PSYCHOLOGY - Pearson
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 1 27/11/14 4:28 PM user/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .PSYCHOLOGYAn ExplorationCanadian EditionSaundra K. CiccarelliGulf Coast Community CollegeJ. Noland WhiteGeorgia College & State UniversityV. Heather FritzleySheridan College Institute of Technology & Advanced LearningTom HarriganRed River CollegeToronto
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 2 28/11/14 8:47 PM user/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .Acquisitions Editor: Matthew ChristianProgram Manager: Madhu RanadiveMarketing Manager: Claire VarleySenior Developmental Editor: Paul DonnellyProject Manager: Marissa LokFull Service Vendor Project Manager: Munesh Kumar, Aptara , Inc.Copy Editor: Sally GloverProofreader: Karen AllistonCompositor: Aptara , Inc.Permissions Project Manager: Kathryn O’HandleyPhoto Researcher: Lokesh Bisht, Aptara , Inc.Permissions Researcher: Dimple Bhorwal, Aptara , Inc.Art Director: Alex LiCover and Interior Designer: Anthony LeungCover Image: Birth of a New Life: Evgeny Terentev/Getty Images; Alas de Mariposa: Alex Bramwell/Fotolia; Monarch Flying onWhite: Cathy Keifer/Fotolia; Monarch Butterfly: Peterfactors/FotoliaCredits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate pagewithin the text and on page C-1.If you purchased this book outside the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the publisher orthe author.Copyright 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright andpermission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written requestto Pearson Canada Inc., Permissions Department, 26 Prince Andrew Place, Don Mills, Ontario, M3C 2T8, or fax your request to 416-447-3126, or submita request to Permissions Requests at www.pearsoncanada.ca.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 [CKV]Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in PublicationCiccarelli, Saundra K., authorPsychology : an exploration / Saundra K. Ciccarelli (Gulf Coast Community College), J. Noland White (Georgia College and State University),V. Heather Fritzley (Sheridan College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning), Tom Harrigan (Red River College). — Canadian edition.Includes bibliographical references and indexes.ISBN 978-0-205-89746-9 (bound)1. Psychology—Textbooks. I. Harrigan, Tom, 1964-, author II. Fritzley, V. Heather, author III. White, J. Noland, author IV. Title.BF121.C5228 2014150C2014-906111-0ISBN: 978-0-205-89746-9
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 3 27/11/14 4:28 PM user/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .brief contentsPsychologyin Action Secrets for Surviving University and Improving Your Grades1 The Science of Psychology22 The Biological Perspective403 Sensation and Perception4 Learning1225 Memory164826 Consciousness and Cognition2007 Development Across the Life Span8 Motivation and Emotion9 Stress and Health31810 Social Psychology354PIA-223227611 Theories of Personality and Intelligence12 Psychological Disorders44413 Psychological Therapies478396Appendix A Applied Psychology and Psychology CareersA-1iii
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 4 27/11/14 4:28 PM user/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .contentsCognitive Perspective 11Sociocultural Perspective 12Biopsychological Perspective 12Preface xpsychology in the newsAbout the Authors xxiWas Prominent Canadian Psychologist Donald Hebba CIA Operative? 13Evolutionary Perspective 14psychologyin actionSecrets for SurvivingUniversity and ImprovingYour Grades PIA-2Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization 14Psychology: The Scientific Methodology 16Why Psychologists Use the Scientific Method 16Descriptive Methods 18Finding Relationships 22issues in psychologyFree Cocaine Offered for Psychological Study at McGill 25Study Methods: Different Strokes for Different Folks PIA-4Reading Textbooks: Textbooks Are Not Novels PIA-6How to Take Notes: Printing Out PowerPoint Slides Is NotTaking Notes PIA-8Taking Notes While Reading the Text PIA-8Taking Notes During the Lecture PIA-8Ethics of Psychological Research 29The Guidelines for Doing Research with People 29applying psychology to everyday lifeThinking Critically About Critical Thinking 31Chapter Summary 33 Test Yourself 35Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option PIA-9C oncept S ummary 3 8Writing Papers: Planning Makes Perfect PIA-12applying psychology to everyday life2Strategies for Improving Your Memory PIA-14psychology in action summary PIA-16Test Yourself PIA-17The Biological PerspectiveConcept Summary P IA- 1840An Overview of the Nervous System 421The Science of PsychologyWhat Is Psychology? 