BRANZ Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 User Guide And .

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Study ReportSR364 [2016]B-RISK 2016 user guideand technical manualColleen Wade, Greg Baker, Kevin Frank,Roger Harrison and Michael Spearpoint

1222 Moonshine RdRD1, Porirua 5381Private Bag 50 908Porirua 5240New Zealandbranz.nzThe work reported here was jointly funded by BRANZ from theBuilding Research Levy and the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. BRANZ 2016ISSN: 1179-6197

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical manualPrefaceThis report has been prepared as a user and technical guide to the use of the B-RISKfire risk modelling software developed by BRANZ and the University of Canterbury. It isimportant that users are familiar with the underlying physics and assumptions in BRISK in order to be able to critically evaluate results obtained.BRANZ Ltd and the University of Canterbury take no responsibility for any loss ordesign resulting from the use of this program, whether proper or not. All responsibilitylies with the end user, who shall decide on the validity of any results obtained using BRISK and who shall exercise caution when applying the results to any particularsituation.AcknowledgementsThe development of B-RISK was jointly funded by BRANZ from the Building ResearchLevy and the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Special thanks go to allthose who worked on this project at various times and who made a valuablecontribution.NoteThis report is intended for the users of the B-RISK fire risk model and applies tosoftware version 2016.02.i

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical manualB-RISK 2016 user guide andtechnical manualBRANZ Study Report SR364AuthorsColleen Wade, Greg Baker, Kevin Frank, Roger Harrison and Michael SpearpointReferenceWade, C., Baker, G., Frank, K., Harrison, R. & Spearpoint, M. (2016). B-RISK 2016 userguide and technical manual. BRANZ Study Report SR364. Judgeford, New Zealand:BRANZ Ltd.AbstractThis report provides B-RISK users with guidance on the use and application of the firemodelling software as well as describing the assumptions and underlying physics uponwhich the computer fire model is based. The software is intended for evaluating theperformance and hazard associated with room fires.Model output includes but is not limited to gas layer temperatures, pressure, roomsurface temperatures, layer height, visibility and fractional effective dose estimates.The option for probabilistic analysis based on repeated Monte Carlo simulations is alsoincluded.This report is a revision of BRANZ Study Report SR282 (Wade et al., 2013).KeywordsBuilding fires, fire growth, fire modeling, hazard assessment, smoketransport, fire engineering, zone models, Monte Carlo simulation, fire risk, BRISKii

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical manualContentsNOMENCLATURE . 11.INTRODUCTION . 62.COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS . 73.SETTING UP A PROJECT . 83.6.13.6.23.6.33.6.43.6.53.6.64.Building geometry and room dimensions. 17Adding horizontal flow (wall) vents . 19Hold-open devices . 22Displaying vents in Smokeview . 22Adding vertical flow (ceiling) vents . 23Adding mechanical ventilation fans . 25FIRE SPECIFICATION . 294.3.1 Room population methods . 334.3.2 Item-to-item fire spread . 345.MODEL SIMULATIONS . 406.TWO-ZONE MODEL . 50iii

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical manual6.9.16.9.26.9.36.9.4Heskestad strong plume . 60McCaffrey’s correlations. 61Effect of fire location on plume entrainment . 62Effect of fire plume disturbances on plume entrainment . 636.10.1 Natural vent flow . 636.10.2 Near-vent mixing . 646.10.3 Vent flow entrainment into adjacent spaces . 656.11.1 General . 666.11.2 Adhered spill plumes . 666.11.3 Balcony spill plumes . 696.13.16.13.26.13.36.13.4Mass flow of oxygen needed for complete combustion . 71Mass flow of oxygen present in the plume . 71Oxygen concentration in the upper layer. 71Minimum oxygen concentration needed for combustion . 726.14.16.14.26.14.36.14.46.14.5Flashover criteria . 72Ventilation limit and post-flashover behaviour . 73Post-flashover wood crib sub-model . 73Post-flashover plume entrainment . 74Equivalent fire resistance rating . 756.17.1 Radiation exchange model . 776.17.2 Heat conduction model . 866.17.3 Convective heat transfer coefficients . 877.LIFE HAZARD CALCULATIONS . 898.SPRINKLERS AND THERMAL DETECTORS . 96iv

