirements Factory-training for operators andmechanics often comprises aminimum of 32 hours of lectureand/or hands-on efforts.Preventative MaintenancePreventive maintenance will assure that a street sweeper achieves itsservice life. Often street sweepers and trucks are used by more than onedriver, thus it may be difficult to determine which operators may neglectperiodic preventive maintenance requirements. In addition, scheduledmaintenance for the operational vehicles may be overlooked because theunits needing such work are cleaning the streets. An internal programwhich tracks scheduled maintenance also contributes to achievingsweeper service life.Daily washing of street sweepers is imperative, especially in snow-beltstates where deicers are incorporated into street debris and sediment.service life is significantly reduced as a result of corrosion of metal partsexposed to deicer chemicalsLocal Road Research Board: February 2008Page 3 of 18Sweeping and Roadway FunctionTraining should include the Reasons for Street Sweeping. Employees intargeted positions (whose interactions, jobs, and activities affect stormwater quality) should be provided information regarding therequirements of a storm water management program, trash and debriscontrol and air quality issues relating to street sweeping. Efficiency issignificantly enhanced by having operators that understand machineoperation and the reasons for street sweeping. A successful streetsweeping program incorporates both.Street sweeper operator trainingshould include at a minimum:Reasons for SweepingWhile implementing factory-training in conjunction with a new sweeperpurchase is a high priority, equally important is having an internaltraining program for new hires. While a new hire may need acommercial drivers license (CDL), at a minimum an established trainingprogram with a designated trainer(s), or documented standardized test(e.g. going through a series of maneuvers) that new operators must passto operate the street sweeper on various roadways or alleys would benecessary to assure competence in machine operation. The trainingprogram should designate the amount of time that a trainee spends ridingwith and watching a trainer, the minimum amount of time spent drivingaccompanied by a more senior employee, and a minimum set ofmaneuvers that a trainee must be able to accomplish before riding alone.The training program should also include a preventive maintenancelesson provided by a sweeper mechanic.Types of SweepersWhile great strides have been made by sweeper manufactures withrespect to touch, joy-stick and other improvements for in-cab operation,the bottom line is what’s happening both within the sweeper itself andon the street that counts. A very important part of the purchase price ofany new sweeper is including the cost of factory-training for operators.Street sweeper operator training should include at a minimum: dailyoperation checklist procedures, machine operation, trouble-shootingindicators and problems, daily and long-term preventive maintenance,minor repairs, machine and personal safety requirements. Factorytraining for operators and mechanics often comprises a minimum of 32hours of lecture and/or hands-on efforts.
Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeTypes of Street SweepersBMP - OverviewThis sheet focuses on types of street sweepers commonly usedand available in Minnesota: Mechanical broom Regenerative air Vacuum Newer-TechnologyReasons for Sweeping What type of debris will you be sweeping (if all, how will you prioritize?)– Dust– Small Materials (sand, silt, sediment, seal coat aggregate, etc.)– Large material (road debris, trash, etc)– Vegetation (wet)– Packed dirtTypes of SweepersDetailed information on each of these sweepers can be found onthe following pages.Each of these sweepers has been designed to perform specific functions and therefore vary infunctionality. Additionally, every agency’s sweeping practice also varies. Therefore, agencies shouldconduct a thorough assessment comparing their needs with the attributes of the various sweepers todetermine which type of sweeper(s) would work best for their operation.The following questions help define agency sweeping needs: What are your reasons for sweeping?– Water quality– Air quality– Appearance (trash/debris removal)– Safety– Roadway maintenance clean up What is the surface type/condition/cross section of pavement (smooth, uneven, alleys, etc.)? Does the sweeper’s dumping style matter (front, rear, or side)? If so, which type do you need?There is a “blank” table at the end of this section to assist in assessing an agency’s needs to the varioussweeper types.* The street sweeper examples listed on the following pages are not intended to be inclusive ofall manufactures/modelsLocal Road Research Board: February 2008Page 4 of 18Sweeping and Roadway Function How important is hopper capacity (volume vs. payload)?– Sweeper hopper capacity is shown as a volume (e.g. cubic yards). Usable volume is oftenshown as less due to internal equipment restrictions. But, hopper payload capacity islimited by the truck chassis. Thus, the actual hopper payload is a function of the materialsbeing swept. For example, leaves, grass clippings, twigs, and trash will maximize usablehopper volume capacity, while sweeping sand or a sand/gravel mixture often results in apayload capacity less than the usable volume due to the chassis limit.
Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeTypes of Street SweepersChainPaddlesMain BroomTypes of SweepersBelt ConveyerCleatsMain BroomMechanical Sweepers: fective for wet/matted leavesand digging/sweeping packed dirtPaddles limit debris size to 6”diameter or smallerAllianz M350Elgin Broom BearElgin Road WizardSchwarze M5000Schwarze M6000 Water Quality Air Quality Appearance Safety Roadway Maintenance Clean upAble to sweep millings and coarse Compared to the belt, chain-andsand better than belt sweeperspaddle needs to be replaced more(no “inside” areas of buildup)oftenCompared to Belt Sweepers, lessdaily build upRequires less power thanregenerative air and vacuumsweepersDoes not pick up fine materials as Hopper Capacity:well as other sweepers4.5 – 7.5 cubic yardsParticles that do not get picked upDump Style:are spread across the streetSide Multi-Levelsurface sometimes making theRear Mid-Levelstreet look dirty or streakedMechanical Sweepers: BeltFunctionality:Limitations:Examples*:Able to pick up large debris(plastic bottles, cans, branches)Conveyor must be cleaned dailyto prevent buildup of debrisElgin EagleElgin PelicanAble to pick up wet/matted andChip seal aggregate and winterlarge amount of leaves better than abrasive (sand) can build upother sweepersinside beltEffective at “digging into” andremoving packed dirt fromroadwayRequires less power thanregenerative air and vacuumsweepersHopper Capacity:3.5 – 4.5 cubic yardsDoes not pick up fine materials as Dump Style:well as other sweepersFront Multi-LevelParticles that do not get picked up Side Multi-Levelspread across the street surfacesometimes making the street lookdirty or streakedLocal Road Research Board: February 2008Addresses: Water Quality Air Quality Appearance Safety Roadway Maintenance Clean upPage 5 of 18Sweeping and Roadway FunctionFunctionality:Reasons for SweepingThis class of street sweeper is still utilized asthe primary street sweeper type by a majority ofmunicipalities within the United States.Mechanical street sweepers use a gutter broomto move the debris from the curb into the pathof the main broom which then works witheither a squeegee (chain-and-paddles) or aconveyor belt to move debris from the groundinto a hopper contained within the unit. Broomsweepers are very good at picking up debris inany weather condition and can "dig into" andremove hard packed dirt and mud. Dust controlfor this type of machine can be a problembecause of the churning action of the brooms.The onboard water spraying system (dustcontrol) helps to mitigate dust when working inlow debris areas; however, they do not workwell in heavy debris areas and resulting dustcan affect air quality. Because of this, a flushtruck is sometimes used with mechanicalsweepers to help mitigate dust.BMP - OverviewMechanical Broom Sweepers
Implementing a Street Sweeping Best PracticeTypes of Street SweepersBMP - OverviewRegenerative Air SweepersAir OutGutter BroomsWater must be used to “knock“ the dust and smallparticles out of the air and into the hopper or they will bepulled through the fan and cause wear on the impeller.Reasons for SweepingRegenerative air street sweepers use gutter brooms tomove debris from the curb into the path of the sweeperhead. The regenerative air process blows air into one endof the sweeper head and onto the pavement dislodgingmaterials. The other end of the sweeper head has asuction hose that vacuums up the materials and depositsit into a hopper. The air is then re-circulated back throughthe system to the sweeper head, which is a distinctlydifferent operation from a pure vacuum system.Sweeper HeadRegenerative Air SweepersLimitations:Examples*:Can remove fine sand and silt, butsurface must be dryDebris is limited to diameter of air outhoseAbility to pick-up materials entrainedwithin cracksDifficulty in picking up wet/mattedleavesCan have a larger than average hopperParticles that do not get picked-up arespread across the street surfacesometimes making the street look dirtyor streakedAllianz RT
Daily washing of street sweepers is imperative, especially in snow-belt states where deicers are incorporated into street debris and sediment. service life is significantly reduced as a result of corrosion of metal parts exposed to deicer chemicals Implementing a Street Sweeping Best Practice
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