4The Field of Psychology 4Psychology’s Goals 4Psychology Then: The History of Psychology 5In the Beginning: Wundt, Introspection,and the Laboratory 5Titchener and Baldwin and Structuralismin North America 6William James and Functionalism 7Gestalt Psychology: The Whole Is GreaterThan the Sum of Its Parts 8Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis 8Pavlov, Watson, and the Dawn of Behaviourism 9Psychology Now: Modern Perspectives 10Psychodynamic Perspective 10Behavioural Perspective 11Humanistic Perspective 11ivNeurons and Nerves: Building the Network 422Structure of the Neuron—The Nervous System’s Building Block 42Generating the Message Within the Neuron—The NeuralImpulse 44Sending the Message to Other Cells: The Synapse 47Neurotransmitters, Messengers of the Network 48Cleaning Up the Synapse: Reuptake and Enzymes 50The Central Nervous System—The “Central Processing Unit” 51The Brain 51The Spinal Cord 51The Peripheral Nervous System—Nerves on the Edge 54The Somatic Nervous System 54The Autonomic Nervous System 55Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands 57The Pituitary, Master of the Hormonal Universe 58The Pineal Gland 58The Thyroid Gland 58Pancreas 58The Gonads 58The Adrenal Glands 59Looking Inside the Living Brain 59Lesioning Studies 60Brain Stimulation 60
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 5 27/11/14 4:28 PM user/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .CONTENTSapplying psychology to everyday lifeMapping Structure 61Mapping Function 62Beyond “Smoke and Mirrors”—The Psychological Scienceand Neuroscience of Magic 116psychology in the newsChapter Summary 117 Test Yourself 119Concussions: Your Brain Like a Football! 63From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain 64The Hindbrain 65Structures Under the Cortex 66The Cortex 69The Association Areas of the Cortex 71The Cerebral Hemispheres: Are You in Your Right Mind? 72applying psychology to everyday lifePaying Attention to the Causes of Attention-Deficit/HyperactivityDisorder 75Chapter Summary 76 Test Yourself 78Learning122It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning 124382The ABCs of Sensation 84What Is Sensation? 84Sensory Thresholds 84Habituation and Sensory Adaptation 85The Science of Seeing 87Perceptual Properties of Light: Catching the Waves 87The Structure of the Eye 88How the Eye Works 90Perception of Colour 91The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? 94Perception of Sound: Good Vibrations 94The Structure of the Ear: Follow the Vibes 96Types of Hearing Impairments 98Chemical Senses: It Tastes Goodand Smells Even Better 99Gustation: How We Taste the World 99The Sense of Scents: Olfaction 101psychology in the newsCan Humans Smell Danger and Great Potential Mates? 102Somesthetic Senses: What the Body Knows 103Perception of Touch, Pressure, and Temperature 103Pain: Gate-Control Theory 104The Kinesthetic Sense 105The Vestibular Sense 105The ABCs of Perception 106The Constancies: Size, Shape, and Brightness 107The Gestalt Principles 107Depth Perception 109Perceptual Illusions 111Other Factors That Influence Perception 1144Definition of Learning 124Concept Summary 80Sensation and PerceptionC oncept S ummary 1 2 0Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs 125Elements of Classical Conditioning 125Putting It All Together: Pavlov’s Canine Classic,or Tick Tock, Tick Tock 125Conditioned Emotional Responses: Rats! 130Watson and “Little Albert” 130Other Conditioned Responses in Humans 130Why Does Classical Conditioning Work? 132What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning 133Frustrating Cats: Thorndike’s Puzzle Box and the Lawof Effect 133B. F. Skinner: The Behaviourist’s Behaviourist 134The Concept of Reinforcement 134Positive and Negative Reinforcement 135The Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-ArmedBandit Is So Seductive 136The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning 140Two Kinds of Punishment 141Problems with Punishment 142issues in psychologyThe Link