Chapter 2: SC Priority Species SC CWCS
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesSC CWCSCHAPTER 2: SOUTH CAROLINA PRIORITY SPECIESThe State Wildlife Grants program established funding for species not traditionally coveredunder federal funding programs. To qualify for these funds, each state was mandated to developa Strategy with a focus on “species of greatest conservation concern;” guidance was provided tothe states to begin identifying these species. SCDNR recognized the importance of includingspecies that are currently rare or designated as at-risk, those for which we have knowledgedeficiencies and those that have not received adequate conservation attention in the past.Additionally, SCDNR included species for which South Carolina is “responsible,” that is,species that may be common in our state, but are declining or rare elsewhere. SCDNR alsoincluded species that could be used as indicators of detrimental conditions. These indicatorspecies may be common in South Carolina; as such, changes in their population status are likelyto indicate stress to other species that occur in the same habitat.The diversity of animals in South Carolina is vast. Habitats in this state range from themountains to the ocean and include many different taxonomic animal groups. SCDNR wanted toaddress as many of those groups as possible for inclusion in the list of priority species for theCWCS; as such, twelve taxonomic groups are included in the Strategy: mammals, birds, reptiles,amphibians, freshwater fishes, diadromous fishes, marine fishes, marine invertebrates, crayfish,freshwater mussels, freshwater snails, and insects (both freshwater and terrestrial). However,taxonomic groups that are excluded from this version of the SC CWCS may be included in futurerevisions of the Strategy, as additional information and experts specific to those groups areidentified.After the twelve taxonomic groups were identified, a taxa leader was appointed that managed theprocess for identifying priority species within that group. This leader formed a committee ofexperts for the particular taxa. First, the committee reviewed a list of all known species withinthat group that are found in South Carolina. The SCDNR maintains lists of rare, threatened andendangered plants and animals as part of the Heritage Trust and Endangered Species programs.One list comprises species that are officially designated as endangered or in need of management(threatened). This list was created under the S.C. Nongame and Endangered Species Act, andapplies only to animals; it can only be modified through the regulatory process. The second listcomprises species, both plants and animals, thought to be rare, declining or their populationstatus is unknown. These are termed “Species of Concern,” and correspond to the “Watch List”species in other states. The Species of Concern list does not carry the weight of law and is usedonly as a conservation tool to assist in protection planning and to direct research and surveyefforts.Next, SCDNR developed a list of criteria for consideration in determination of priority species.Eight criteria were developed for this process and are presented in Box 2-1.The process for determining priority species by each taxa committee is identified herein. Afterdetermining which species would be included on South Carolina’s Priority Species List, taxacommittees categorized species into three groups: Highest, High and Moderate Priority. Thespecies in two taxa groups, marine fishes and marine invertebrates were not categorized intopriority groups due to the large number of species and the limited knowledge for those species.2-1
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesSC CWCSFurther, the insect taxa committee did not develop a comprehensive list of priority insects inSouth Carolina. Because even the number of species of insects in this state is not known, thetaxa committee completed their work by developing a table indicating the number of specieswithin each insect order in South Carolina. As such, numbers of insect species are not includedin the total number of species on South Carolina’s Priority Species List, which is presented in itsentirety in Appendix 1.BOX 2-1: EIGHT CRITERIA USED FOR DETERMINATION OF PRIORITY SPECIES State and federal protection status: endangered, threatened, rare or specialconcernSouth Carolina Natural Heritage Program state rank: S1 