UNIT 3: TRANS-CULTURAL NURSING CONCEPTS AND

UNIT 3: TRANS-CULTURAL NURSING CONCEPTS AND THEORIES Describe concept of Trans-Cultural Nursing Explain key concepts related to Trans-Cultural Nursing Identify the components of Cultural assessment tool .SHAHIDA PERVEENPost RN BSCN 1st semester 2015Subject: Culture Health SocietyFaculty : Ramesh Kumar15 October 2015New Life College of Nursing Karachi1

DIFINITIONSTranscultural Nursing Transcultural nursing is a relative study of cultures tounderstand similarities (culture universal) and difference(culture-specific) across human groups (Leininger, 1991).It refers to formal area study and practice that focus on theculture care, values, beliefs and practice of individual andgroup from a particular culture.Culture Set of values, beliefs and traditions, that are held by aspecific group of people and handed down from generationto generation.Culture is also beliefs, habits, likes, dislikes, customs andrituals learn from one’s family.Culture is the learned, shared and transmitted values,Religion Is a set of belief in a divine or super human power (orpowers) to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator andruler of the universe.Ethnic refers to a group of people who share a common anddistinctive culture and who are members of a specific group.Ethnicity2

a consciousness of belonging to a group.Cultural Identify the sense of being part of an ethnic group or cultureCulture-universals commonalities of values, norms of behavior, and life patternsthat are similar among different cultures.Culture-specifies values, beliefs, and patterns of behavior that tend to beunique to a designate culture.Material culture refers to objects (dress, art, religious arti1acts)Non-material culture refers to beliefs customs, languages, social institutions.Subculture composed of people who have a distinct identity but arerelated to a larger cultural group.Bicultural a person who crosses two cultures, lifestyles, and sets ofvalues.Diversity3

refers to the fact or state of being different. Diversity canoccur between cultures and within a cultural group.Acculturation People of a minority group tend to assume the attitudes,values, beliefs, find practices of the dominant societyresulting in a blended cultural pattern.Cultural shock the state of being disoriented or unable to respond to adifferent cultural environment because of its suddenstrangeness, unfamiliarity, and incompatibility to thestranger's perceptions and expectations at is differentiatedfrom others by symbolic markers (cultures, biology, territory,religion).Ethnic groups share a common social and cultural heritage that is passedon to successive generations.,Ethnic identity refers to a subjective perspective of the person's heritageand to a sense of belonging to a group that is distinguishablefrom other groups. the classification of people according to shared biologiccharacteristics, genetic markers, or features. Not all peopleof the same race have the same culture.Cultural awareness4

It is an in-depth self-examination of one's own background,recognizing biases and prejudices and assumptions aboutother people.Culturally congruent care Care that fits the people's valued life patterns and set ofmeanings -which is generated from the people themselves,rather than based on predetermined criteria.Culturally competent care is the ability of the practitioner to bridge cultural gaps incaring, work with cultural differences and enable clients andfamilies to achieve meaningful and supportive caring.M A J O R C O N C E P T S [Leininger (1991)] Illness and wellness are shaped by a various factorsincluding perception and coping skills, as well as the sociallevel of the patient.Cultural competence is an important component of nursing.Culture influences all spheres of human life. It defineshealth, illness, and the search for relief from disease ordistress.Religious and Cultural knowledge is an important ingredientin health care.The health concepts held by many cultural groups mayresult in people choosing not to seek modern medicaltreatment procedures.Health care provider need to be flexible in the design ofprograms, policies, and services to meet the needs and5

concerns of the culturally diverse population, groups that arelikely to be encountered. Most cases of lay illness have multiple causalities and mayrequire several different approaches to diagnosis, treatment,and cure including folk and Western medical interventions.The use of traditional or alternate models of health caredelivery is widely varied and may come into conflict withWestern models of health care practice.Culture guides behavior into acceptable ways for the peoplein a specific group as such culture originates and developswithin the social structure through inter personal interactions.For a nurse to successfully provide care for a client of adifferent cultural or ethnic to background, effectiveintercultural communication must take place.APPLICATION TO NURSING To develop understanding, respect and appreciation for theindividuality and diversity of patients beliefs, values,spirituality and culture regarding illness, its meaning, cause,treatment, and outcome.To encourage in developing and maintaining a program ofphysical, emotional and spiritual self-care introducetherapies such as ayurveda and pancha karma.HE ALTH PRACTICES IN DIFFERENT CULTURESUse of Protective Objects Protective objects can be worn or carried or hung in thehome- charms worn on a string or chain around the neck,wrist, or waist to protect the wearer from the evil eye or evilspirits.6