Between Spanking and Aggression inYoung Children 144Stimulus Control: Slow Down, It’s the Cops 144Other Concepts in Operant Conditioning 145classic studies in psychologyBiological Constraints on Operant Conditioning 146Applying Operant Conditioning: Behaviour Modification 147Cognitive Learning Theory 149Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning 150Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning 150Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness 151Observational Learning 153Bandura and the Bobo Doll 153The Four Elements of Observational Learning 154applying psychology to everyday lifeCan You Really Toilet-Train Your Cat? 156Chapter Summary 158 Test Yourself 160C oncept S ummary 1 6 2v
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 6 27/11/14 4:28 PM uservi/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .C ON T E N T S5MemoryAltered States: Sleep 203The Biology of Sleep 203The Stages of Sleep 204classic studies in psychology164Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Are Canadians at Greater Risk? 204What Happens in REM Sleep? 207Sleep Disorders 208Three Processes of Memory 166Putting It In: Encoding 166Keeping It In: Storage 166Getting It Out: Retrieval 166psychology in the newsMurder While Sleepwalking 209How People Think 212Models of Memory 166classic studies in psychologyCraik, Lockhart, Tulving, and Levels of Processing 167The Information-Processing Model: Three Stages of Memory 169Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? 169Short-Term and Working Memory 171Long-Term Memory 174Culture and Long-Term Memory 175Types of Long-Term Information 175Mental Imagery 212Concepts 214Problem Solving and Decision Making 215Problems with Problem Solving 218Creativity 220Language 222The Levels of Language Analysis 222The Relationship Between Language and Thought 224applying psychology to everyday lifeThe Cognitive Benefits of Multilingualism 227Getting it Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories 179Retrieval Cues 179Recall: Hmm . . . Let Me Think 181Recognition: Hey, Don’t I Know You from Somewhere? 182Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories 183The Reconstructive Nature of Long-TermMemory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? 184Chapter Summary 227 Test Yourself 228C oncept S ummary 2 3 07Constructive Processing of Memories 184Memory Retrieval Problems 185Reliability of Memory Retrieval 186Development Across theLife Span 232What Were We Talking About? Forgetting 187Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve 188Encoding Failure 188Memory Trace Decay Theory 189Interference Theory 189Issues in Studying Human Development 234Research Designs 234Nature Versus Nurture 234Adoption Studies 236Neuroscience of Memory 190Neural Activity and Structure in Memory Formation 190The Hippocampus and Memory 191When Memory Fails: Amnesia 191The Basic Building Blocks of Development 236applying psychology to everyday lifeGenetic and Chromosome Problems 236Alzheimer’s Disease 193Prenatal Development 238Fertilization, the Zygote, and Twinning 239Chapter Summary 194 Test Yourself 196psychology in the newsCo ncept Summary 198Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Seeing ThroughEach Other’s Eyes 240The Germinal Period 240The Embryonic Period 241The Fetal Period: Grow, Baby, Grow 2426Consciousness and CognitionWhat Is Consciousness? 202Definition of Consciousness 202Altered States of Consciousness 202Infancy and Childhood Development 243200Physical Development 243Baby, Can You See Me? Baby, Can You Hear Me?Sensory Development 244Cognitive Development 245Autism Spectrum Disorder 251Psychosocial Development 252
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 7 27/11/14 4:28 PM user/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .CONTENTS9classic studies in psychologyAinsworth and the Strange Situation Paradigm 253Harlow and Contact Comfort 255Gender Development 257Stress and HealthGender Roles 258Theories of Gender-Role Development 259Adolescence 260Physical Development 260Cognitive Development 261Physical Development: Use It or Lose It 264Cognitive Development 266Psychosocial Development 266Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging 268Stages of Death and Dying 269Cross-Cultural Views on Death 270Chapter Summary 271 Test Yourself 272Concept Summary 274Coping with Stress 345276Psychoactive Drugs and Addiction 289Physical Dependence 290Psychological Dependence 290Sexual Motivation 296Sexual Orientation 298issues in psychologyWhat Is the Evolutionary Purpose of Homosexuality? 