Timber Piling Design - WoodWorks
Timber Piling DesignPresented by Martin Rollins, P.E.H. M. Rollins Company, Inc.for the Timber Piling Council
“The Wood Products Council” is a Registered Provider with TheAmerican Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES).Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported toAIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIAmembers and non-AIA members are available upon request.This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professionaleducation. As such, it does not include content that may be deemedor construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of anymaterial of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,distributing, or dealing in any material or product.Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services willbe addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright MaterialsThis presentation is protected by US andInternational Copyright laws. Reproduction,distribution, display and use of the presentationwithout written permission of the speaker isprohibited. The Wood Products Council 2012
Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this program, participants will be able to:1. Understand and Use the National Standards for Timber Piling2. Properly Specify Timber Piling3. Properly Specify the Preservative Treatment of Timber Piling4. Understand and Use the Structural Strength Properties of Timber Piling
Timber Piling Council The Timber Piling Councilprovides technicalinformation, and promotesthe use of timber piles in theconstruction industry. The Timber Piling Council isadministered by the SouthernPressure Treater’s Association Photograph shows AmericanAirlines Terminal at JFK where11,000 timber piles wereinstalled.
History Placing a log vertically intosoft or unsuitable soil for astructural support is creditedto Neolithic tribes around6,000 years ago, in what isnow Switzerland. Homes were built onplatforms supported by pilesin lakes for protection fromwildlife. Evidence of these structuresstill exists today.
Roman Civilization Around 1620 B.C., the Romansbuilt a timber bridge spanningthe Tiber River which lastedover 1,000 years. Some roads and aqueductswere supported on timberpiles. They were still in goodcondition 1,900 years later.
Roman Civilization Buildings in the Roman citiesof Ravenna and Venice werebuilt on wood piles from 100B.C. to 400 A.D. The first bridge across theRiver Thames in London wasbuilt by the Romans about 60A.D. on timber piles.
Today’s Timber Piling Foundations for industrialand commercial structures Foundations for bridgesand other infrastructure Ports and harbors Marine construction Raised coastal construction
Industry Statistics 90% of timber piles in NorthAmerica are Southern Pine,the balance are Douglas fir. Preservatives used for timberpiling are: chromated copperarsenate (CCA), creosote, andammoniacal copper zincarsenate (ACZA) (for Douglasfir). Of Southern Pine piles, 95%are treated with CCA. Copper azole (CA) andammoniacal copper quat(ACQ) are now approved forSouthern Pine piling.
Foundation Piling Timber piling resists attackfrom both alkaline and acidicsoil. Corrosion protection isnot required. Unaffected by electrolysisfrom stray electrical currents. Installs with standard, readilyavailable equipment. Takes advantage of plentiful,renewable resource. Has lowest cost per ton ofload carrying capacity of anydeep foundation material, andis easy to install.
Foundation Piling
Foundation Piling
Civil Infrastructure Timber pile supportedembankment. Piles supported layers ofgeosynthetic material andcompacted soil. Piles installed on gridabout 9’ o.c. each way. More economical thanremoving soil andreplacing with compactedmaterial.
Marine Piling Resists battering by vesselimpact, wind, wave, stormsand tides as wood is aresilient material. Excellent serviceability forport facilities, marinas,dolphins and fenders. Wood’s high dampingcharacteristics provide built-inshock resistance againsthurricanes and earthquakes.
Resort & Marina Design Chesapeake Bay resort has140-slip marina with berths upto 65 ft. Marina – 2,000 timber piles,CCA treated 2.5 pcf. Approach bridges – timberpiles, heavy timber framing,CCA treated 0.60 pcf; roadwaysurface 3-inch decking. Golf course bridges – similarconstruction with piles,timbers and decking. Tee supported on timber piles. Aesthetically pleasing
Coastal Design This house, built on piles inPearlington, MS, is reported tobe the only house thatsurvived flooding fromHurricane Katrina. Water came within severalinches of the pile girders, butnever entered the house. Similarly constructed beachhouses meeting coastal windload standards line the coastfrom New Jersey to Texas.