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical manual8.7.1 Alpert’s correlations . 1018.7.2 JET algorithm . 1029.SMOKE DETECTORS. 10410. GLASS FRACTURE . 10911. FIRE GROWTH ON SURFACE LININGS . 11011.11.1 Method of Grenier and Janssens . 11911.11.2 Flux time product method. 123REFERENCES . 124APPENDIX A. FORMAT OF CONE DATA FILE . 131APPENDIX B. LIST OF MODEL CONSTANTS . 134APPENDIX C. TROUBLESHOOTING . 135FiguresFigure 1. User mode selection. .8Figure 2. Intervals used with a Latin hypercube sample of size n 5 in terms of thedensity function and cumulative distribution function for a normal randomvariable [extracted from (Wyss & Jorgensen, 1998)]. . 10Figure 3. Base file name for naming project base file “basemodel default.xml”. . 11Figure 4. Project files and folder hierarchy. 12Figure 5. Saving the base model. 12Figure 6. Location of database files. . 13Figure 7. Change location of fire and materials database files. . 13Figure 8. B-RISK Console screen. 14Figure 9. Example of input variables with distribution option. . 15Figure 10. Example input screen for entering distributions. . 15Figure 11. Project description. . 17Figure 12. Building geometry. . 18Figure 13. Rooms. . 19v

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical gureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigureFigure14. Room dimensions entry form . 1915. Horizontal flow or wall vents. 2016. Input form for wall vent properties. 2017. Input form for vent opening options. . 2218. Vent positioning notation for Smokeview visualisation. 2319. Managing ceiling vents. . 2420. Input form for ceiling vent properties. . 2421. Ceiling vent opening options. . 2522. Mechanical ventilation. . 2623. Input form for fan properties. . 2624. Smokeview visualisation. . 2825. Managing fire items. . 3026. Fire object database. . 3027. Item properties form. 3228. Plot of item rate of heat release versus time input. . 3229. Populate room items. . 3330. Ignite secondary items. . 3531. Composite heat release rate in compartment. . 3832. Power law design fire. . 3933. Start simulation from console screen, . 4034. Stop simulation from console screen. . 4035. Summary input and output for a single iteration. . 4136. Graphical output for a single run. . 4237. Example time series plot of upper layer temperature for multi-iterationoutput. . 4338. Example of upper percentile time series plot. . 4439. Example histogram for sampled values of interior ambient temperature. . 4540. Example cumulative density function for sampled values of interior ambienttemperature. . 4641. Example histogram for predicted output values of upper layertemperature. . 4742. Example cumulative density function for predicted output values of upperlayer temperature. . 4843. Exporting multiple iteration data to excel . 4944. Schematic of a zone model [Extracted from (ISO, 2006a)]. . 5045. Modelling room as a single zone. . 5246. Additional combustion parameters. . 5447. Soot yields. . 5648. Carbon monoxide yields versus equivalence ratio [Adapted from (Gottuk etal., 1992)]. . 5849. Burning rate enhancement. . 5850. Comparison of plume entrainment using the McCaffrey and Heskestadcorrelations. . 6251. Plume disturbance option. . 6352. Adhered spill plume without soffit projection [Extracted from Harrison(2009)]. . 67vi