through S5Degree of exploitation/harvest: high, medium or lowAvailability of past or current funding to address species challengesFeasibility measure: the likelihood that conservation activities in SouthCarolina can make a difference for this speciesKnowledge of the species’ population status: status mostly known, slightlyknown or unknownKnowledge of species’ distribution in the state: distribution mostly known,slightly known or unknownKnowledge of limiting factors affecting the species: limiting factors mostlyknown, slightly known or unknownPopulation status (trend): population decreasing, stable or increasingThe total number of species included in South Carolina’s CWCS is 1,240. Table 2-1 identifiesthe number of species included in each taxa group. Additionally, Table 2-2 presents the list ofspecies that were prioritized by taxa committees; this list excludes marine fishes, marineinvertebrates and insects. Refer to Appendix 1 for lists of marine fishes and marineinvertebrates.TABLE 2-1: NUMBER OF SOUTH CAROLINA PRIORITY SPECIESTaxaMammals (Terrestrial and Marine)BirdsReptiles and AmphibiansFreshwater FishesDiadromous FishesCrayfish (Freshwater and Terrestrial)Freshwater MusselsFreshwater SnailsMarine FishesMarine InvertebratesTotal Number of Species2-2Number of Species2411152566232641637751,240
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesSC CWCSTABLE 2-2: CATEGORIZED PRIORITY SPECIESTaxaHighest PriorityHigh PriorityModerate PriorityMammalsBlack BearFlorida ManateeNorthern Yellow BatAppalachian CottontailAtlantic Right WhaleBottlenose DolphinCarolina Red-backed VoleDwarf Sperm WhaleEastern Small-footed MyotisHairy-tailed MoleHumpback WhaleMasked ShrewMeadow VoleMinkPygmy Sperm WhaleRafinesque’s Big-eared BatSoutheastern BatStar-nosed MoleSwamp RabbitAcadian FlycatcherBald EagleBarn OwlBlack-bellied PloverBlack ScoterBlack-throated Blue WarblerBlue-winged TealCanvasbackForster’s TernPeregrine FalconRedheadSemipalmated PloverSpotted SandpiperWhite-winged ScoterEastern Fox SquirrelEastern Spotted SkunkEastern WoodratSouthern Pygmy ShrewWoodland Jumping MouseBirdsAmerican AvocetAmerican BitternAmerican CootAmerican Golden PloverAmerican KestrelAmerican OystercatcherBachman’s SparrowBlack-crowned Night HeronBlack DuckBlack RailBlack SkimmerBlack-throated GreenWarblerBrown-headed NuthatchBuff-breasted SandpiperCommon Ground-doveCommon LoonDunlinEastern Brown PelicanEastern MeadowlarkEastern Wood PeeweeField SparrowGlossy IbisGrasshopper SparrowGull-billed TernHenslow’s SparrowKentucky WarblerKing RailLeast BitternLeast SandpiperLeast TernLesser ScaupLesser YellowlegsLittle Blue HeronLoggerhead ShrikeLong-billed CurlewMallardMarbled GodwitNorthern BobwhiteNorthern PintailPainted BuntingPied-billed Grebe2-3American WoodcockBewick’s WrenChestnut-sided WarblerCommon LoonCommon RavenDark-eyed JuncoGolden-crowned KingletGray KingbirdGreat Blue HeronGreat EgretGreater ScaupGreater YellowlegsGreen HeronHorned GrebeLong-billed DowitcherLouisiana WaterthrushMottled DuckPectoral SandpiperPurple SandpiperRed-breasted NuthatchRed CrossbillRingneckRuffed GrouseScarlet TanagerTundra SwanWhite-rumped SandpiperWood Duck
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesTaxaBirds (continued)Reptiles andAmphibiansFreshwater andDiadromous FishesSC CWCSHighest PriorityPrairie WarblerPurple GallinuleRed-cockaded WoodpeckerRed KnotRoyal TernRusty BlackbirdSanderlingSandwich TernSeaside SparrowSemipalmated SandpiperShort-billed DowitcherSnowy EgretSolitary SandpiperStilt SandpiperSwaison’s WarblerSwallow-tailed KiteTricolor HeronWestern SandpiperWhimbrelWhite IbisWilletWilson’s PloverWilson’s SnipeWood StorkWood ThrushWorm-eating WarblerUpland SandpiperYellow-crowned Night HeronYellow RailBog TurtleBroad-striped Dwarf SirenCarolina Gopher FrogChamberlain’s DwarfSalamanderCoal SkinkCoral SnakeEastern Milk SnakeFlatwoods SalamanderFlorida Green WatersnakeFlorida Pine SnakeGreen SalamanderGreen TurtleGopher TortoiseHawksbill TurtleIsland Glass LizardKemp’s Ridley TurtleLeatherback TurtleLoggerhead TurtlePine Barrens TreefrogShovel-nosed SalamanderSouthern Hognose SnakeTiger SalamanderTimber RattlesnakeWebster’s SalamanderAmerican EelAmerican ShadAtlantic SturgeonBlueback HerringBluebarred Pygmy SunfishBridle Shiner2-4High PriorityModerate PriorityBlack Swamp SnakeCanebreak RattlesnakeChicken TurtleDiamondback TerrapinEastern DiamondbackRattlesnakeFlorida CooterFlorida Softshell TurtleFour-toed SalamanderGulf Coast Mud SalamanderHellbenderMimic Glass LizardPickerel FrogPine SnakePine Woods SnakeRiver CooterSeepage SalamanderSpiny Softshell TurtleStriped Mud TurtleUpland Chorus FrogWood FrogYellowbelly TurtleAmerican AlligatorBird-voiced TreefrogCommon Snapping TurtleNorthern Cricket FrogSlender Glass LizardSouthern Dusky SalamanderSpotted TurtleBannerfin ShinerBlackbanded SunfishCarolina DarterCarolina Fantail Darter“Carolina” RedhorseGreenhead ShinerBanded DarterBanded KillifishBlacknose DaceBluefin KillifishCentral StonerollerComely Shiner
