The 1983 Articles Most Cited In 1983 And 1984. 2. Physical .
Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:8, p.480-496, 1985Current Contents, #50, p.3-19, December 16, 1985CuFFentComments”EUGENE GARFIELDINSTITUTEFOR SCIENTIFICINFORMATION*3501 MARKETST PHILADELPHIAPA 19104The 1983 Articles Most Cited in1983 and 1984.2.Physical SciencesINumber50DecemberWe recently identtiled and discussedthe most-cited life-sciences articles published in 1983.1 In thk essay, we coverthe physical sciences.The most cited of the 103 papers inthis study, which are listed in the Bibliography at the end of this essay, is thefirst of two 1983 papers announcing thediscovery of the W and W– particles#10). These massive gauge parti(cles communicate the weak force, whichis responsible for driving the process oftransmutation in the identity of subatomic particles. z (p. 78, 96)The proof of the existence of theseparticles—achievedthrough an analysisof the particles resulting from the collision of counter-rotating beams of protons and antiprotonss—is the most spectacular and first direct experimentalconfirmation of the electroweak theoryof Sheldon Glashow, Harvard University; Steven Weinberg,UniversityofTexas, Austin; and Abdus Salam, University of London, Imperial College,UK, and the International Centre forTheoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy. Thetheory, for which the three physicistsshared the 1979 Nobel Prize,4 describeselectromagnetism and the weak force asfacets of a single underlying phenomenon.Incidentally, all three 1979 laureatescontributed papers in the Bibliography(see papers #52, #58, #86, and #97). Sodid Burton Richter, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford University, California, who won the 1976prize (#69). The Bibliography also con-48016, 1985tains a contribution by astrophysicistJames Maxwell Bardeen, University ofWashington, Seattle (#19). James Bardeen works in a completely differentfield than his father, John Bardeen, University of Illinois, Urbana, who coinvented the transistor and was awardedthe Nobel Prize in 1956 and 1972.The influence of the elder Bardeen’swork in electrical conductivity of solidsand in superconductivity theory is seenin paper #96 on the electronic structureof semiconductors by P. Vogl, Institutefor Theoretical Physics, University ofGraz, Austria, and Harold P. Hjalmarson and John D. Dow, Department ofPhysics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Ilfinois.5Paper #10, entitled “Experimental observation of isolated large transverse energy electrons with associated missingeilergy at C 540 GeV, ” was publishedin February 1983 in Physics Letter-s B. Ithas been cited 226 times-41times in1983, 129 in 1984, and 56 in the first halfof 1985. To put these counts in perspective, it should be noted that the comparable figure for the average 1983 paper istwo citations. Even the average highlycited article in the Bibliography received“only” 51 cites—12 in 1983 and 39 in1984 (the least cited received 32 citations, the threshold for inclusion).At the same time, however, it shouldalso be kept in mind that thu list of 103papers only scratches the surface of important work reported throughout theworld. Of the estimated one million papers published in 1983, over 400,000
were cited in the Science Citation Zndex” (NY)in 1983 alone. The 103physical-sciencesarticles listed in thkstudy were part of a group of 668 articlesthat were cited 32 times or more during1983 and 1984. These 668 articles represent just 0.2 percent of the articles citedin the SCI during those two years, or approximately 17 percent of the 4,000 or sopapers cited 15 or more times in 1983and 1984.1G. Arnison,Centre d’ tudes Nuck?aires (CEN), Saclay, France, is thefirst of 135 authors listed alphabeticallyon paper # 10. However, the article is actually the report of the UA1 researchteam at the multinational European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)near Geneva, Switzerland. One of thetwo CERN teams working toward evidence of the gauge