301applying psychology to everyday lifeWhen Motivation Is Not Enough 312Chapter Summary 313 Test Yourself 314Concept Summary 316issues in psychologyStress and Sexual Dysfunction 343Instinct Approaches 278Drive-Reduction Approaches 279Personality and nAch: Carol Dweck’s Self-Theory ofMotivation 281Arousal Approaches 282Incentive Approaches 283Humanistic Approaches: Maslow’sHierarchy of Needs 284Self-Determination Theory (SDT) 287The Angry/Happy Man 308The General Adaptation Syndrome 327Immune System and Stress 328The Physiology of Hunger 341Social Components of Hunger 341Maladaptive Eating Problems 342Approaches to Understanding Motivation 278The Three Elements of Emotion 302Physiological Factors: Stress and Health 327Stress, Hunger, and Eating 3418classic studies in psychologyDefinition of Stress 320What Are Stressors? 320Environmental Stressors: Life’s Ups and Downs 321Psychological Stressors: Stress and the Mind 323Health Psychology and Stress 331The Influence of Cognition and Personality on Stress 332Personality Factors in Stress 333Social Factors in Stress: People Who Need People 338applying psychology to everyday lifeEmotion 302318Stress and Stressors 320Adulthood 264Motivation and EmotionviiProblem-Focused Coping 345Emotion-Focused Coping 345Meditation as a Coping Mechanism 346How Culture Affects Coping 347How Religion Affects Coping 347applying psychology to everyday lifeExercising for Mental Health 348Chapter Summary 349 Test Yourself 350C oncept S ummary 3 5 210Social Psychology354Social Influence: Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience 356Conformity 356Compliance 359Obedience 360Task Performance: Social Facilitation and Social Loafing 362Social Cognition: Attitudes, Impression Formation,and Attribution 364Attitudes 364The ABC Model of Attitudes 364Attitude Formation 365Biological and Genetic Factors 366
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 8 27/11/14 4:28 PM userviii/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .CONTENTSAttitude Change: The Art of Persuasion 366Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behaviour Clash 368Impression Formation and Attribution 370Social Categorization 370Implicit Personality Theories 371Attribution 371Fundamental Attribution Error 372Social Interaction: Prejudice, Love, Aggression,and Prosocial Behaviour 373Prejudice and Discrimination 373Types of Prejudice and Discrimination 374classic studies in psychologyBrown Eyes, Blue Eyes 374How People Learn Prejudice 375Overcoming Prejudice 376Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction 378The Rules of Attraction 378When Opposites Attract 379psychology in the newsFacing Facebook—The Social Nature of Online Networking 380Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’sTriangular Theory of Love 380Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour 382Aggression and Biology 383The Power of Social Roles 383Violence in the Media and Aggression 385Prosocial Behaviour 386Why People Won’t Help 387applying psychology to everyday lifeAnatomy of a Cult 389Chapter Summary 390 Test Yourself 392Co ncept Summary 39411Theories of Personalityand Intelligence 396Theories of Personality and Intelligence 398The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and thePsychodynamic Perspective 398Freud’s Cultural Background 398The Unconscious Mind 399The Divisions of the Personality 400Superego: The Moral Watchdog 400Stages of Personality Development 402The Neo-Freudians 404Current Thoughts on Freud and the PsychodynamicPerspective 406The Behaviourist and Social Cognitive Viewsof Personality 408Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy 409Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies 410Current Thoughts on the Behaviourist and SocialCognitive Views 410The Third Force: Humanism and Personality 411Carl Rogers and Self-Concept 411Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View ofPersonality 412Trait Theories: Who Are You? 413Allport 413Cattell and the 16PF 413The Big Five: OCEAN, or the Five-FactorModel of Personality 414Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective 415Assessment of Personality 416Interviews 416Problems with Interviews 417Projective Tests 417Behavioural Assessments 419Personality Inventories 420Intelligence 422Definition 422Theories of Intelligence 422Measuring Intelligence 423Individual Differences in Intelligence: IntellectualDisability and Giftedness 429classic studies in psychologyTerman’s “Termites” 431The Biology of Personality and Intelligence:Behavioural Genetics 434Twin Studies 434Current Findings 436applying psychology to everyday lifeProcrastination and Personality in the Twenty-FirstCentury 437Chapter Summary 438 Test Yourself 440C oncept S ummary 4 4 212Psychological Disorders444What Is Abnormality? 