Use of Substances . It is believed that certian food substances can be ingested toprevent illness.E.g. eating raw garlic or onion to prevent illness or wearthem on the body or hang them in the home.Religious Practices Burning of candles, rituals of redemption etc.Traditional Remedies The use of folk or traditional medicine is seen among peoplefrom all walks of life and cultural ethnic back ground.Healers Within a given community, specific people are known tohave the power to heal.Immigration Immigrant groups have their own cultural attitudes rangingbeliefs and practices regarding these areas.Gender Roles In many cultures, the male is dominant figure and often theytake decisions related to health practices and treatment. Insome other cultures females are dominant.7

In some cultures, women are discriminated in providingproper treatment for illness.Beliefs about mental health Mental illnesses are caused by a lack of harmony ofemotions or by evil spirits.Problems in this life are most likely related to transgressionscommitted in a past life.Economic Factors Factors such as unemployment, underemployment,homelessness, lack of health insurance poverty preventpeople from entering the health care system.Time orientation It is varies for different cultures groups.Personal Space Respect the client's personal space when performing nursingprocedures.The nurse should also welcome visiting members of thefamily and extended family.NURSING PROCESS AND ROLE OF NURSE Determine the client's cultural heritage and language skills.Determine if any of his health beliefs relate to the cause ofthe illness or to the problem.Collect information that any home remedies the person istaking to treat the symptoms.8

Nurses should evaluate their attitudes toward ethnic nursingcare.Self-evaluation helps the nurse to become more comfortablewhen providing care to clients from diverse backgroundsUnderstand the influence of culture, race ðnicity on thedevelopment of social emotional relationship, child rearingpractices & attitude toward health.Collect informationabout the socioeconomic status of thefamily and its influence on their health promotion andwellnessIdentifiy the religious practices of the family and theirinfluence on health promotion belief in families.Understanding of the general characteristics of the majorethnic groups, but always individualize care.The nursing diagnosis for clients should include potentialproblems in their interaction with the health care system andproblems involving the effects of culture.The planning and implementation of nursing interventionsshould be adapted as much as possible to the client'scultural background.Evaluation should include the nurse's self-evaluation ofattitudes and emotions toward providing nursing care toclients from diverse sociocultural backgrounds.Self-evaluation by the nurse is crucial as he or she increasesskills for interaction.CONCLUSION Nurses need to be aware of and sensitive to the culturalneeds of clients.The practice of nursing today demands that the nurseidentify and meet the cultural needs of diverse groups,understand the social and cultural reality of the client, family,9

and community, develop expertise to implement culturallyacceptable strategies to provide nursing care, and identifyand use resources acceptable to the client (Andrews &Boyle, 2002).10

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Reference1. New York: National League for Nursing Pres; 1991.2. Leininger M.Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories,research,and practice. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill College CustomSeries; 1995.3. Andrews MM, Boyle JS.Transcultural concepts in nursingcare. J Transcult Nurs. 2002 Jul;13(3):178-80.4. George Julia B. Nursing theories: The base of professionalnursing practice 5rd edition. Norwalk, CN: Appleton andLange; 2002.5. Kozier B, Erb G, Barman A, Synder AJ. Fundamentals ofnursing; concepts, process and practice, Edn 7th, 2001.6. Leninger M, McFarland M. Transcultural Nursing: Concepts,Theory, Research, and Practice; Edn 3rd, McGraw-HillProfessional; New York, 2002.7. Potter PA, Perry AG. Basic Nursing, 6th edition. St. Louis,Mosby;200718

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3 a consciousness of belonging to a group. Cultural Identify the sense of being part of an ethnic group or culture Culture-universals commonalities of values, norms of behavior, and life patterns that are similar among different cultures. Culture-specifies values, beliefs, and patterns of be