particles of the weakforce, the UA1 group was under the direction of Carlo Rubbla, CERN and Harvard. Together with Simon van derMeer, also of CERN, Rubbia was awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in physics forcontributions to the discovery of newsubatomic particles.b Other affiliationslisted by team members include AachenTechnical University, Federal Republicof Germany (FRG); University of Birmingham and Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Oxon, in the UK;University of Helsinki, Finland; University of Rome, Italy; University of California at Riverside; and the College ofFrance in Paris.The CERN facility not only accountedfor thk study’s most-cited paper, it alsoplaced more papers in thk study thanany other institution—20, according toTable 1, which lists the81 institutions in13 nations included in this study. Six ofthese CERN papers list either the UA1or UA2 collaboration, and four of thesewere this study’s most-cited papers. Thelatter group inciudes not only paper #10by the UA1 group, but also paper #18 bythe UA2 team, which demonstrates theexistence of the W particles using a different detector;T paper #9 by the UA1481team, which reports the fwst observationof the Z particle, the neutral partner ofthe two Ws and the final link in the chainof experimental evidence confirming theelectroweak theory;B and paper #16 bythe UA2 group, which also announcesthe discovery of the Z particle.g Thesepapers comprise a remarkable record forCERN—even more so than its eight papers in our study of 1982 papers. 10Eventhe total of three papers we reported inthe 1981 study is unusual for a singlelab.11As a consequence of these figures, thenumber of papers emanating from Switzerland is inflated. As shown in Table 2,which lists the national affiliations of theinstitutions in this study, 22 papers listSwiss institutions,but 20 are fromCERN. In fact, alf of the Swiss papers for1982 were from CERN. 10 The appearance of these important papers undoubtedly reflects the completion of the workto transform CERNS Super Proton Synchrotrons (SPS) into a Proton-Antiproton (or p) Super Collider, capable ofmuch higher energy levels and thereforeable to produce particles that the SPScould not.6It is also interesting to note that Japan—which had one paper in the 1981study and six papers in the 1982study—droppedout of this year’s list,while three 1983 papers listed institutions located in Greece, which had nopapers in either of the previous twostudies. 10,11There was also an interesting increase in papers originating fromthe University of Texas, Austin. Lastyear’s study listed two papers from theuniversity, both by Weinberg; 10 thkyear, the University of Texas accountsfor five papers—of which two, again,were written by Weinberg: paper #97and paper #58, which was coauthoredwith LawrenceHall, UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley, and Joe Lykken,also of the University of Texas.The 690 unique authors in this year’sstudy are an unusually high number, andthe phenomenon is due mainly to the
Table I: The institutional affiliations of the authorsin the Bibliography.Institutionsare listed indescending order of the number of times they apCERN, Geneva, SwitzerlandUniv. California, CABerkeleySanta BarbaraIrvineLlvermoreLOS AngelesSan FranciscoHarvard Univ., Cambridge, MAStanford Univ., CABell Labs. NJMurray HillHoJmdelPrinceton {Jniv., NJINFN. ItalyFrascatiMlIanTurinMIT, Cambridge, MAUniv. London, UKUniv. Texas, Austin, TXCaltech, Pasadena. CANormal Coil., Paris, FranceUniv. Illinois, Urbana, ILUniv. Pennsylvania, Phifadelphla, PABrookhaven NatL Lab., Upton, NYDupont Co., Wihnington, DELos Alamos Natl. Lab., NMNortheastern Univ., Boston, MAUniv. Chicago, ILUniv. Ioannina, GreeceCornell Univ., Ithaca, NYFermi Natl. Accel. Lab. Bata*ia, ILHamburg Univ., FRGIBMZurich, SwitzerlandSan Jose, CAInst. Adv. Stud., Princeton, NJMadrid Au tonom. Uni\., SpainMax Plank SW. Adv. Sci., FRGInst. Phys. Astrophys. MunichInst. Solid-State Res,, StuttgartOhio State Uni ., Columbus, OHRome