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesTaxaFreshwater andDiadromous Fishes(continued)CrayfishFreshwater MusselsFreshwater SnailsSC CWCSHighest PriorityHigh PriorityModerate Priority“Broadtail” MadtomCarolina Pygmy SunfishChristmas DarterHickory ShadHighfin CarpsuckerRedeye BassRobust RedhorseSaluda DarterSandhills ChubSavannah DarterShortnose Sturgeon“Thinlip” ChubPiedmont DarterPinewoods DarterQuillbackSantee ChubSeagreen DarterSmoky SculpinTurquoise DarterMimic CrayfishOconee Stream CrayfishCambarus reflexusCambarus sp. “B”Distocambarus hunteriDistocambarus youngineriProcambarus echinatusRed Burrowing CrayfishBroad River Spiny CrayfishDistocambarus crockeriPee Dee Lotic CrayfishSandhills CrayfishWaccamaw CrayfishAtlantic PigtoeBarrel FloaterBrook FloaterBrother SpikeCarolina CreekshellCarolina HeelsplitterCreeperNotched RainbowSavannah LilliputSouthern RainbowTriangle FloaterWaccamaw SpikeYellow LampmusselSomatogyrus spp.Alewife FloaterEastern PondmusselNorthern LancePod LanceRayed Pink Fatmucket/Eastern LampshellRoanoke SlabshellTidewater MucketEastern Brook TroutFireyblack ShinerFlat BullheadFlorida GarGreenfin ShinerHighback ChubLongnose DaceLowland ShinerMirror ShinerMud SunfishNotchlip RedhorsePugnose MinnowRedlip ShinerRiver ChubRosyface ChubSatinfin ShinerSnail BullheadStriped BassTennessee ShinerThicklip ChubV-lip RedhorseWarpaint ShinerWhite CatfishWhitemouth ShinerWhitetail ShinerDitch Fencing CrayfishEdisto CrayfishProcambarus barbatusProcambarus chaceiProcambarus enoplosternumProcambarus hirsutusProcambarus lunziProcambarus pubescensRocky River Stream CrayfishSantee CrayfishAtlantic SpikeCarolina LanceCarolina SlabshellEastern CreekshellEastern ElliptioVariable SpikeBuffalo PebblesnailRidged LioplaxPhysa sp. nov “A”Once the lists were complete, species, group or guild accounts were prepared for each animal onSouth Carolina’s Priority Species List, with the exception of marine animals and insects.Specific accounts were not prepared for every animal on the marine fishes and invertebrate andinsect lists due to the large number of species and the limited knowledge for those species.Reports were prepared for marine and insect species with known threats and/or for species thatare considered indicators of challenges in a specific habitat.2-5
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesSC CWCSIn each account, authors described the species, their status, population and abundance, habitatneeds, challenges, conservation accomplishments and conservation actions. This approachallows for identification of both general conservation strategies for wildlife and habitats in SouthCarolina, as well as development of species-based conservation strategies. The latter allows formanagement of particular species within a given habitat. A separate volume, SupplementalVolume: Species and Habitat Accounts, contains these reports in their entirety.This chapter contains an introduction to each taxonomic group considered in the Strategy. Thespecies selection process used by each committee is also included. Finally, a summary of thethreats for each taxonomic group is listed in this chapter. Lack of knowledge of population size,distribution and life histories was considered a challenge to many of the species in SouthCarolina’s CWCS.MammalsState and regional experts periodically review rankings and designations for all mammal speciesin South Carolina. The last terrestrial mammal review, conducted in 2001, had 39 species listedfor discussion. Included among those were four subspecies, an extirpated species, some speciesnever reported in South Carolina but found in neighboring states and all of the mammalianspecies tracked by the SCDNR’s Heritage Trust database. For the purposes of the Strategy, thelist was narrowed to 27 mammals and was sent to