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical Figure53. Adhered spill plume with soffit projection. . 6854. Balcony spill plume with balcony projection. 6955. Post-flashover options. . 7256. Wood crib parameters. 7457. A generic fan curve. 7658. Geometry for determination of solid angles. . 8059. Schematic showing the surfaces considered in the configuration factorformulae. . 8060. Solver and numerical settings. . 8861. Tenability settings for hazard to life assessment. . 8962. Specifying FED egress path. . 9563. Input form for managing sprinklers or heat detectors. . 9664. Input form for entering sprinkler or heat detector properties. . 9765. Room layout showing sprinkler locations (small hollow black squaresindicate sprinkler location). . 9866. Distribution for minimum number of sprinklers required to suppress orcontrol the fire. . 10067. Ceiling jet model selection. . 10168. Input form for managing smoke detectors. . 10469. Input form for entering smoke detector properties. . 10570. Input form for vent – glass properties. . 10971. Flame spread settings. . 11072. Transformation of the heat release rate curve. . 11473. Wall ignited – pyrolysis front has not reached the ceiling. . 11674. Wall ignited – pyrolysis front has reached the ceiling. . 11675. Correlation of ignition times for best-fit n. 12176. Correlation of ignition times for n 0.547. . 12277. Correlation of peak heat release rates. . ableTable1. Summary of user mode settings. .92. Input parameters to which a statistical distribution can be assigned. 163. Radiative heat flux striking the kth room surface. . 794. Radiant heat absorbed by the upper layer. . 855. Radiant heat absorbed by the lower layer. . 856. Surface coefficients. . 887. RMVo and COHb incapacitation dose for different activity levels. . 918. Default properties assigned to sprinklers and heat detectors following VM2. . 979. Summary of data from cone calorimeter tests. . 12110. Constants used in B-RISK. . 134vii

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical manualNomenclature gas absorption coefficient (m-1) plume entrainment coefficientAfAiApAp1Apj1Apc1AwAoBiBi intBi extbwccpC or C-factorC sootdsDDDiDoFF i,jFEDFTPFoghhchchvhig floor area of the room (m2) area of surface i (m2) pyrolysis area (m2) pyrolysis area on wall (m2) pyrolysis area on wall in ceiling jet region (m2) pyrolysis area on ceiling (m2) wall area behind burner (m2) initial pyrolysing area in ceiling (m2) Biot Number Biot Number for the room interior surface Biot Number for the room exterior surface side dimension of square burner (m) specific heat (J/kgK) specific heat of air (J/kgK) sprinkler conduction factor (m/s)1/2 mass concentration of soot in the upper layer (kg soot/m3) depth of the smoke layer in the fire compartment (m) diameter of the fire (m) wood crib stick thickness (m) smoke optical density inside the detector (m-1) smoke optical density outside the detector (m-1) geometric configuration factor geometric configuration factor for radiation emitted from surface i andintercepted by surface j fractional effective dose flux time product ([kW/m2]ns) Fourier number gravitation constant (m/s2) heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) wood crib height (m) vent height (m) total heat transfer coefficient from surface at ignition (W/m2K) enthalpy flow to the lower layer (kW) enthalpy flow to the upper layer (kW)kk thermal conductivity (W/mK) extinction coefficient (m-1)1

Study Report SR364 B-RISK 2016 user guide and technical manualk avgkmks average extinction coefficient (m-1) particle extinction cross-section (m2/kg soot) effective absorption coefficient of soot thermal inertia (W2s/m4K2)KlLLLgLo flame area constant (m2/kW) characteristic dimension (m) flame height (m) room plan length (m) heat of gasification (kJ/g) mean path length (m) mass flow rate in vent mixing flow (kg/s) mass loss rate of the fuel (kg/s) mass loss rate of fuel per unit area (kg/s m2) mass flow rate of cool gases in through the vent (kg/s), mass flow rate of hot gases out through the vent (kg/s) mass flow rate of air entrained into the plume (kg/s) mass flow rate of at the spill edge of a

guide and technical manual. BRANZ Study Report SR364. Judgeford, New Zealand: BRANZ Ltd. Abstract This report provides B-RISK users with guidance on the use and application of the fire modelling software as well as describing the assumptions and underl

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