Univ., ItalyRutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJSUNY, Stony Brook, NYSwiss Fed. Inst. TechnoL (ETH),Zurich, SwitzerlandTel Aviv Univ., IsraelUniv. Arizona, Tucson. AZUniv Colorado, Boulder, COUniv. Mlch an, Ann Arbor, MIUniv. Milan, ItalyUniv. N. CaroJiia. Chapel Hill, NCUniv. Rochester, NYUniv. Washington, Seattle, WAUniv. Wisconsin, Madism, WIBoston Univ., MABrandeis Univ., Waltham, MACENS, Sac lay, FranceClark Univ., Worcester, nd State Univ., OHCNRS, Grenoble, FranceCologne Univ., FRGEmory Univ., Ithaca, NYEuropean Muon CollaborationExxon Res. Eng. Co,, Linden, NJFree Univ. Brussels, BelgiumHebrew Univ., Jerusalem, IsraelIlhnois Inst. Technol., Chicago, ILIntl. Ctr. Theor. Phys., Trieste, ItalyIthaca COIL, NYKitt Peak NatL Observ., Tucson, AZMcGill Univ., Montreal, CanadaNASA, Moffett Field, CANJKHEF-H, Amsterdam,The NetherlandsNYU, New York, NYR & D Assoc., Marina del Rey, CARutherford Appleton Labs.,Chilton, UKSyracuse Univ., NYUniv. Bielefeld, FRGUniv. Bologna, ItalyUniv. Cambridge, UKUniv. Durham, UKUniv. Florida, Gainesville, FLUniv. Graz, AustriaUniv. Hawaii, Honolulu, HIUniv. Houston, TXLJniv, Maryland, College Park, MDUniv. Notre Dame, fNUniv. Paris XI, Orwty, FranceUniv. Turin, ItalyUniv. Utah, Salt Lake City, UTUniv. Victoria, BC, CanadaVanderbilt Univ., NashviIle, TNVillanova Univ., PAYale Univ., New Haven, CT111111111111111111111111111111111111large number of authors listed on thevarious CERN collaborations.Indeed,the number of authors on these paperswas so large that, due to space considerations, we did not print the full listof authors; interested readers can examine the full list in the recent essay onthe 1984 Nobel Prizes in physics and inchemistry.6 The appropriate referencesare noted following the abbreviated citations in the Bibliography.As readily illustrated by the breakdown of the number of authors per paper given in Table 3, the number of papers listing 50 authors or less is similar tothose for other years. 10,11However, thenumber of papers listing more than 50authors increased dramatically. In the1982 study, only one paper listed morethan 50 authors; IIJthis year, there areeight such papers. Three list over 135 au-11222112222222222222221111482
Tabfe 2: National affiliations of the institutionsproducing the 1983 physical-sciencespapers mostcited in 1983-1984, in order of the total number ofpapers in which each nation’s authors appeared(column A). B number of paperz coauthoredwith scientists from other countries. C nationalaffiliations of ceUKFRGGreeceCanadaIsraelSpainAustriaBelgium7 46 353 32212llUS11The NetherlandsInternationalCollaboration111Austria, France,Israel, Italy,Switzerland, UK,GreeceBelgium, France,Greece, Isrsel,Italy, TheNetherlands, USFrance, Switzerland,UK, USItaly, Switzerland, USItaly, USSwitzerland,USSwitzerland,USThe Netherlands,SwitzerlandBelgium, Switzerlandthors, one has 123, and another has79authors. As I’ve indicated before,lz,lsthe inclusion of dozens of namesin thebyline for papers makes a mockery ofauthorship. If huge teams of researchscientists are going to publish papers,then they might just as well adopt theconvention of the mathematicians whouse the pseudonym “Bourbaki.’’t’tSince the work of the CERN group isso unusual and its type of facilities arelimited to a few labs throughout theworld, I was curious to know somethingabout the possible self-citation effect.The paper on “Observation of jets inhigh transverse energy events at theCERN proton antiproton Collider”15demonstrated that, out of the 149 institutional aff lations listed in the 37papers citing the CERN article in 1983and 1984, only 20 of these affihationswere accounted for by CERN itself. Thisis a self-citation rate of approximately 13percent, which would correspond to thetypical self-citation pattern. lb483Another way to confirm the high andimmediate impact of the 103 papers inthe Bibliography is to note that 80 percent were identified as core papers in research fronts generated from the SCIand the Social Sciences Citation