experts for review in this conservationplanning process. Ultimately, 24 mammals were chosen for inclusion on South Carolina’sPriority Species List.Species Selection ProcessMany of the experts contacted in this process have previously participated in reviews of mammalrankings and designations for South Carolina; several were involved in conservationprioritization in neighboring states. The information about mammals contained in the Strategywas supplied by the expertise of several biologists who formed our Mammal TaxonomicCommittee. The members of that committee invested considerable time to the development ofthe Strategy and are graciously thanked for their efforts; these individuals are listed in Table 2-3.Other sources of information included published literature and unpublished data from a numberof sources.Because South Carolina started the prioritization process after the same process was wellunderway in North Carolina and Georgia, we were able to benefit from the information thosestates had accumulated and shared.Reviewers were asked to rank each species using the eight criteria for consideration in speciesprioritization. Species or subspecies were added or dropped from the list if two or morereviewers suggested the addition/deletion. If one reviewer clearly stated we should keep aspecies on the list and another suggested dropping the species, the species remained on the list.Potential species (those without museum records in South Carolina) were dropped from the list.The intent of the conservation planning process is to periodically revisit the priority list andadjust it as more is learned about each species.2-6
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesSC CWCSTABLE 2-3: MAMMAL TAXONOMIC COMMITTEENameAffiliationCraig AllenMary BunchJohn CelyDavid CupkaRudy ManckeAlex MenzelSally MurphyTom MurphyJim OzierToni PiaggioPerry ShatleyOscar StewartJohnny StoweHeather ThomasSC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Res. UnitSouth Carolina Department of Natural ResourcesSouth Carolina Department of Natural ResourcesSouth Carolina Department of Natural ResourcesUniversity of South CarolinaUS Fish and Wildlife ServiceSouth Carolina Department of Natural ResourcesSouth Carolina Department of Natural ResourcesGeorgia Department of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Colorado, BoulderUS Forest ServiceUS Forest ServiceSouth Carolina Department of Natural ResourcesAuburn UniversityChallengesOne of the major challenges to mammals in South Carolina is loss, fragmentation and/oralteration of habitat. As urban development expands in this state, changes to forests andgrasslands often lead to loss of foraging, roosting (bats) and denning/nesting habitat.Additionally, habitats are fragmented by development. Roads can limit movement of manyspecies and often result in mortality to individuals. Coastal development can adversely affectmarine mammals by increasing exposure to pollutants in stormwater runoff.Pollutants from a variety of sources can impact mammals. The mink occupies a niche at or nearthe top of the food chain; therefore, this species is especially vulnerable to environmentalcontamination, particularly from mercury and PCBs. Contamination in stormwater runoff canpollute feeding grounds for marine mammals. Trash and litter pose challenges to both terrestrialand aquatic mammals. Small mammals can become trapped in bottles and other litter whileforaging. Marine mammals can mistake plastic debris for food items; ingestion of this litter canresult in death.Two diseases, raccoon roundworm and Sudden Oak Death (SOD) can adversely affect mammalsin South Carolina. Raccoon roundworm can infect other mammals, resulting in death. SODattacks and destroys oak trees; these trees produce mast used as food sources for severalmammals on South Carolina’s Priority Species List.Introduced and non-native species can adversely affect South Carolina’s mammals. Predation bydomestic or feral cats and dogs can reduce population numbers. Feral hogs can destroy habitatfor many species, particularly those found in wetland habitats. Gypsy moths, like SOD caneliminate food sources for mammals.Several species of mammals are regarded by humans as “pests;” this view can lead topersecution of these species.2-7