Coastal Design Commercial structure incoastal flood zone
How Do You Design TimberPile Foundations?
Timber Piling Manual Design Procedure. Foundation and Marine Piles. Timber Piling Data. Pile Group Design. Load Testing. Geo-technical Guidelines. Guide Specifications. Pile Installation.
Timber Pile FoundationsButt ω TipPiles are generally associated withdifficult foundation conditions andweak sub-surface soils.Piles transmit forces from the superstructure to a lower stratum that hassufficient bearing value to support thecompleted structures and all appliedloads.End-bearing piles primarily transferloads through the tip.Friction piles primarily transfer loadsthrough tangential skin friction.The natural taper of a timber piles (1”change in diameter per 10 ft.),increases the friction reaction and isrecognized in the design formula.
Design ValuesPiling design values for normal load duration and wet conditions ofuse. In pounds per square inch.1PropertySouthern Pine21,200Compression Parallel to Grain, FcExtreme Fiber in Bending, Fb2,400Horizontal Shear, Fv110Compression Perpendicular to Grain, Fc 250Modulus of Elasticity, E1,500,000Douglas fir31,2502,4501152301,500,000Source: Values are from ANSI/AF&PA NDS-2005, National DesignSpecification for Wood Construction, Supplement for Timber Poles and Piles.1 A form factor for bending members of circular cross section is incorporatedin the allowable unit stresses for extreme fiber in bending listed in the table.2 Southern pine values apply to longleaf, slash, loblolly and shortleaf pine.3 Douglas fir values apply to Pacific Coast Douglas fir.
Original Strength Development Historically, stresses werebased on tests of small clearsamples, adjusted for woodcharacteristics such as knotsand knot clusters. ASTM Standard D2899provides the procedure fordeveloping working stressesfrom these tests. Allowable stresses wereoriginally developed by theU.S. Forest ProductsLaboratory.
Full-Scale Testing Tests on full scale pile pieceswere completed in 1999 and2000. The tests were specificallyconducted to develop designstresses. They were run byEDM International of Ft.Collins, CO, an independentlaboratory.
National Design Specification Timber Piling Council fullscale testing programdemonstrated that allowablestresses currently published inthe widely recognizedNational Design Specification(NDS) are conservative. The tests also demonstratedthat today’s trees are just asstrong as ever. The new ASTM standard,D7381, provides the protocolfor developing stresses fromfull scale tests.
Impact of New SPIB Design Values SPIB is in the process of lowering the design values forSouthern Yellow Pine lumber This is based upon more rapid growth timber being used forlumber production ASTM D-25 contains growth rate limitations directly relatedto strength that have not changed ASTM D-25 requires a minimum of 6 growth rings in theouter one inch of the radius of the tip of timber piling andthis requirement simply cannot be met by rapid growthmaterial Therefore, the lowering of design values for SouthernYellow Pine lumber will have no effect on the design valuesfor Southern Yellow Pine piling, plus the recent full-sizedtesting has confirmed the existing design values
Piling Standards ASTM D25 prescribeswhitewood requirementsbefore treatment, such asdimensions, straightness, knotsize and knot clusters. American Wood ProtectionAssociation (AWPA) standardsprescribe penetration andretention requirements basedon type of preservative andexposure conditions. Original AWPA Standards basedon performance of creosote.New preservatives have to beequal in performance.
ASTM D-25 Class A and B Piling
End Bearing- Natural Taper
Friction Piling - Natural Taper
AWPA Use Category System System simplifies use ofAWPA Standards. UC 1 Interior construction,dry. UC 2 Interior construction,damp. UC 3 Exterior construction,above ground. UC 4 Ground and fresh watercontact. UC 5 Salt water contact,marine construction. Piling are UC 4C and UC5 A,Bor C
Preservative RetentionsCCA [pcf]ACZA [pcf]Creosote [pcf]Southern Pine Douglas fir Southern Pine Douglas firFoundationFresh WaterMarine: Saltwater1Marine: Saltwater2Dual Treatment31 020.017.017.016.020.020.0of the New Jersey/Delaware border in the East, and north of San Francisco in theWest.2 South of the New Jersey/Delaware border in the East, and south of San Francisco in theWest. Timber Piling Council members treat to this level, although AWPA Standardsrequire less treatment north of this border.3Treatment for tropical water—first treatment CCA, second treatment creosote.