Indexw(S.!WW ) in 1983 and 1984. The appropriate front for each paper appears afterthe paper’s bibliographic data, Table 4lists the research fronts for which at leasttwo of the papers in this study were corearticles.Scanning this list provides a quickoverview of many newly active researchareas in the physical sciences. Keep inmind that these are not necessarily themost active, if “activity” is defined as thesheer number of papers published. Theprominentemphasis on high-energy,elementary particle physics and cosmology papers is apparent. For example,paper #10 is one of three articles in thisstudy that help form the core of the 1983research front we named “Experimentalevidencefor bosons from cofliders”(#83-1 158); the other two are also by theTable 3: The number of authors per paper for the1983 physical-sciencesarticlesmostcited,1983-1984, A number of authorz for each paper,B numberof paperswithcorrespondingnumber of 111211I21110321925Total Authomfrlps 1,164
Table 4: The 1983 and 1984 SC /SSCN research fronts that include at least two of the 1983 most-citedphysical-sciencespapers as core documents.A number. B name. C number of 1983 most-citedphysical-sciencespapera included in the core of each research front. D total number of core papers and1983 or 1984 citing papers for the year designated by the prefix in column A. (The number for each corearticle in the Bibliography follows the research-f rent name in parentheses. )AB83-0506Renormalizationgroup approach in Pott’s models of percolation and criticalbehavior in fractal lattices (50,85)83-0966 Monte Carlo methods for lattice gauge theory approaches to quantumchromodynamics(25,59,65)83-1158 Experimental evidence for bosons from colliders (9, 10, 18)grand unification theories with supergra ity83-1184 Yang-Mills and other supersymmetriceffects ( 12,32,43,97)of nucleon structure by deep inelastic Iepton scattering from iron,83-1371 Measurementdeuterium and other nuclei ( 14,64)of supergravity and supersymmetricKaluz.a-Klein theories83-27% Characterization(24,34)aggregation83-8116 Theory of crystal growth, solidification of alloys and diffusion-limitedin 3 dimensions (72,73)Kaluza-Klein supergravi(y (7,15,24,38,39,51 ,86)84-0021 1l-dimensional84-01322 Weak boson production, electroweak interactions and Higgs masses(8,9,10,16,18,20)Iocafized potentials84-CS399 Theory of the quantized Hall effect in two-dimensional(68,91,102)model inQCD84-0265 Chiral anomalies, magnetic monopoles andthebag(2,63,87,99,1CW84-0400 Studies of magnetic and other properties of Ising and Heisenberg spin glasses(8J3,103)84-0548 Application of fractal models to percolation clusters and related problems(50,54,66,71,72,73,74,79,85,101)84-0623 Experinrental and theoretical studies of mixed- alence compounds containingcerium using Anderson and Kondo models (6,57)84-0712 UnW1ed theories of supergravhy and galaxies andtheuniversebaaed on the observations of84-0979 Structure and evolutionofradio jets, quasara and other radio aources (35,49,88)Antineutrinointeractions,nuclear structure anddeepinelastic lepton scattering841385from nuclei ( 14,26,64)Lattice gauge theories, Monte Carlo methmls, chkal symmetry, renormalization8 1752groups and finite temperature QCD (29,59,65,98)84-1810 Experimental studies of charge density waves, conductivity and related propertiesof niobium triselenide, tantalum trisulfide andotheraolids (40,47,55)Analysis of proton decay, CPviolationandotherproblems by grand unification842058theories (23,30,45,52,69)84-5383 Cosmological models of Higgs boson and other particle production (37,84)CERN group (#9 and #18). Sixty-twocurrent papers in 1983 cited the five totalcore documents of this front. Paper #10is also among the 23 core papers for thecorresponding 1984 front on’’Weakboson production,electroweakinteractions and Higgs masses” (#84-0022), as ispaper #16. There were about 470 paperspublished that year on the topic of thisfront,Twelve more papers in this study arecore to the 1984 research front on “Unified theories of supergravity