Chapter 2: SC Priority SpeciesSC CWCSOne of the greatest challenges to marine mammals and manatees is boat strikes. An additionalthreat to these animals is entrapment in fishing devices, including hook and line and trawls.BirdsAs of 2001, 390 species of birds have been documented in South Carolina of which 179 areclassified as breeders (Cely 2003). This number may be higher due to the lack of coverage ofthe Breeding Bird Atlas to adequately survey the breeding distribution of colonial nestingwading birds and shorebirds. The total number of species present is comprised of resident andmigrant birds with the majority of taxonomic orders of birds found in the United States beingrepresented (Sibley 2000). South Carolina supports a high diversity of birds during breeding,wintering and migration likely due to the state’s varied environments and habitats (Cely 2003).Ultimately, 111 bird species were chosen for inclusion on South Carolina’s Priority Species List.Three different bird conservation regions (BCRs) transect South Carolina: southeastern coastalplain, Appalachian Mountains and piedmont. Bird conservation regions are a single applicationof a scale-flexible hierarchical framework of nested ecological units based upon the Commissionfor Environmental Cooperation. BCRs were adopted to provide a single map of biological unitsfor all bird initiatives to use to attain a regional-based approach to bird conservation (US NABCI2000). BCRs can be partitioned into smaller ecological units to facilitate finer scale planningand implementation or aggregated to facilitate greater cooperation and partnerships acrosspolitical boundaries in order to recognize the migratory nature and vast annual ranges of somespecies.The Appalachian Mountain BCR spans the Blue Ridge, the Ridge and Valley Region, theCumberland Plateau, the Ohio Hills, and the Allegheny Plateau (US NABCI 2000). A portion ofthe Blue Ridge transects three counties in the northwestern corner of South Carolina; this diversetemperate forest ecosystem supports habitats found nowhere else in the state (Barry 1980). Anumber of bird species are found in this portion of South Carolina that are not found else wherein the state including peregrine falcon, ruffed grouse, common raven, red-breasted nuthatch,golden-crowned kinglet, black-throated blue warbler, yellow warbler, chestnut-sided warbler, redcrossbill and dark-eyed junco (Cely 2003). This region also supports some of the highestbreeding densities in the state of scarlet tanager, Louisiana waterthrush, worm-eating warbler andblack-throated green warbler (Cely 2003). The Appalachian mountain BCR is not as importantfor waterfowl and
Mammals (Terrestrial and Marine) 24 Birds 111 Reptiles and Amphibians 52 Freshwater Fishes 56 Diadromous Fishes 6 Crayfish (Freshwater and Terrestrial) 23 Freshwater Mussels 26 Freshwater Snails 4 Marine Fishes 163 Marine Invertebrates 775 Total Number of Species 1,240 BOX 2-1:
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
Chapter 13:The origin of species Species are independently evolving lineages General lineage species concept: species are metapopulations that exchange alleles frequently enough to comprise the same gene pool Ways to identify species Biological species concept: species are
Chapter 11: Priority queues and Heaps 1 Chapter 11: Priority Queues and Heaps In this chapter we examine yet another variation on the simple Bag data structure. A priority queue maintains values in order of importance. A metaphor for a priority queue is a to-do list of tasks waiting to be performed, or a list of patients waiting for an
Summary 1st species: note against note 2nd species: 2 notes against 1 3rd species: 4 (or 3 notes, in ¾ time) against 1 4th species: note against note, but syncopated (suspensions) 5th species: florid counterpoint (varied rhythms, see below) Note that repeated notes are not used in species counterpoint, with one minor exception in 5th species. In the 5th species, the rhythms of the 2nd, 3rd .
About the husband’s secret. Dedication Epigraph Pandora Monday Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Tuesday Chapter Six Chapter Seven. Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen
18.4 35 18.5 35 I Solutions to Applying the Concepts Questions II Answers to End-of-chapter Conceptual Questions Chapter 1 37 Chapter 2 38 Chapter 3 39 Chapter 4 40 Chapter 5 43 Chapter 6 45 Chapter 7 46 Chapter 8 47 Chapter 9 50 Chapter 10 52 Chapter 11 55 Chapter 12 56 Chapter 13 57 Chapter 14 61 Chapter 15 62 Chapter 16 63 Chapter 17 65 .