Today’s Treating Plant The modern age of woodpreserving began in Englandin 1832. The first treating plant in theU.S. was built in 1848. Today’s plants have the latestin environmental protectionfeatures. Drip pads are protected fromleakage with heavy duty linersbelow the concrete, anddrippage is recaptured andrecycled.
Quality Control Before treatment, piling areinspected and classified bysize and conformance to ASTMD 25 Standards. Quality control inspectors atthe plant monitor treatingprocesses, sample and inspectpiling throughout themanufacturing process. After treatment, the piling arechecked for penetration andretention according to AWPAStandards.
Pile Installation Pile driving process is a test ofthe piling material. Whetherwood, steel or concrete, thematerial is severely stressedduring driving. With driven piles you caninspect the material beforedriving. Hammer manufacturers havevery sophisticated equipmentincluding, hammers that drive300 ft. long piles, andhammers that drive pilesunder water.
Field Cuts and Re-treatment Cut surfaces of timber pilingmust be field treated inaccordance with AWPAStandard M-4. 2% copper naphthenate isrecommended.
Design Loads for Timber Piling Typical loads in the 20 to 30 ton per pile range Have been designed to 75 tons in some cases
Load Tests Many field load tests havebeen conducted on piles These many tests determinethat the actual load carryingcapacity of timber pilessignificantly exceeds designvalues with a wide margin ofsafety. Test procedure is ASTMD1143.
Test vs. Design LoadsSouthern Pine PilesPILE SIZELOCATIONLengthDonaldsonville, LAMobile, ALVirginia Beach, VACharleston, SCSouth Pierce, FLPort Arthur, TXChicago, ILChicago, ILPortsmouth, VAVirginia Beach, VAScotland, LA80’ and �-48.2’86’40’53’1Not to failureSource: AWPI DataButtTips14”14”14”-15”Class B9.5”Class A8.25”7”8”-9”Class BClass AClass A15”8”14”TESTLOAD(tons)140 & 15014010011810015080 & 150100 & 14210011001100NO. 5040
DurabilityThe Federal Highway Administration(FHWA) has concluded: Foundation piles submerged inground water will lastindefinitely. Fully embedded, treated, concretecapped foundation piles partiallyabove the groundwater will last100 years or longer.
Long Lasting StructuresWell known structures ontimber piles include: San Francisco Ferry Terminal. London Bridge. Seine River bridges in Pariswere designed for 100 tonloads. Royal Palace in Amsterdam. Berlin Castle and Opera House.
Environmental Issues Preservatives go throughrigorous EPA approvalprocess. EPA can’t approve ifsignificant human health orenvironmental risk Timber piling are made from arenewable resource Treated wood is not ahazardous waste, can bedisposed of in municipallandfills Independent Life –CycleAssessment of CCA pilingshows very favorablecomparison to piling of E/JMEEcontents/JMEEv9n3issuecontents.html
Treated Wood inAquatic Environments Extensive empirical science andrisks assessments have shownthat in most applications,treated piling do not posesignificant adverseenvironmental risks. “Pressure treated wood has along history of safe use inaquatic environments with nopublished report describingsignificant loss of biologicalintegrity associated with itsproper use.” Source: TreatedW ood in Aquatic Environm ents,WWPI, 2006.
Sensitive Aquatic Environments Where very large numbers of piles are proposed for use inhighly sensitive, or poorly flushed waters a risk assessment isadvised to evaluate conformance with local regulatory limitsfor water and sediment quality. Software to conduct a risk assessment in these conditions isavailable at the Western Wood Preservers Institute’s web site:www.wwpinstitute.org.