and supersymmetry” (#84-0712), which has a / 1037641/38623/463349/ 88452/541325/169525/46127/87of 57 core papers cited by almost 6001984 articles. According to Paul J. Steinhardt, Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,theterm “supergravity” refers to “an attempt to develop a supersymmetricquantum theory of gravity consistentwith Einstein’s theory of general relativity in the classical limit. Supersymmetryis a symmetry between bosonic (integralspin) particles and fermionic (half-integral spin) particles, such that for eachbosonic particle there is a fermionicpartner of the same mass. For example,
the particle that transmits the gravitational force—the graviton-isa spin-2particle, and it has a fermionic spin-3/2superpartner called the gravitino, It ishoped that, with supersymmetry,arenormalizable quantum theory of gravity can be developed. “17Among the articles that are core tofront #84-0712 is paper #32, “Yang-Millstheories with local supersymmetry: Lagrangian,transformationlaws andsuper-Higgs effect,” published in Nuclear Ph y.rics B by E. Cremmer, Laboratoryof Theoretical Physics, Normal College,Paris, France, S. Ferrara and A. VanProeyen, CERN, and L. Girardello, Institute of Physics, University of Milan,Italy. Although supersymmetry may benecessary to obtain a sensible quantumtheory of gravity, the theoretical superpartners mentioned earlier have not yetbeen observed. The basic approach,then, according to Steinhardt, is to assume that supersymmetry is spontaneously broken at high temperatures. 17And in paper #32, the authors analyzethe gravitational effects when supersymmetry is broken. 18 The article was citedin 39 papers in 1983 and 68 in 1984 and isalso among the core papers for the 1983front entitled “Yang-Mills and other supersymmetric grand unification theorieswith supergravity effects” (#83-1184).About 500 articles published in 1983cited this front’s 52 core papers.Two more papers that are core tofront #84-0712 were authored by JohnEllis, SLAC, and colleagues at Stanford,CERN, and the University of Ioannina,Greece; both were published in Physicaf Letters B. One, written with JohnS. Hagelin, SLAC, D.V. Nanopoulos,CERN, and K. Tamvakis, University ofIoannina, is entitled “Weak symmetrybreaking by radiative correctionsinbroken supergravity” (#41). A d cussionof various scenarios in which supersymmetry breaks down, 19 it was cited 20times in 1983 and 40 times in 1984. Nanopoulos, incidentally, is one of the 223authors mentioned more than once in485the Bibliography. His name appears onfive papers (#41 -#43, #46, and #75). Affiliated with CERN for 9 of the last 10years, Nanopoulos also spent a year atHarvard in 1979-1980. Nanopoulos isone of many physicists working on aGrand Unified Theory (GUT), whichseeks to unite under one theoreticaldescription the forces of electromagnetism, gravity, the strong force that bindstogether atomic nuclei, and the weakforce. One hundred eighteen authors arelisted four times each, while 17 are listedthree times, and 87 are each listed twice.The other paper in thk study that iscore to research front #84-0712 is entitled “Grand unification in simple supergravity” and was written by Ellis, Nanopoulos, and Tamvakis when all threewere at CERN (#43). The authors propose a specific example of a GUT combining a reinterpretation of supergravityand supersymmetry theory. zo The paperreceived 86 citations—45 in 1983 and 41in 1984.Seven more papers in this study arecore to “ 1l-dimensionalKaluza-Kleinsupergravit y“ (#84-002 1), which has atotal of 41 core papers cited by 386 current articles. The front concerns the theories, first promulgated in the 1920s, ofthe little-known German
various CERN collaborations. Indeed, the number of authors on these papers was so large that, due to space con-siderations, we did not print the full list of authors; interested readers can ex-amine the full list in the recent essay on the 1984 Nobel Prizes in physics and in chemistry.6 The appropriat
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