446A Very Brief History of Psychological Disorders 446What Is Abnormal? 447A Working Definition of Abnormality 448issues in psychologyAbnormality Versus Insanity 449
A01 CICC7469 01 SE FM.indd Page 9 27/11/14 4:28 PM user/202/PHC00166/9780205897469 CICCARELLI/CICCARELLI AN EXPLORATION 1ST CANADIAN EDI .CONTENTSModels of Abnormality 450The Biological Model: Medical Causes for PsychologicalDisorders 450The Psychological Models 450Biopsychosocial Perspective: All of the Above 451Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition(DSM-5) 451How Common Are Psychological Disorders? 453The Pros and Cons of Labels 453Anxiety Disorders: What, Me Worry? 455Phobic Disorders: When Fears Get Out of Hand 455Panic Disorder 456Generalized Anxiety Disorder 457Causes of Anxiety Disorders 457Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 459Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) 459Major Depression 460Bipolar Disorders 461Causes of Mood Disorders 462Eating Disorders 463Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning 487Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning 489Evaluation of Behaviour Therapies 490Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing 491Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy 493Anorexia Nervosa 463Bulimia Nervosa 463Culture and Eating Disorders 464Types of Group Therapies 493Advantages of Group Therapy 494Disadvantages of Group Therapy 494Evaluation of Group Therapy 495Schizophrenia: Altered Reality 465Symptoms of Schizophrenia 466Causes of Schizophrenia 467psychology in the newsMental Health on Campus 496Personality Disorders 469Does Psychotherapy Really Work? 496Antisocial Personality Disorder 469Borderline Personality Disorder 470Causes of Personality Disorders 470Studies of Effectiveness 497Characteristics of Effective Therapy 497Cultural, Ethnic, and Gender
iii brief contents Psychology in Action Secrets for Surviving University and Improving Your GradesPIA-2 1 The Science of Psychology 2 2 The Biological Perspective 40 3 Sensation and Perception 82 4 Learning 122 5 Memory 164 6 Consciousness and Cognition 200 7 Development Across the Life Span 232 8 Motivation and Emotion 276 9 Stress and Health 318 10 Social Psychology 354
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Prologue: The Story of Psychology 3 Prologue: The Story of Psychology Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Psychological Science is Born Psychological Science Develops. 2 4 Prologue: The Story of Psychology Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Big Debate .
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Pearson Education Canada, Inc. Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education-Japan Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited PEARSON 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN-13: 17Ö-D-13-S0M507-7 ISBN-ID: G-13-5tmsa7-X . For Diane Perin Hock and Caroline Mei Perin Hock . CONTENTS PREFACE xi CHAPTER I BIOLOGY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 1 READING 1: ONE BRAIN OR TWO .
Psychology’s Past: From the Armchair to the Laboratory 15 The Birth of Modern Psychology 15 Three Early Psychologies 16 Psychology’s Present: The Four Perspectives of Psychological Science 18 What Psychologists Do 21 Psychological Research 22 Psychological Practice 23 Psychology in the Community 26 BIOLOGY cuTLure, and Psychology 26
An Introduction to Mastering the World of Psychology (pp. 2 – 6 ) 1.1 How will the SQ3R method help you master psychology? 1.2 Why do psychologists use the scientific method? 1.3 What are the goals of psychology? Psychology Then and Now (pp. 7 – 16 ) 1.4 What did the early psychologists contribute to the field? 1.5 What are the major schools of thought in psychology?