Specifying BMPs Use of Best ManagementPractices in the manufacturingprocess minimizes risk insensitive environments Best available science showspressure treated wood posesminimal risk to aquaticenvironments when used inaccordance with AWPAspecifications.
Southern Pine Resource Grown on managed timberlands throughout the South.A renewable natural resource;fourth generation forests ormore are now growingSouthern Pine trees.The U.S. has about the sameamount of forest area todayas 100 years ago.In North America many moretrees are planted each yearthan are harvested.No old growth trees are usedto produce timber piling.
Managed Forest The stands in the backgroundwere selected to provide 70 ft.and 75 ft. long timber piles. The small trees in theforeground are three years oldand may be timber piles inabout 40 years. This stand was thinned afterabout 20 years of growth. Today, most trees used forpiling are harvested fromforests that were naturallyseeded.
Summary The unsurpassed timber pile!Proven by time and testing.The most economical piling foundation system.Produced from a renewable resource.Environmentally sound and safe.Timber Piling Council800-410-2070www.timberpilingcouncil.org
Questions?This concludes The AmericanInstitute of Architects ContinuingEducation Systems CourseMartin Rollins, P.E.H. M. Rollins Company, Inc.On Behalf of The Timber Piling Councilmartinrollins@hmrollins.com
Timber Piling Council The Timber Piling Council provides technical information, and promotes the use of timber piles in the construction industry. The Timber Piling Council is administered by the Southern Pressure Treater’s Association Photograph shows American Airlines Terminal at JFK w
y sheet piling y piling orks composite piles ground anchors tion free piling ter weep holes steel sheet piles alls vinyl piling corner piles permanent basements tions ams y sheet piling y piling orks composite piles ground anchors tion free piling ter weep holes
WOODWORKS WOODWORKS Linear WOODWORKS Linear LEED LBC
Aug 20, 2020 · Armstrong Ceiling Solutions. USAI WoodWorks USAI’s Micro , BeveLED Mini and BeveLED 2.2 are integrated with WoodWorks Grille, WoodWorks Grille Tegular and WoodWorks Linear Solid Wood Panels. SIXTEEN5HUNDRED fi PRODUCT UPDATES Novato Ring Acoustic by SPI Lighting Beautifully combine great light output
BETTER Total Acoustics NRC 0.70-0.75 and CAC 35 WoodWorks Tegular WoodWorks Shapes WoodWorks Channeled Tegular MetalWorks 3D WoodWorks Grille Tegular MetalWorks Tegular GOOD Total Acoustics NRC 0.60-0.65 and CAC 35 School ZoneCanyon CirrusMesa Georgian
Timber service life design - Design Guide for Durability 06. Timber-framed Construction - Sacrificial Timber Construction Joint 07. Plywood Box Beam Construction for Detached Housing 08. Stairs, Balustrades and Handrails Class 1 Buildings - Construction 09. Timber Flooring - Design Guide for Installation 10. Timber Windows and Doors 11.
Piling and Back Wall Rehabilitation and Repair With such a large number of bridges requiring attention and available funds decreasing while maintenance costs are increasing, it becomes important to improve or identify the best currently-used maintenance methods for timber substructures. RESEARCH PROJECT TITLE Timber Abutment Piling and Back Wall
PILING DESCRIPTION 502.01 This work consists of furnishing and driving all types of piling shown in the Contract, other than sheet piling, in accordance with these specifications and at the locations shown on the plans or established. MATERIALS 502.02 Steel Piling. Structural steel shapes used as piling shall conform to the
Grade 5-10-Alex Rider is giving it up. Being a teenage secret agent is just too dangerous. He wants his old life back. As he lies in the hospital bed recovering from a gunshot wound, he contemplates the end of his career with MI6, the British secret service. But then he saves the life of Paul Drevin, son of multibillionaire Nikolei Drevin, and once again he is pulled into service. This time .
